Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1st Edition-2011
All rights reserved to Department of Planning and Development TRAKHEES - Ports, Customs & Free Zone Corporation (PCFC) Government of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of the copyright owner. These regulations and guidelines have been established to be applied within Trakhees - PCFC Jurisdiction. Implementation of these regulations out of Trakhees jurisdiction is the sole responsibility of the concerned parties, whereby the local authority regulations shall be precedent and govern.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A C K NO W L E D G E M E N T
After the successful launch of the previous guidelines, Trakhees continues its series of guidelines intended to provide regulations of the construction sector activities. It becomes evident that guidelines should be extended to include electromechanical activities especially this related to safety of life and property. Accordingly, this new guideline constitutes the first of a series that will encompass the various electromechanical activities. Our thanks for their valuable contribution goes to Civil Defense, Quality Section of Civil Engineering Division, Trakhees Fire Department, Underwriters Laboratories, main book sponsor M/s. KBE, Material Suppliers and many Engineers from different organizations. As there is always a room for improvement, Trakhees welcomes comments on this Book, and will consider all that are received. Your comments will continue the development of this book leading to its ultimate acceptance. As always it has been a great joint effort...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1
General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1 Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1.2 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1.3 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4 Principles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.1 The Fire Damper Manufacturer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.2 The Ductwork/Damper Installer & The Contractor....... 13
Section 2
Dampers Classifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Fire Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2 Smoke Dampers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 Combination Fire and Smoke Dampers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.4 Corridor Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.5 Ceiling Radiation Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Section 3
Fire Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1 Where to be used?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2 Types of Fire Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2.1 Static Fire Damper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2.2 Dynamic Fire Damper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3 Fire Dampers Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3.1 Fire Rating of 1.5 Hours.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3.2 Fire Rating of 3 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4 Fire Dampers Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4.1 Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4.2 Construction Components and Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4.3 Fire Damper Construction Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.5 Fire Dampers Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.5.1 Duct Connection.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.5.2 Expansion Clearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.5.3 Mounting Angles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.5.4 Accessibility.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.5.5 Airflow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.6 Fire Dampers Inspection as per UL 555 requirements. . . . . . . 28
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.1.2 Special Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7.1.3 Fire Barriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.1.4 Seals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.1.5 Main Installation Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.1.6 Storage and Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.2 Testing and Commissioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. 7.2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. 7.2.2 Fire Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59. 7.2.3 Smoke and Combination F/S Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 7.3 Periodic Testing and Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60. 7.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60. 7.3.2 Periodic Inspection and Testing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 7.3.3 Additional Testing Requirements for Atria and Large Spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7.4 Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7.4.1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7.4.2 Procedures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Appendix A Selected Details from relevant standardsfor quick reference.. . . 65 Appendix B UL classification and listing marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Appendix C Reference Standards and definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Appendix D International standards, Needful extracted clauses for quick reference.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Appendix E Inspection Form Sample.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Appendix F Reference Letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Section 4
Smoke Management System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2 Application and Design Mandatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3 Basic System Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.4 Smoke Control System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.5 System Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Section 5
Smoke Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.1 Intended Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.2 Damper Airflow rating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.3 Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.4 Components and Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.5 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.6 Testing as per UL 555s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Section 6
Combined Smoke and Fire Dampers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.1 Intended Purpose.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.2 Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.3 Combined Fire and Smoke Dampers ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.4 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.5 Inspection as per UL 555 requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Section 7
Common Requirements to all Damper types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.1 Construction and Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54. 7.1.1 Specific Requirements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1
SECTION
GeNeral
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General
SECTION-1
1.1 FOREWORD
Fire/smoke resisting dampers represent a major method used worldwide to prevent fire and smoke passing from one building compartment to another through Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. It is imperative that fire resisting dampers are adequately fire tested and are installed in accordance with applicable standards and attested damper manufacturers instructions. Such instructions must take into account specific site conditions. This book attempts to provide practical advice so that damper manufacturers, system designers and installers are able to consider the appropriate issues at the design stage and to make the necessary decisions to ensure that dampers will function as intended by relevant regulations. that methods will vary quite considerably from one project to another. More often than not, methods are based on opinions rather than accepted principles and quite often do not take into account the practical installation conditions that vary from project to project. There are numerous types of dampers and associated installation frames available in the market place. Equally numerous are the varieties of walls and floors that the ducts and dampers will penetrate. Add to this the variation in the fire-stopping material available in the market and it can be understood why in many projects dampers arent successfully installed or at least not installed to any recognizable test method.
1.4 PRINCIPLES
It cannot be over-emphasized how important it is for each party involved in the tasks of specification, design and installation of fire and smoke dampers to not only recognize their responsibilities in meeting the design criteria but also to communicate with the appropriate party in terms of resolving, clarifying and implementing a good engineering practice to avoid any non-standard applications.
1.2 SCOPE
This book is intended to provide the specifications for selection and installation of fire/smoke dampers and smoke management control by designers and installers. It also serves as a guide for inspectors. It emphasizes the importance of installing dampers as designed and specified to ensure that the tested fire dampers are installed. These guidelines attempt to clarify some of the basic principles of installation and at the same time highlights the important responsibilities attached to the ductwork system designer, the ductwork contractor/installer and the local authorities. These requirements will cover fire dampers that are intended for use where air ducts penetrate or terminate at openings in walls or partitions; in air transfer openings in partitions; and where air ducts extend through floors as specified in the Standard for Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, NFPA 90A. Fire dampers are intended for installation in accordance with international codes and recommendations of authority with jurisdiction.
1.3 INTRODUCTION
Despite many years of use, there are no regionally recognized guidelines as to the basic criteria for installing fire and smoke damper units used for fire resisting compartment and separator. This has resulted in numerous methods being specified by professional engineering sources such as design consultants, damper manufacturers, ductwork contractors, local authorities, fire authorities, etc., but to the extent
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2
SECTION
DaMpers ClassIfIcatION
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Dampers Classification
Dampers are divided into five different classification each with intended purpose and can be summarized as follows:
SECTION-2
2.1.1 Fire Dampers for Use in Static Systems are used in duct systems or
penetrations where there is negligible or no airflow when the damper closes and are intended to close automatically upon the detection of heat by the use of a fusible link or other heat responsive device. (Fig.1) Combined fire and smoke dampers
2.1.2 Fire Dampers for Use in Dynamic Systems are required at locations
in which ventilation fan pressure will be on during a fire incident and are expected to be able to close against the air velocity and pressure produced by the system fan. Also, are intended for use where the airflow is operational at the time of fire, such as in a smoke control system, or from other situations in which the fan system is operational at the time of a fire.
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3
SECTION
FIre DaMpers
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Fire Dampers
3.1 WHERE TO BE USED?
The function of a Fire Damper is to close automatically upon detection of heat in order to protect the integrity of a fire barrier and maintain its fire resistance rating where penetrated by HVAC ductwork or equipment. Failure of these dampers to fully close in the event of a fire may lead to a disastrous loss of life and/or property. 90A, dampers shall have a UL555 fire rating of 1 hours to be used in less than 3 hours rated partition ( Fig. 2)
SECTION-3
Fire dampers must have a rating that is at least 75% of the barriers rating so a 1.5 hour-rated damper can be installed in a fire barrier rated for 2 hours or less. In order to meet the requirement of NFPA
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signal to the fusible link & melt it before the fire melt the fusible link. Damper frames shall be rolled-formed 22 gauge galvanized steel with reinforced corners. Fire damper should be equipped with a closure spring engaged into a locking ramp to ensure correct operation regardless of whether the damper is horizontally or vertically mounted. The locking ramp should be provided with Blade Lock which will keep the blade in a closed position under Airflow. Damper with locking ramp flat & without lock should not be approved. These dampers are intended to be used in Static & Dynamic system. Damper intend to be used in Dynamic System can be curtain type or could be provided as multi-blade type with a 16 gauge galvanized steel construction with 3V type Blade with three longitudinal grooves for reinforcement. Blades shall be linked together with external linkage (out of air stream). Damper frames shall be 16 gauge galvanized steel formed into a structural hat channel shape with reinforced corners. Bearings shall be sintered bronze, oil impregnated type rotating in extruded holes in the damper frame. Damper shall be installed in a factory mounted sleeve with a minimum thickness of 1mm to meet the requirement of section 5.4.6.3.1 of NFPA 90A. Fire Damper should have a UL Classified Labelled with the rating on. Any damper not holding a UL label with Serial number shall not be installed.
3.4.2.3 Access Door: All installed fire dampers must be accessible for inspection and/or testing by the local authorities. If fire dampers are not accessible from a grill or register, an access door in the ductwork is required. Access panel shall not decrease the duct integrity and shall be UL classified. 3.4.2.4 Fusible Link: A temperature sensitive device that holds the damper components in the open position, which in turn, allows air to pass through. When the fusible link opens, it releases the damper components to close, and they will stay closed until a new fusible link is installed. The temperature rating of the standard fusible link is 165F. Different temperature ratings are available. 3.4.2.5 Locking Ramp: On a fire damper, the locking ramp catches and locks the leading blade of the curtain when it closes. They are installed on all fire dampers that have stainless steel springs. There are two locking ramps per damper, one on each side. Refer to (Fig. 3, Fig.3-A)
3.4.2.6 Micro-Switch: The micro-switch is a single pole, double throw switch with a set of normally open contacts and a set of normally closed contacts. The micro-switch will trip when the fire damper
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curtain closes. When the switch is tripped, the contacts that close can complete an alarm circuit to a control station that alerts the operator of which fire damper is closed. Also, the contacts that open can shut down the HVAC system blower motor. 3.4.2.7 Sleeve: A metal housing for the fire damper that the framed retaining angles are to be attached. Sleeves are required on all fire dampers mounted in fire-rated walls, floors or partitions. The sleeve and damper assembly should be fabricated at the factory; The sleeve will always be smaller than the opening in the fire rated barrier so it can expand and contract without an adverse effect on proper operation of the damper. 3.4.2.8 Spring: Different stainless steel springs are used to positively close the fire damper curtain when the fusible link opens. Springs are required for all fire dampers used in horizontal applications and all dynamic fire dampers. They are installed on both sides of the fire damper.
3.4.3.2 Mechanical Fire Resisting Dampers: The basic purpose of fire resisting dampers is to maintain the fire compartmentation provided by fire separator / compartment walls and floors when HVAC ducts penetrate walls and floors. Unlike fire resisting ducts, that extend the boundary of the fire compartment, dampers are designed to close the opening at the plane of the wall or floor in the event of a fire. Mechanical fire dampers may be actuated by an integral thermal release mechanism that is activated by heat and causes the dampers to close. Some mechanical dampers incorporate a motorized system that is interfaced with smoke sensors via a fire alarm panel, thereby providing smoke containment as soon as it is detected. (Fig. 5)
(fig. 5) Mechanical Fire Resisting Damper 3.4.3.3 Multi-Blade Fire Dampers: Multi-blade dampers are constructed with a number of linked pivoting blades contained within a frame. The blades are released from their open position by means of a thermal release mechanism normally rated at 165F. The blades pivot/move to close the airway to prevent the passage of fire. Test results or assessments are required for plane of installation (e.g. horizontal and vertical) and the method of installation. 3.4.3.4 Multi-Section Dampers: Where the duct exceeds the maximum tested size of an individual damper (or single section), manufacturers may provide multi-section units. These will generally be supplied with some type of joining strip or mullion to allow the unit to be assembled on site. This joining is not
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necessarily structural. Consideration must be given by installers for additional support, particularly on larger multi section units. Test/assessment evidence should be available for multi section dampers.
For rigid type duct connections, sleeve shall be a minimum of 16 GA on dampers not exceeding 36" wide or 24" high or 24" diameter and 14 GA on larger units. Dampers supplied with thinner sleeves will require a breakaway connection of the following type: Plain S slip, Double S slip, Inside slip, Hemmed S slip, Standing S slip (bar reinforced, angle reinforced or alternate bar), Standing S slip. All Connections not listed as breakaway shall be considered as rigid. (Fig. 7)
(Fig. 7) Duct-Sleeve Connections Breakaway joints shall have no more than two No. 10 sheet metal screws on each side and on the bottom. The screws shall penetrate both sides of the slip pocket. When a breakaway joint is used along the top and bottom duct connection, a flat drive slip no longer than 20 inches is permitted on the two sides. (Fig.7a)
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not exceed" (3/16" for stainless steel) per foot plus 1" minimum total clearance shall be at least 1/4" larger than the overall assembly. These installation instructions comply with Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Safety Standard 555.
location, and 1/32 inch (0.8mm) in the horizontal plane at any location (such as between blade-to-blade hinged joints in an interlocking). 3.6.6 Any through opening between a fire damper and its sleeve shall be insufficient in size to enable the passage of a check (3.5mm) diameter rod through the entire depth of the opening.
3.6.7 Any through opening in a multiple fire damper assembly where the
corners of the two frames meet shall be insufficient in size to enable the passage of a inch (6.4mm) diameter rod through the entire depth of the opening.
3.5.4 Accessibility
Suitable access must be provided for damper inspection and servicing. Where it is not possible to achieve sufficient size access, it will be necessary to install a removable section of duct.
3.5.5 Airflow
Direction of airflow is indicated by the arrow on the damper. The AIR FLOW direction arrow must be adhered to during installation.
3.6.1 Inspect damper for shipping damage. 3.6.2 Inspect for proper size & model. 3.6.3 Inspect installed damper for proper orientation as stated on damper
label & make sure that the top of unit label is shown on the product.
3.6.4 Check UL Serial Number on each unit. 3.6.5 Inspect for obstruction which could interfere with free operation &
complete closure. Through openings for operating clearances in fire dampers shall not exceed inch (6mm) in the vertical plane (such as between blades and each side of the fire damper frame) at any
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4
SECTION
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SECTION-4
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of a zoned smoke control system. Often these systems are designed independently to operate under dynamic forces they will encounter. Once the design is completed it is necessary to study the impact of the smoke control systems might have on one to another. For complex systems, it is recommended that a computer network model to be used for the analysis. See Section 5.3.8 from NFPA 92A for more details.
4.4.1.2 Fire Suppression: The fire suppression system, particularly an automatic sprinkler system, will affect the smoke control system because it will determine the maximum size of fire expected. The quantity and toxic nature of the smoke is reduced as the fire size is controlled. A fire controlled by automatic sprinklers will likely create a visibility hazard, but should not pose a temperature or other toxic hazard for a limited exposure time. If the means to control or extinguish a fire is not provided, the smoke control system is likely to have a limited duration and could require higher temperature protection for components. 4.4.1.3 Building Height: Smoke spread in low-rise buildings is primarily affected by influences of the fire which are heat, convection and pressure. Smoke spread in high rise buildings is affected by these factors by primarily by stack effect and to a lesser extent by the elevator piston effect.
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When a greater rating is required due to the location of the opening, specify labelled and listed fire door assemblies be provided with listed gasketing. Doors in interior smoke zone boundaries are to be minimum 20 minutes smoke-and-draft control doors tested in accordance with UL1784, Standard for Air Leakage Tests for Door Assemblies. All doors in interior smoke zone boundaries are to be maintained self-closing or be automatic closing by smoke detection. Movement of smoke through elevator hoist ways should be restricted using methods such as pressurization of the shaft or the provision of vestibules. Floor construction is to be tight against the exterior walls. All openings such as the space around pipes, ducts and conduits are to be sealed to limit air leakage. Ducts which penetrate floors may require smoke dampers. In addition, a fire damper or combination of smoke and fire damper is required for an opening. Stair enclosures and vertical shafts are to be constructed to limit air leakage. Penetrations in shaft walls should be sealed. Exterior wall construction should limit air leakage. Seal penetrations and cracks in exterior walls and seal cracks around windows and doors. For small openings in smoke barriers, cracks, joints, etc., maintain an adequate pressure difference across the smoke barrier with the positive pressure outside the smoke zone. For large openings in smoke barriers, such as doors designated to be open, maintain an adequate air velocity across the smoke barrier with the airflow direction into the smoke zone.
mode only. Another method is to provide devices to close off the escalator shafts.
4.5.7 Fans
Fan should be selected for stable operation under normal conditions and, where applicable, for maximum design temperature. Adequate service factors should be used for belt drives and motors. Non combustible components should be used to support and restrain fans.
4.5.3 Ducts
Ductwork and supports maybe designed and constructed in accordance with SMACNAs HVAC Duct Construction Standards, 3rd edition 2005. When specified, ducts shall be leak tested in accordance with SMACNAs HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual, 1st Edition, 1985.
4.5.4 Escalators
Provide a smoke-control system to limit the spread of smoke through escalator openings. The escalator shaft maybe provided with a smoke control system which will activate the exhaust system of the floor involved in the fire and cause adjacent stories to go to a supply
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5
SECTION
SMOke DaMpers
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Smoke Dampers
5.1 INTENDED PURPOSE
For applications where required a leakage rated, smoke damper applied as part of a static smoke control or dynamic smoke management system. Smoke dampers are intended: (1) To restrict the spread of smoke in HVAC systems that are designed to be automatically closed down in the event of a fire. (2) To control the movement of smoke within a building when the HVAC system is operational in engineered smoke control systems. Dampers shall meet the requirements of NFPA 90A & NFPA 92A All UL555S Dynamic Closure Ratings, Operational Ratings and Leakage Ratings shall be qualified for airflow and pressure in either direction through the damper. UL ratings shall allow for mounting damper vertically (with blades running horizontal) or horizontally. Smoke Damper Rating Dampers shall have a UL555S Leakage rating at Class I, II or III and a Temperature rating of 250F. Dampers shall have a UL555S operational airflow rating equal to or greater than the airflow at its installed location and an operational pressure rating of 4 w.g.
SECTION-5
5.3 CONSTRUCTION
5.3.1 Damper blades shall be 16 gauge galvanized steel 3V type with
three longitudinal grooves for reinforcement. Blades shall be linked together with external linkage (out of air stream). Blade shall have a fire rated silicon blades seal to provide airtight seal between two blades.
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5.3.4 Smoke control dampers are single or multi-blade dampers that would
generally have two safety positions, open to allow smoke extraction, or closed to maintain the compartmentation. They do not have thermal release mechanism, relying on a control system to ensure that they achieve the correct position. Damper & the actuators shall be factory mounted and qualified for use with the damper in accordance with UL555S. Damper actuators, spring return, UL listed, shall be electric type for 220V or 24V operation (depending of the control system). Manufacturers submittal data shall indicate actuator space requirements around the damper.
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Damper to be supplied with factory mounted sleeves. Wiring: The installation of electrical wiring and equipment associated with the operation and control of air-conditioning and ventilating systems shall be in accordance with NFPA70, National Electrical Code. Smoke dampers shall be installed at or adjacent to the point where air ducts pass through required smoke barriers, but in no case shall a smoke damper be installed more than 0.6m (2 ft) from the barrier, or after the first air duct inlet or outlet, which ever is closer to the smoke barrier, unless otherwise permitted by NFPA 90A section 5.3.5.1.1 through 5.3.5.1.5.
5.4.2 Detectors
Smoke dampers may be required to be closed by smoke detectors. As per Section 8.3.5 of the Life Safety Code, NFPA101 requires dampers to be activated by a detector. Duct type smoke detectors have a minimum and maximum airflow rating. The ratings must be compatible with the ratings of the smoke damper. Smoke dampers have a minimum airflow rating and the maximum is marked on the damper. Duct type smoke detectors typically have a minimum airflow rating of 300-500 fpm. However, there are duct type smoke detector models available that are rated for use at zero airflow. For HVAC systems that are shut down in the event of a fire, smoke dampers equipped with duct type detectors, with a greater than zero minimum airflow rating, may also need to be controlled with a device that will shut the damper in the event that the damper is in the open position and the fans are shut down. Each smoke damper should be equipped with approved bus system to communicate with the monitoring systems.
5.5 INSTALLATION
Installation of the Fire Smoke damper shall be as describe in SMACNA book FIRE, Smoke & Radiation Damper installation guide for HVAC Systems Chapter 4, also as per the attested installation instructions of the manufacturer.
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SECTION
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SECTION-6
6.2 CONSTRUCTION
Damper blades shall be 16 gauge galvanized steel 3V type with three longitudinal grooves for reinforcement. Blades shall be linked together with external linkage (out of air stream). Blade shall have a fire rated silicon blades seal to provide airtight seal between two blades. Damper frames shall be 16 galvanized steel formed into a structural hat channel shape with reinforced corners. Bearings shall be sintered bronze, oil impregnated type rotating in extruded holes in the damper frame. Jamb seals shall be stainless steel compression type to provide airtight seal between blades and frame. Where combination fire and smoke dampers are located within air ducts that are part of an engineered smoke-control system, fusible links or reset able heat responsive devices shall have a temperature rating approximately 28C (50F) above the maximum smoke-control system designed operating temperature as per NPFA 90A section 5.4.5.2.2.1. The standard temperature to be used shall be 165F. When using a reset able heat responsive device, the word RESET should show on the push bottom, same as below picture (Fig. 8) for clear identification. Each Fire smoke damper should be equipped with approved bus system to communicate with the monitoring systems. Damper shall be installed in a factory mounted sleeve with a minimum thickness of 1mm to meet the requirement of section 5.4.6.3.1 of NFPA 90A.
6.3.1 Dampers shall have a UL555 fire rating of 1 hours to be used in less
than 3 hours rated partition to meet the requirement for NFPA 90A.
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spring return, UL listed, shall be electric type for 220V or 24V operation (depending of the control system). Manufacturers submittal data shall indicate actuator space requirements around the damper.
6.5.7 Any through opening between a fire damper and its sleeve shall
be insufficient in size to enable the passage of a 1/8 inch (3.5mm) diameter rod through the entire depth of the opening.
6.4 INSTALLATION
Installation of the Fire Smoke damper shall be as describe in SMACNA book FIRE, Smoke & Radiation Damper installation guide for HVAC Systems Chapter 4, also as per the attested installation instructions of the manufacturer. Damper to be supplied with factory mounted sleeves. Wiring: The installation of electrical wiring and equipment associated with the operation and control of air-conditioning and ventilating systems shall be in accordance with NFPA70, National Electrical Code. Smoke dampers shall be installed at or adjacent to the point where air ducts pass through required smoke barriers, but in no case shall a smoke damper be installed more than 0.6m (2 ft) from the barrier, or after the first air duct inlet or outlet, which ever is closer to the smoke barrier, unless otherwise permitted by NFPA 90A section 5.3.5.1.1 through 5.3.5.1.5.
6.5.8 Any through opening in a multiple fire damper assembly where the
corners of the two frames meet shall be insufficient in size to enable the passage of a inch (6.4mm) diameter rod through the entire depth of the opening.
6.5.9 Actuator power voltage. 6.5.10 Actuator position (left/right). 6.5.11 Actuator and damper normal status (normal close, normal open).
6.5.1 Inspect damper for shipping damage. 6.5.2 Inspect for proper size & model. 6.5.3 Inspect installed damper for proper orientation as stated on damper
label & make sure that the top of unit label is shown on the product.
6.5.4 Check UL Serial Number on each unit. 6.5.5 Inspect for obstruction which could interfere with free operation &
complete closure.
6.5.6 Through openings for operating clearances in fire dampers shall not
exceed inch (6mm) in the vertical plane (such as between blades and each side of the fire damper frame) at any location, and 1/32 inch (0.8mm) in the horizontal plane at any location (such as between blade-to-blade hinged joints in an interlocking).
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SECTION
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SECTION-7
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7.1.1.17 All dampers shall be mounted in sleeves, sleeve/damper assembly is mounted in the fire/smoke barrier and the assembly is held in position by retaining angle on both sides of the fire separation. The retaining angles are fastened to the sleeve but shall not be fastened to the wall, floor etc. 7.1.1.18 Space between the sleeve and wall or floor is left to allow for thermal expansion in the event of heated airflow through the damper/sleeve assembly. 7.1.1.19 Introduction of any material including mineral wool, ceramic fibres or sealants of any kind into the required expansion space between the damper sleeve and fire partition is violation of manufacturers conditions of test and listing and could void the UL listing of the damper and could render the damper inoperable.
the requirements to seal the initial open penetrations, including all dimensional information. They should also be instructed on any finishing-off activities and the sequence in which they should be carried out relative to both the installation of the damper assembly and the connecting ductwork. Openings formed for ductwork often have no consideration for the damper unit and its frame. In solid walls this leaves openings too small to fit the damper or too large to seal in a cost effective way. In wall this means that openings must be reformed which may render the construction of the opening, required to the fire tested standard recommended by the manufacturer, impossible without significant additional work and cost.
7.1.4 SEALS
Indicate, where necessary, the type of seals that is to be used to make good any clearance space within the fire barrier and around the damper to ensure that the integrity and insulation of the fire barrier is maintained. All parties involved in both the installation sequence and the installation activities should recognize that the final installation will be checked for validity by an authorized representative of pertinent authority. Failure by any party to correctly interpret installation procedures may result in extremely expensive corrective action, especially if the prevailing conditions involve the temporary removal of obstacles / services that interfere with the successful rectification of a problem.
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2 That the damper is installed in accordance with the manufacturers recommended tested method.
19.4.8.1 If the link is damaged or painted, it shall be replaced with a link of the same size, temperature, and load rating. 19.4.9 All inspections and testing shall be documented indicating the location of the fire or combination fire/smoke damper, date of inspection, name of inspector, and deficiencies discovered. 19.4.10 ALL documentation shall be maintained and made available for review by the AHJ Trakhees.
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7.2.2.9 Proper evidence of inspection shall be provided such as checklist, photos, etc.
for the Installation of Smoke Door Assemblies and Other Opening Protective, NFPA92B and the 2007 Edition of NFPA-80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protective. The following is a list of the code sections used in the preparation of this document: NFPA-80 19.319.5.5, NFPA-105 6.4-6.6.6, NFPA-90A 5.4.7, 5.4.3.1, 5.4.3.2 and NFPA92B 8.4.5-8.4.5.4. as descried here below: NFPA 90A (Periodic Inspection and Testing) (a) If the damper has a fusible link (fire damper or combination), the link needs to be removed for testing to ensure full closure. (b) The operation test of the damper needs to verify that there is no damper interference due to rusted, bent, misaligned or damaged frame or blades, or defective hinges or parts. (c) The damper frame must not be penetrated by any foreign objects that would affect fire damper operations (e.g. screws in tracks). (d) The damper must not be blocked from closure in any way. (e) The fusible link (if applicable) needs to be reinstalled after the completion of the testing. (f) If the fusible link (if applicable) is damaged or painted, it should be replaced with a link of the same size, temperature and load rating. (g) All Inspections and testing need to be documented indicating the location of the damper, date of inspection, name of inspector and deficiencies discovered. (h) 19.4.1 States that each damper shall be inspected 1 year after installation. (i) 19.4.1.1 States that testing frequency shall then be every 4 years thereafter except in hospitals.
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in all buildings every 4 years, except in hospitals, where the frequency is every 6 years. 7.3.2.2 All tests need to be completed safely by personnel wearing protective equipment. 7.3.2.3 Unobstructed access to the damper needs to be verified and corrected as required. 7.3.2.4 The damper needs to be actuated and cycled as a part of the associated smoke detector testing in accordance with NFPA-72 (as applicable). 7.3.2.5 If the damper has a fusible link, the link needs to be removed for testing to ensure full closure and lock-in-place if so equipped. 7.3.2.6 The operation test of the damper needs to verify that there is no damper interference due to rusted, bent, misaligned or damaged frame or blades, or defective hinges or parts. 7.3.2.7 The damper frame must not be penetrated by any foreign objects that would affect fire damper operations. 7.3.2.8 The damper must not be blocked from closure in any way. 7.3.2.9 The fusible link (if applicable) needs to be reinstalled after the completion of testing. 7.3.2.10 If the fusible link (if applicable) is damaged or painted, it should be replaced with a link of the same size, temperature and load rating. 7.3.2.11 All inspections and testing need to be documented indicating the location of the damper, date of inspection, name of inspector and deficiencies discovered. 7.3.2.12 The documentation needs to have space to indicate when and how the deficiencies were corrected. 7.3.2.13 All documentation needs to be maintained and made available for review by the AHJ. 7.3.2.14 Proper evidence of inspection shall be provided such as checklist, photos, etc.
7.4 MAINTENANCE
MAINTENANCE (Fire Dampers, Smoke Dampers and Combination F/S Dampers)
7.4.1 REFERENCES
NFPA 90A
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7.4.2.6 The following maintenance needs to be performed at least every 4 years: 1 Fusible links (where applicable) need to be removed. 2 All dampers need to be operated to verify that they close fully. 3 The latch, if provided, needs to be checked. 4 Moving parts need to be lubricated as necessary. 5 Fusible links and other system component need to be fully and correctly reassembled and tested. 7.4.2.7 Proper evidence of inspection shall be provided such as checklist, photos, etc.
Appendix
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Appendix-A
BasIc FIre DaMper INstallatION DetaIls The following notes are generally applicable to most fire damper/combination fire/smoke damper installations. These details may vary by manufacturer and should not be used as the basis of damper installation. The Manufacturer's installation instructions must be be used as the basis for all damper installations.
(B)
(A) (E)
A. RETAINING ANGLES
1. Minimum 1 x 16 ga (40 x1.6mm)
DUCT MAY ATTACH TO SLEEVE OR DAMPER
a. Retaining angles must overlap structure opening 1 inch minimum and cover corners of openings. b . 16 gauge is the most commonly used thickness for the retaining angles. However manufacturers may allow lighter gauge angles on some smaller dampers and may require heavier gauge angles on larger dampers. Consult the manufacturers installation instructions for specifics.
(F)
B. EXPANSION SPACE
1. Fire Damper Sleeve Clearance within Wall/Floor Opening a . Minimum 1/8 inch per linear foot (10 mm per linear meter) of damper - both dimensions. ( (6 mm) minimum)
(G) (TYPICAL)
DUCT
SIX INCHES (152mm) ON EACH SIDE FOR DAMPERS INTENDED FOR USE WITHOUT AN ACTUATOR OR A FACTORY INSTALLED ACCESS DOOR IN THE SLEEVE. SIX INCHES (152mm) ON ONE SIDE AND SIXTEEN INCHES (406mm) ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE FOR DAMPERS INTENDED FOR USE WITH AN ACTUATOR AND/OR A FACTORY INSTALLED ACCESS DOOR ON THE LONGER SIDE.
b. Clearance requirements for damper sleeves within a wall opening are based on 1/8 inch per foot (10 mm per meter) of width (or height) unless otherwise stated in the listing of the assembly. The sleeve may rest on the bottom of the opening, and need not be centered. (Fractional dimensions shall be taken as the next largest whole foot.) Example: A 30 inch x 24 inch fire damper sleeve is installed in a wall opening. The opening shall be 30% inches wide ( 1/8 inch x 3 feet) by 24 inches high (1/8 inch x 2 feet). The sleeve is retained in the wall floor by use of steel retaining angles (A). The dimensions required for the opening shall be those remaining after the opening has been framed and fire resistive materials provided where required (see Figure 6-1). The fire resistive material shall be equal to the requirements for fire resistive material used in the constructed wall so that a
SIXTEEN INCHES (406mm) ON EACH SIDE FOR DAMPERS INTENDED FOR USE WITH AN ACTUATOR ON ONE SIDE AND AFACTORY INSTALLED ACCESS DOOR ON THE OTHER SIDE
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continuous rating exists at the wall penetration. The contractor erecting the wall is responsible for providing the fire resistive material and correct size opening to achieve the required clearance. c. The clearance may be greater than the 1/8 inch per foot (10 mm per meter) of dampers allowed by damper manufacturers installation instructions. Consult with manufacturers for maximum allowable.
INstallatION INstructIONs VertIcal Or HOrIzONtal MOuNt 1-1/2 Hr RatINg (FOr Use IN 2 hOur Or less rated partItIONs)
Installation pre NFPA, 90 a, U1 555, and SMACNA fire smoke and radiation Installation guide.
C. DAMPER SLEEVE
1. Steel Sleeve, see Table 5-2 for details
Note: Attachments Must Not Enter Blade Channel Or They May Cause Interference With Blade Closure
G. CONNECTION TO DUCT
1. Connect Duct to Sleeve as shown in Table Fig. 5-2.
2 and as indicated in
Att
ach
me n Ev ts ca en n b ly sp e sta ace gg ed d
or
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Type of Connection
Duct Dimension 24 in. (610 mm) maximum diameter 24 in. (610 mm) maximum height and 36 in. (915 mm) maximum width over 24 in. (610 mm) diameter over 24 in. (610 mm) height and over 36 in. (915 mm) width 12 in. (305 mm) and down 13 - 30 in. (330 - 760 mm) 31 - 54 in. (785 - 1370 mm) 55 - 84 in. (1400 - 2130 mm) 85 in. (2160 mm) and up
Sleeve Gage
Rigid
16+(1.613+mm)
Rigid
14+(1.994+mm) 26 (0 .55 mm) 24 (0 .70 mm) 22 (0.85 mm) 20 (1.0 mm) 18 (1.3 mm)
Round or Rectangular
By UL 555, all ducts are required to terminate at the fire damper sleeves or the damper frames. Sleeve thickness is contingent on the type of connection. All UL listed dampers also have maximum dimensions associated with the test rating. Contingent on sleeve thickness a rigid connection may be used in lieu of a breakaway connection. Sleeves may be omitted where dampers are designed to be in non-ducted air passage or where damper housing permits attachment of retaining angles to the housing. Attachment of retaining angles must not restrict operation of the fire damper. Certain UL approved designs do not require retaining angles. Where the fire damper sleeve is exposed to the air stream, the metal sleeve will be ofthe same material as the duct system. A steel sleeve, of the type or finish specifiedby the system designer, will be used for fibrous glass ductwork and where the fire damper sleeve is not exposed to the airstream.
nin tai Re le g An
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2. Additional Duct-Sleeve Connections were tested by Smacna and Witnessed By UL In 1991. The Connections Performed Within The Requirements Of The UL Test Criteria. 3. Fasteners May Be Used As Follows. (A) Joints using connections shown in 5.3 below with a maximum of Two#10 sheet metal screws on each side and on the bottom located in the center of the Slip Pocket and penetrating both sides of the Slip Pocket.
(Fig 10) Improper Fire Damper Installations ITEM 1 Sealing of the fire damper retaining angles is not a requirement of an approved damper installation. This detail is seldom specified by system designers and is virtually never included in the contractors pricing for the dampers on a project. If the local authority having jurisdiction mandates that the angles be sealed, contractors should issue a Request For Information (RFI) to design professionals such that the proper approved sealants be used. In no case should the retaining angles be sealed with any product not approved by the damper manufacturer including through Penetration Firestop products. Using unapproved products could be a violation of the damper manufacturers conditions of test and listing could void the UL listing ofthe damper and could render the damper inoperable. ITEM 2 Introduction of any materials including mineral wool, ceramic fibres or sealants of any kind into the required expansion space between the damper sleeve and fire partition has not been tested, has not been approved, and is not permitted by damper manufacturers. Doing so could be a violation of the manufacturers conditions oftest and listing, could void the UL listing of the damper and could render the damper inoperable. Indiscriminate and unnecessary deviations from standard fire damper installations should be avoided. Unless a deviation is specifically approved by the damper manufacturer, it could compromise the function for which the damper was ultimately installed.
(Fig 9) Damper/Sleeve Assemblies with Collars for Round and Flat Oval Ducts DAMPER/SLEEVE ASSEMBLIES WITH COLLARS FOR ROUND AND FLAT OVAL DUCTS UL DUCT-SLEEVE CONNECTIONS (BREAKAWAY CONNECTIONS)
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INstallatION, OperatION aNd MaINteNaNce INstructIONs fOr FIre & COMBINatION FIre sMOke daMpers (with factory installed sleeve and actuator) Vertical and Horizontal Mount
SAFETY WARNING
Actuator
ISOC
Improper installation, adjustment, alternation, service or maintenance can cause property damage, injury or death. Read the installation, opening and maintenance instruction thoroughly before installation or servicing this equipment.
INSTALLATION SUPPLEMENTS
Refer to the appropriate installation supplements for special requirements Shaftwall Supplement Drywall Supplement Wood Supplement Smoke Detector Supplement Single Side Sapplement retaining Angle 2) 3)
5)
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stretched into duct or opening. Out of square, rucked, twisted or misaligned installation can cause excessive leakage and /or torque requirements to exceed damper /actuator design. 6) Damper and actuator must be kept clean and protected from dirt, dust and other foreign meterials prior to and after installation. Examples of such foreign materials include but are not limited to: a) Mother dust b) Dry wall dust c) Fire safing Materials d) Wall texture e) Paint ever spray 7) Damper should be sufficiently covered as to prevent over spray if wall texturing or spray painting will be performed within 5 feet of the damper. Excessive dirt or foreign material deposits on damper can cause excessive leakage and / or torque requirements to exceed damper/actuator design. Caulking is not necessary, nor is it allowed, between the damper sleeve and the wall or floor opening (annular space). However caulking may be applied to the retaining angles.
SAFETY DANGER ! : To avoid causing death or serious bodily harm to building occupant, follow all instructions carefully. Dampers must close completely to preserve the integrity of the fire smoke separation. Installation-Failure to follow these instructions will viod all warranties.
These instructions apply to all combination fire smoke dampers mounted (blades must be horizontal )in: 1) masonry, block or stud wall and 2) Concrete floors or ceilings. Specific requirements in these instructions are mandatory. Dampers must be installed in accordance with these instructions to meet the requirements of UL 555 and UL. 5558. The installation of the damper and all duet connections to the damper sleeve shall conform to the latest editions of NFPA 90A. Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating systems, and the SMACNA Fire, Smoke and Radiations Damper Installation Guide, and UL., Classification R.
8)
9) ACCESS: Suitable access (Such that RLs and actuators can be maintained etc. must be provide for damper inspection and servicing. Where it is not possible to achieve sufficient size access. It will be necessary to install a removable section of duct (Refer to NFPA 90A) 10) The Code Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) must evaluate and provide approval of final installation where various to these instruction are necessary
1. CLEARANCES REQUIRED BETWEEN FIRE DAMPER SLEEVES AND WALL / FLOOR OPENINGS
Fire dampers and sleeve assemblies expand during periods of intense heat. Therefore, it is essential that opening in walls or floor be larger than the fire damper and sleeves assembly to allow for this expansion. Minimum clearances required between the outside of fire damper sleeve assemblies and wall / floor opening are: Galvanized steel fire dampers and sleeves; 1/8 inch, per foot of damper width and height with a minimum clearance of inch. Recommended clearance, for width and/ or height dimensions of, 36 in or less, inch clearance These are total clearances (ignoring fastener heads) and do not need to be equally spaced around the damper, Refer Fig. 5.1 & 5.2 for additional installation considerations.
Electrical Guidelines
All wiring shall be done in accordance with the National Electrical code ANSI/ NFPA-70 latest edition and any local codes that may apply, and diagrams developed in compliance with the job or project design and specifications.
SAFETY DANGER!
Electrical input may be needed for this equipment. This work should be performed by a qualified electrician.
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(Fig 12) Dimension A & Detail 1 Example: A12 in. X 12 in. damper will requi re a minimum clearance of in. A36 in X 12 in damper will require a minimum clearance of in on width and in . on height. y
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Appendix
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Appendix-B
Corridor Damper Fire Resistance Rating 1 Hour Leakage Resistance Class 1-350 No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional Marking
Airflow rating (2000 fpm minimum, and 1000 fpm increments), Closere presure rating (4.in. WG minimum and 2in. WG increments.)
Additional Marking
Airflow rating (2000 fpm minimum, and 1000 fpm increments), Closure pressure rating (4 in. WG Minimum and 2 in . WG Increments).
Additional Marking Airflow rating (2000 fpm minimum, and 1000 fpm increments),
Closure pressure rating (4in. Wg minimum, and 2 in. Wg Increments).
CeiLinG DaMPeRs
Ceiling Damper Fire Resistance classification see product category in UL Fire Resistance Directory
Because the hourly rating of ceiling dampers is depent on the specific or various fire resistance designers in which it can be installed, an hourly fire resistance rating is not marked on the product. Therefore, the marking of ceiling dampers consists of the UL Classification symbol, the product category Ceiling Damper, and a reference to the product category description in ULs fire resistance directly. For those ceiling dampers intended only for use in one or more specific designs, the marking includes a reference to those designs. (Fig 16) Damper Marketing & Application Guide
Additional Marking
Airflow rating (2000 fpm minimum, and 1000 fpm increments), Closure pressure rating (4.in. WG minimum and 2in. WG increments.)
CoRRidoR DaMPeRs
UL Classification Marking
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Appendix
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Appendix-C
Design Pressure Difference: The desired pressure difference between the protected space and an adjacent space measured at the boundary of the protected space under a specified set of conditions with the smokecontrol system operating. End-to-End Verification : A self-testing method that provides positive confirmation that the desired result (e.g., airflow or damper position) has been achieved when a controlled device has been activated such as during smoke control, testing or manual override operations. Fire Fighters Smoke-Control Station (FSCS): A system that provides
graphical monitoring and manual overriding capability over smoke-control systems and equipment at designated location(s) within the building for the use of the fire department.
C.2 DEFINITIONS
Approved: Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ): An organization, office, or individual
responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.
Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement. Should: Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not
required.
Single-Injection Pressurization System: A type of smoke-control system that has pressurization air supplied from only one location. Smoke: The airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when
a Material undergoes combustion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.
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Smoke-Control Mode:
A predefined operational configuration of a system or device for the purpose of smoke control. to produce pressure differences across smoke barriers to inhibit smoke movement.
Smoke-Control Zone: A space within a building enclosed by smoke barriers, including the top and bottom that is part of a zoned smoke-control system. Smoke Exhaust System: A mechanical or gravity system intended to move smoke from the smoke zone to the exterior of the building, including smoke removal, purging and venting systems, as well as the function of exhaust fans utilized to reduce the pressure in a smoke zone. Smoke Refuge Area: An area of the building separated from other spaces
by fire resistance rated smoke barriers in which a tenable environment is maintained for the period Copyright NFPA of time that such areas might need to be occupied at the time of fire.
Appendix
Smoke Zone: The smoke-control zone in which the fire is located. Stack Effect: The vertical airflow within buildings caused by the temperature-created density differences between the building interior and exterior or between two interior spaces. Tenable Environment: An environment in which smoke and heat are limited or otherwise restricted to maintain the impact on occupants to a level that is not life threatening. Zoned Smoke-Control System: A smoke-control system that includes smoke exhaust for the smoke zone and pressurization for all contiguous smoke-control zones.
INterNatIONal StaNdards
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International Standards
NFPA 90A
DEFINITIONS
3.3.13.2 Combination Fire and Smoke Damper. A device that meets both the fire damper and smoke damper requirements. 3.3.13.3 Fire Damper: A device, installed in an air distribution system, designed to close automatically upon detection of heat, to interrupt migratory airflow, and to restrict the passage of flame. [221:1.5] 3.3.13.4 Smoke Damper: A device within the air distribution system to control the movement of smoke. 8.4.5.1: Fire barrier walls required by this Code shall be continuous from an outside wall to an outside wall, from a floor below to a floor or roof above, or from one fire barrier wall to another fire barrier wall, or a combination thereof. 8.6.2.3:Fire dampers for ducts and air-transfer openings used as opening protectives shall comply with the requirements of 8.8.8.
Appendix-D
3.3.22 Smoke: The airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases
evolved when a material undergoes paralyses or combustion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.
NFPA 5000
8.4.2 Opening Protectives
8.4.2.3:Fire dampers for ducts and air-transfer openings used as opening protective shall comply with the requirements of 8.8.8.
8.4.4 Joints : Joints in fire barrier walls shall comply with the requirements
of Section. 90
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5.3.2.2: Air ducts serving air-conditioning terminal devices on the floor above shall be permitted, provided a fire test conducted in accordance with NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials, determines that the fire resistance rating of the floor is maintained.
(2) Ducts used for the removal of flammable vapours. (3) Ducts used for moving, conveying, or transporting stock, vapor or dust. (4) Ducts used for the removal of non-flammable corrosive fumes and vapours. (5) Refuse and linen chutes. (6) Piping, except for non combustible piping conveying water or other non-hazardous or non-toxic materials. (7) Combustible storage. 5.3.4.6: Fire dampers shall be installed at each direct or ducted opening into or out of enclosures required by 5.3.4.1, unless otherwise permitted by 5.3.4.6.1 or 5.3.4.6.2. 5.3.4.6.1: A fire damper shall not be required where an air duct system serving only one story is used only for exhaust of air to the outside and is contained within its own dedicated shaft. 5.3.4.6.2: A fire damper shall not be required where the following occur: (1) Branch ducts connect to enclosed exhaust risers meeting the requirements of 5.3.4.1 or 5.3.4.4. (2) The airflow moves upward. (3) Steel sub-ducts at least 560 mm (22 in.) in length are carried up inside the riser from each inlet. (4) The riser is appropriately sized to accommodate the flow restriction created by the sub-duct.
5.3.4 Shafts
5.3.4.1: Air ducts that pass through the floors of buildings that require the protection of vertical openings shall be enclosed with partitions or walls constructed of materials as permitted by the building code of the authority having jurisdiction, as indicated in 5.3.4.2 or 5.3.4.3, unless otherwise permitted by 5.3.4.3.1. 5.3.4.2: The shaft enclosure shall have a minimum fire resistance rating (based on possible fire exposure from either side of the partition or wall) of 1 hour where such air ducts are located in a building less than four stories in height. 5.3.4.3: The shaft enclosure shall have a minimum fire resistance rating (based on possible fire exposure from either side of the partition or wall) of 2 hours where such air ducts are located in a building four stories or more in height. 5.3.4.3.1: Where an air duct penetrates only one floor, or one floor and an air-handling equipment penthouse floor, and the air duct contains a fire damper located where the duct penetrates the floor, an air duct enclosure shall not be required. 5.3.4.4: A fire-resistive enclosure used as an air duct shall conform to 4.3.1 and 5.3.4.2 through 5.3.4.3. 5.3.4.4.1: Gypsum board systems shall be constructed in accordance with the Gypsum Association Fire Resistance Design Manual. 5.3.4.5: Shafts that constitute air ducts or that enclose air ducts used for the movement of environmental air shall not enclose the following: (1) Exhaust ducts used for the removal of smoke and greaseladen vapours from cooking equipment.
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5.3.5.1.3: Smoke dampers shall not be required where the air inlet or outlet openings in ducts are limited to a single smoke compartment. 5.3.5.1.4: Smoke dampers shall not be required in ducts where the air continues to move and the air-handling system installed is arranged to prevent recirculation of exhaust or return air under fire emergency conditions. 5.3.5.1.5: Smoke dampers shall not be required in health care occupancies where exempted by NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. 5.3.5.2: Where penetration of a smoke barrier is required to be provided with a fire damper, a combination fire and smoke damper equipped and arranged to be both smoke responsive and heat responsive shall be permitted.
5.4.2: Fire dampers used for the protection of openings in walls, partitions,
or floors having a fire resistance rating of 3 hours or more shall have a 3-hour fire protection rating in accordance with UL 555, Standard for Safety Fire Dampers.
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5.4.5.4.1: Fire dampers shall be tested for closure in accordance with UL 555, Standard for Safety Fire Dampers. 5.4.5.4.2: Smoke dampers shall be tested for closure in accordance with UL 555S, Standard for Safety Smoke Dampers. 5.4.5.4.3: Combination fire and smoke dampers shall not be required to have provisions that allow them to reclose automatically where provisions for automatic fan or airflow shutdown, in the event of a fire, are provided.
8.1 GENERAL
8.1.1 Application
The features of fire protection set forth in this chapter apply to both new construction and existing buildings.
5.4.6 Installation
5.4.6.1: The locations and mounting arrangement of all fire dampers, smoke dampers, ceiling dampers, and fire protection means of a similar nature required by this standard shall be shown on the drawings of the air duct systems. 5.4.6.2* Fire dampers, including their sleeves, smoke dampers, and ceiling dampers shall be installed in accordance with the conditions of their listings and the manufacturers installation instructions. 5.4.6.3 The thickness of sleeves for fire dampers shall not be less than that associated with the conditions of rating required by Section 5.4. 5.4.6.3.1: Where UL 555, Standard for Safety Fire Dampers, permits sleeve thickness to be the same as that of the duct gauge, such thickness shall not be less than that specified in Table 7 Table 7 Minimum Sleeve Thickness Permitted in Accordance withUL 555 Air Duct Diameter or Maximum Width Mm 305 330762 7871372 13972134 2159 or more in. 12 or less 1330 3154 5584 85 or more 26 24 22 20 18 Minimum Sleeve Thickness Gauge in. 0.018 0.024 0.030 0.036 0.047
8.2.2 Compartmentation
8.2.2.1: Where required by Chapters 12 through 42, every building shall be divided into compartments to limit the spread of fire and restrict the movement of smoke. 8.2.2.2: Fire compartments shall be formed with fire barriers that are continuous from outside wall to outside wall, from one fire barrier to another, or a combination thereof, including continuity through all concealed spaces, such as those found above a ceiling, including interstitial spaces. Walls used as fire barriers shall comply with Chapter 3 of NFPA 221, Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls. The NFPA 221 limitation on percentage width of openings shall not apply.
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Exception: A fire barrier required for an occupied space below an interstitial space shall not be required to extend through the interstitial space, provided that the construction assembly forming the bottom of the interstitial space has a fire resistance rating not less than that of the fire barrier.
8.2.3.2 Fire Protection-Rated Opening Protective 8.2.3.2.1 Door assemblies in fire barriers shall be of an approved type with the appropriate fire protection rating for the location in which they are installed and shall comply with the following: (1)* Fire doors shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows. Fire doors shall be of a design that has been tested to meet the conditions of acceptance of NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies. Exception: The requirement of 8.2.3.2.1(a) shall not apply where otherwise specified by 8.2.3.2.3.1. (2) Fire doors shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 7.2.1.8 and, where used within the means of egress, shall comply with the provisions of 7.2.1. 8.2.3.2.2 Fire window assemblies shall be permitted in fire barriers having a required fire resistance rating of 1 hour or less and shall be of an approved type with the appropriate fire protection rating for the location in which they are installed. Fire windows shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows, and shall comply with the following: (1) Fire windows used in fire barriers, other than existing fire window installations of wired glass and other fire-rated glazing material in approved metal frames, shall be of a design that has been tested to meet the conditions of acceptance of NFPA 257, Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies. (2) Fire windows used in fire barriers, other than existing fire window installations of wired glass and other fire-rated glazing material in approved metal frames, shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of the fire barrier in which they are used. Exception: Fire-rated glazing material shall be permitted to be installed in approved existing frames. 8.2.3.2.3* Opening Protective 8.2.3.2.3.1 Every opening in a fire barrier shall be protected to limit the spread of fire and restrict the movement of smoke from one side of the fire barrier to the other. The fire
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protection rating for opening protective shall be as follows: (1) 2-hour fire barrier -11/2-hour fire protection rating. (2) 1-hour fire barrier - 1-hour fire protection rating where used or vertical openings or exit enclosures, or 3/4-hour fire protection rating where used for other than vertical openings or exit enclosures, unless a lesser fire protection rating is specified by Chapter 7 or Chapters 11 through 42. Exception No. 1: Where the fire barrier specified in 8.2.3.2.3.1(2) is provided as a result of a requirement that corridor walls or smoke barriers be of 1-hour fire resistance-rated construction, the opening protective shall be permitted to have not less than a 20-minute fire protection rating when tested in accordance with NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, without the hose stream test. Exception No. 2: The requirement of 8.2.3.2.3.1(2) shall not apply where special requirements for doors in 1-hour fire resistancerated corridor walls and 1-hour fire resistance-rated smoke barriers are specified in Chapters 18 through 21. Exception No. 3: Existing doors having a 3/4-hour fire protection rating shall be permitted to continue to be used in vertical openings and in exit enclosures in lieu of the 1-hour rating required by 8.2.3.2.3.1(2). (3) 1/2-hour fire barrier - 20-minute fire protection rating. Exception: Twenty-minute fire protection-rated doors shall be exempt from the hose stream test of NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies. 8.2.3.2.3.2: Where a 20-minute fire protection-rated door is required in existing buildings, an existing 13/4 in. (4.4 cm) solid, bonded wood-core door, or an existing steel-clad (tinclad) wood door, or an existing solid-core steel door with positive latch and closer shall be permitted. Exception: This requirement shall not apply where otherwise specified by Chapters 11 through 42. 8.2.3.2.4 Penetrations and Miscellaneous Openings in Fire Barriers 8.2.3.2.4.1* Openings in fire barriers for air-handling ductwork or air movement shall be protected in accordance with 9.2.1.
8.2.3.2.4.2* Pipes, conduits, bus ducts, cables, wires, air ducts, pneumatic tubes and ducts, and similar building service equipment that pass through fire barriers shall be protected as follows: (1) The space between the penetrating item and the fire barrier shall meet one of the following conditions: (a) It shall be filled with a material that is capable of maintaining the fire resistance of the fire barrier. (b) It shall be protected by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. (2) Where the penetrating item uses a sleeve to penetrate the fire barrier, the sleeve shall be solidly set in the fire barrier, and the space between the item and the sleeve shall meet one of the following conditions: (a) It shall be filled with a material that is capable of maintaining the fire resistance of the fire barrier. (b) It shall be protected by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. (3) Insulation and coverings for pipes and ducts shall not pass through the fire barrier unless one of the following conditions is met: (a) The material shall be capable of maintaining the fire resistance of the fire barrier. (b) The material shall be protected by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. (4) Where designs take transmission of vibration into consideration, any vibration isolation shall meet one of the following conditions: (a) It shall be made on either side of the fire barrier. (b) It shall be made by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose.
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such as those above suspended ceilings, and through interstitial structural and mechanical spaces. Exception*: Smoke partitions shall be permitted to terminate at the underside of a monolithic or suspended ceiling system where the following conditions are met: (1) The ceiling system forms a continuous membrane. (2) A smoke tight joint is provided between the top of the smoke partition and the bottom of the suspended ceiling. (3) The space above the ceiling is not used as a plenum. 8.2.4.3 Doors 8.2.4.3.1 Doors in smoke partitions shall comply with 8.2.4.3.2 through 8.2.4.3.5. 8.2.4.3.2 Doors shall comply with the provisions of 7.2.1. 8.2.4.3.3 Doors shall not include louvers. 8.2.4.3.4* Door clearances shall be in accordance with NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows. 8.2.4.3.5 Doors shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 7.2.1.8. 8.2.4.4 Penetrations and Miscellaneous Openings in Smoke Partitions 8.2.4.4.1 Pipes, conduits, bus ducts, cables, wires, air ducts, pneumatic tubes and ducts, and similar building service equipment that pass through smoke partitions shall be protected as follows: (1) The space between the penetrating item and the smoke partition shall meet one of the following conditions: (a) It shall be filled with a material that is capable of limiting the transfer of smoke. (b) It shall be protected by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. (2) Where the penetrating item uses a sleeve to penetrate the smoke partition, the sleeve shall be solidly set in the smoke partition, and the space between the item and the sleeve shall meet one of the following conditions: (a) It shall be filled with a material that is capable of limiting the transfer of smoke.
(b) It shall be protected by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. (3) Where designs take transmission of vibrations into consideration, any vibration isolation shall meet one of the following conditions: (a) It shall be made on either side of the smoke partitions. (b) It shall be made by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. 8.2.4.4.2 Openings located at points where smoke partitions meet the outside walls, other smoke partitions, smoke barriers, or fire barriers of a building shall meet one of the following conditions: (1) They shall be filled with a material that is capable of limiting the transfer of smoke. (2) They shall be made by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. 8.2.4.4.3* Air transfer openings in smoke partitions shall be provided with approved dampers designed to limit the transfer of smoke. Dampers in air transfer openings shall close upon detection of smoke by approved smoke detectors installed in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code.
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Exception No.1: This requirement shall not apply where otherwise specified by 8.2.5.5, 8.2.5.6, 8.2.5.7, or Chapters 11 through 42. Exception No. 2: This requirement shall not apply to escalators and moving walks protected in accordance with 8.2.5.11. Exception No. 3: This requirement shall not apply to expansion or seismic joints designed to prevent the penetration of fire and shown to have a fire resistance rating of not less than the required fire resistance rating of the floor when tested in accordance with ANSI/UL 2079, Test of Fire Resistance of Building Joint Systems. Exception No. 4: Enclosure shall not be required for pneumatic tube conveyors protected in accordance with 8.2.3.2.4.2. Exception No. 5: This requirement shall not apply to existing mail chutes where one of the following conditions is met: (1) The cross-sectional area does not exceed 16 inch2 (103 cm2). (2) The building is protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7. 8.2.5.3 Vertical openings (shafts) that do not extend to the bottom or the top of the building or structure shall be enclosed at the lowest or highest level of the shaft, respectively, with construction in accordance with 8.2.5.4. Exception: Shafts shall be permitted to terminate in a room or space having a use related to the purpose of the shaft, provided that the room or space is separated from the remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance rating and opening protective in accordance with 8.2.5.4 and 8.2.3.2.3. 8.2.5.4 The fire resistance rating for the enclosure of floor openings shall be not less than as follows (see 7.1.3.2.1 for enclosure of exits): (1) Enclosures connecting four stories or more in new construction2-hour fire barriers. (2) Other enclosures in new construction -1-hour fire barriers. (3) Existing enclosures in existing buildings -1/2-hour fire barriers. (4) As specified in Chapter 26 for lodging and rooming houses, in Chapter 28 for new hotels, and in Chapter 30 for new apartment buildings. 8.2.5.5 Unless prohibited by Chapters 12 through 42, unenclosed floor
openings forming a communicating space between floor levels shall be permitted, provided that the following conditions are met: (1) The communicating space does not connect more than three contiguous stories. (2) The lowest or next to lowest story within the communicating space is a street floor. (3) The entire floor area of the communicating space is open and unobstructed such that a fire in any part of the space will be readily obvious to the occupants of the space prior to the time it becomes an occupant hazard. (4) The communicating space is separated from the remainder of the building by fire barriers with not less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating. Exception No.1: In buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7, a smoke barrier in accordance with Section 8.3 shall be permitted to serve as the separation required by 8.2.5.5(4). Exception No. 2: The requirement of 8.2.5.5(4) shall not apply to fully sprinkled residential housing units of detention and correctional occupancies in accordance with Exception No. 2 to 22.3.1.1 and Exception No. 2 to 23.3.1.1. (5) The communicating space has ordinary hazard contents protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7 or has only low hazard contents. (See 6.2.2.) (6) Egress capacity is sufficient to provide for all the occupants of all levels within the communicating space to simultaneously egress the communicating space by considering it as single floor area in determining the required egress capacity. (7) Each occupant within the communicating space has access to not less than one exit without having to traverse another story within the communicating space. (8) Each occupant not in the communicating space has access to not less than one exit without having to enter the communicating space.
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8.2.5.6*Unless prohibited by Chapters 12 through 42, an atrium shall be permitted, provided that the following conditions are met: (1) In other than existing, previously approved atria, atriums are separated from the adjacent spaces by fire barriers with not less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating with opening protective for corridor walls. (See 8.2.3.2.3.1(2), Exception No. 1.) Exception No. 1: Any number of levels of the building shall be permitted to open directly to the atrium without enclosure based on the results of the engineering analysis required in 8.2.5.6(5). Exception No. 2*: Glass walls and inoperable windows shall be permitted in lieu of the fire barriers where automatic sprinklers are spaced along both sides of the glass wall and the inoperable window at intervals not to exceed 6 ft (1.8 m). The automatic sprinklers shall be located at a distance from the glass not to exceed 1 ft (0.3 m) and shall be arranged so that the entire surface of the glass is wet upon operation of the sprinklers. The glass shall be tempered, wired, or laminated glass held in place by a gasket system that allows the glass framing system to deflect without breaking (loading) the glass before the sprinklers operate. Automatic sprinklers shall not be required on the atrium side of the glass wall and the inoperable windows where there is no walkway or other floor area on the atrium side above the main floor level. Doors in such walls shall be glass or other material that resists the passage of smoke. Doors shall be self-closing or automatic-closing upon detection of smoke. (2) Access to exits is permitted to be within the atrium, and exit discharge in accordance with 7.7.2 is permitted to be within the atrium. (3) The occupancy within the space meets the specifications for classification as low or ordinary hazard contents. (See 6.2.2.) (4) The entire building is protected throughout by an approved and supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7. (5) For other than existing, previously approved atria, an engineering analysis is performed that demonstrates that the building is designed to keep the smoke layer interface above the
highest unprotected opening to adjoining spaces, or 6 ft (1.85 m) above the highest floor level of exit access open to the atrium for a period equal to 1.5 times the calculated egress time or 20 minutes, whichever is greater. (6) In other than existing, previously approved atria, where an Engineered smoke control system is installed to meet the requirements of 8.2.5.6(5), the system is independently activated by each of the following: (a) The required automatic sprinkler system. (b) Manual controls that are readily accessible to the fire department. 8.2.5.7 A vertical opening serving as other than an exit enclosure, connecting only two adjacent stories, and piercing only one floor shall be permitted to be open to one of the two stories. 8.2.5.8 Where permitted by Chapters 12 through 42, unenclosed vertical openings not concealed within the building construction shall be permitted as follows: (1) Such openings shall connect not more than two adjacent stories (one floor pierced only). (2) Such openings shall be separated from unprotected vertical openings serving other floors by a barrier complying with 8.2.5.4. (3) Such openings shall be separated from corridors. (4) Such openings shall not serve as a required means of egress. 8.2.5.9 Where there are three or fewer elevator cars in a building, they shall be permitted to be located within the same hoist way enclosure. Where there are four elevator cars, they shall be divided in such a manner that not less than two separate hoist way enclosures are provided. Where there are more than four elevator cars, the number of elevator cars located within a single hoist way enclosure shall not exceed four. Exception: This requirement shall not apply to existing hoist ways in existing buildings. 8.2.5.10 Service openings for conveyors, elevators, and dumbwaiters,
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where required to be open on more than one story at the same time for purposes of operation, shall be provided with closing devices in accordance with 7.2.1.8. 8.2.5.11 Any escalators or moving walks serving as a required exit in existing buildings shall be enclosed in the same manner as exit stairways. (See 7.2.7.) 8.2.5.12 Moving walks not constituting an exit and escalators, other than escalators in large open areas such as atriums and enclosed shopping malls, shall have their floor openings enclosed or protected as required for other vertical openings. Exception No. 1*: In buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7, escalators or moving walk openings shall be permitted to be protected in accordance with the method detailed in NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, or in accordance with a method approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Exception No. 2: Escalators shall be permitted to be protected in accordance with 8.2.5.13. 8.2.5.13 In buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7, escalators or moving walk openings shall be permitted to be protected by rolling steel shutters appropriate for the fire resistance rating of the vertical opening protected. The shutters shall close automatically and independently of each other upon smoke detection and sprinkler operation. There shall be a manual means of operating and testing the operation of the shutter. The shutters shall be operated not less than once a week to ensure that they remain in proper operating condition. The shutters shall operate at a speed not to exceed 30 ft/min (0.15 m/s) and shall be equipped with a sensitive leading edge. The leading edge shall arrest the progress of a moving shutter and cause it to retract a distance of approximately 6 in. (15.2 cm) upon the application of a force not exceeding 20 lbf (90 N) applied to the surface of the leading edge. The shutter, following this retraction, shall continue to close. The operating
mechanism for the rolling shutter shall be provided with standby power complying with the provisions of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code.
8.2.6 Mezzanines
8.2.6.1 General : A mezzanine shall not be included as a story for the purpose of determining the allowable number of stories in a building. Exception: Multilevel residential housing areas in detention and correctional occupancies in accordance with Chapters 22 and 23 shall be exempt from the provisions of 8.2.6.2 and 8.2.6.3. 8.2.6.2 Area Limitations 8.2.6.2.1 The aggregate area of mezzanines within a room, other than those located in special purpose industrial occupancies, shall not exceed one-third the open area of the room in which the mezzanines are located. Enclosed space shall not be included in a determination of the size of the room in which the mezzanine is located. 8.2.6.2.2 There shall be no limit on the number of mezzanines in a room. 8.2.6.2.3 For purposes of determining the allowable mezzanine area, the area of the mezzanines shall not be included in the area of the room. 8.2.6.3 Openness: All portions of a mezzanine, other than walls not more than 42 in. (107 cm) high, columns, and posts, shall be open to and unobstructed from the room in which the mezzanine is located, unless the occupant load of the aggregate area of the enclosed space does not exceed 10. Exception: A mezzanine having two or more means of egress shall not be required to open into the room in which it is located if not less than one of the means of egress provides direct access from the enclosed area to an exit at the mezzanine level.
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effectively fire stopped or draft stopped as follows: (1) Every exterior and interior wall and partition shall be fire-stopped at each floor level, at the top story ceiling level, and at the level of support for roofs. (2) Every unoccupied attic space shall be subdivided by draft stops into areas not to exceed 3000 ft2 (280 m2). (3) Any concealed space between the ceiling and the floor or roof above shall be draft stopped for the full depth of the space along the line of support for the floor or roof structural members and, if necessary, at other locations to form areas not to exceed 1000 ft2 (93 m2) for any space between the ceiling and floor and 3000 ft2 (280 m2) for any space between the ceiling and roof. Exception No. 1: This requirement shall not apply where the space is protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7. Exception No. 2: This requirement shall not apply to concealed spaces serving as plenums. (See NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems.) 8.2.7.2 In every existing building, fire stopping and draft stopping shall be provided as required by the provisions of Chapters 12 through 42.
interstitial space, provided that the construction assembly forming the bottom of the interstitial space provides resistance to the passage of smoke equal to that provided by the smoke barrier.
8.3.4 Doors.
8.3.4.1 Doors in smoke barriers shall close the opening leaving only the minimum clearance necessary for proper operation and shall be without undercuts, louvers, or grilles. 8.3.4.2 Where a fire resistance rating for smoke barriers is specified elsewhere in the Code, openings shall be protected as follows: (1) Door opening protective shall have a fire protection rating of not less than 20 minutes where tested in accordance with NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, without the hose stream test, unless otherwise specified by Chapters 12 through 42. (2) Fire windows shall comply with 8.2.3.2.2. Exception: Latching hardware shall not be required on doors in smoke barriers where so indicated by Chapters 12 through 42. 8.3.4.3 Doors in smoke barriers shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 7.2.1.8 and shall comply with the provisions of 7.2.1.
8.3.2 Continuity.
Smoke barriers required by this Code shall be continuous from an outside wall to an outside wall, from a floor to a floor, or from a smoke barrier to a smoke barrier or a combination thereof. Such barriers shall be continuous through all concealed spaces, such as those found above a ceiling, including interstitial spaces. Exception: A smoke barrier required for an occupied space below an interstitial space shall not be required to extend through the
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air continues to move and the air-handling system installed is arranged to prevent recirculation of exhaust or return air under fire emergency conditions. Exception No. 3: This requirement shall not apply where the air inlet or outlet openings in ducts are limited to a single smoke compartment. Exception No. 4: This requirement shall not apply where ducts penetrate floors that serve as smoke barriers. 8.3.5.2 Required smoke dampers in ducts penetrating smoke barriers shall close upon detection of smoke by approved smoke detectors in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. Exception No. 1: Duct detectors shall not be required where ducts penetrate smoke barriers above the smoke barrier doors and the door release detector actuates the damper. Exception No. 2: Approved smoke detector installations located within the ducts in existing installations shall be exempt from the requirements of NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. 8.3.5.3 Required smoke dampers in air transfer openings shall close upon detection of smoke by approved smoke detectors in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code. Exception: Where a duct is provided on one side of the smoke barrier, the smoke detectors on the duct side shall be in accordance with 8.3.5.2.
(2) Where the penetrating item uses a sleeve to penetrate the smoke barrier, the sleeve shall be solidly set in the smoke barrier, and the space between the item and the sleeve shall meet one of the following conditions: (a) It shall be filled with a material that is capable of maintaining the smoke resistance of the smoke barrier. (b) It shall be protected by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. (3) Where designs take transmission of vibration into consideration, any vibration isolation shall meet one of the following conditions: (a) It shall be made on either side of the smoke barrier. (b) It shall be made by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose. 8.3.6.2 Openings occurring at points where floors or smoke barriers meet the outside walls, other smoke barriers, or fire barriers of a building shall meet one of the following conditions: (1) It shall be filled with a material that is capable of maintaining the smoke resistance of the floor or smoke barrier. (2) It shall be protected by an approved device that is designed for the specific purpose.
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Appendix
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116 FIRE DAMPER TEST REPORT (1) PROJECT: INSTALLING CONTRACTOR INSPECTOR of
Blade Operation Fire Stopping Shop Drawing No. F.D. No. F.D. Size Retaining Angles Breakaway Joints Door & Accessibility F.D. Link Accesibility Blade
Appendix-E
COMMENTS
Work was found to be satisfactory Work incomplete / unsatisfactory Install missing screws Set retaining angles Install missing retaining angles Remove screws Install missing access door Item not visible to inspect Patch opening in wall Previously listed work completed
Appendix
REFERENCE LETTERS
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Reference Letters
Appendix-F
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Figure No.
Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 3A: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 7A: Figure 8: Figure 5.1: Figure 5.2: Figure 2.1: Figure 5.2A: Figure 5.3:
Figure Title
Combined fire and smoke dampers Static fire damper Picture showing Locking Ramp with Blad Lock Blade Lock Curtain Fire Damper Mechanical Fire Resisting Damper Common Fire Damper Installation Duct-Sleeve Connection Flat Drive Slip Heat responsive device Damper Installation Standard Details Fire Damper Installation in Sleeve Details of wall & floor installation Breakaway Connections Flat Drive Slip
Page No.
17 21 23 23 24 25 26 27 27 49 66 69 70 71 72 72 73 74 78 79 79 80 82-83
Figure 9: Damper/Sleeve Assemblies with Collars for Round and Flat Oval Ducts Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Improper Fire Damper Installations Fire & Combination Fire Smoke Dampers Dimension A & Detail 1 Sleeve Extensions; Circular Sleeve Thickness & Breakaway Damper Marketing & Application Guide
Table No.
Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7: 120
Table Title
Page No.
42 71 74 79 80 82 96
Leakage & Temperature Classifications Recommended Minimum Sleeve Thickness for Fire Dampers Installation Supplements Wall Thichness Deminstion/Sleeve Length Dimension Duct to Sleeve Connections UL Classification and Listing Marks Minimum Thickness Permitted in Accordance with UL555
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