Saint-Venant torsion of orthotropic bars with rectangular cross section weakened by cracks

1. Introduction

2. Problem formulation 2.1 Dislocation solution

We consider a bar with rectangular cross section with a finite length and width in the and directions, respectively, Fig. 1. The x-axis is located at the distance top the lower edge of the rectangular. Similarly, the y-axis is situated at the distance from the left edge of the rectangular plane. As such, the cross section consists of two orthotropic sub-rectangular regions with finite widths and which have been attached together along the x-axis. As said by Saint-Venant torsion theory, the displacement components read as (1) ( ) ) under Saint-Venant torsion is of interest The out of plane displacement component ( Consequently, the two nonzero stress components in the direction are ( ( ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) (2)

Where body force ( where ( ) )

are the orthotropic shear moduli. The equilibrium equations in absence of in view of Eq.(1) reduce to ( ( ) ) Appling the finite Fourier cosine transform, ( ) to above equation, in view of the boundary (3)

conditions (4) leads to ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (4)

 and the index where is used to refer to the upper and lower rectangular region, respectively. The traction-free condition on the lateral surface of the bar requires that ( ( ( ) ) ) (5)

By virtue of Eqs. (4) and (5), we easily arrive at ( ( ) ) , Using the inverse finite Fourier cosine transform ( ( ) ) ( ) , ( ( ) ) -

(6) ( )

) where in light of Eq. (5) we have ( A Volterra type screw dislocation with Burgers vector is situated at the origin of coordinate system with the ) dislocation line x=0 , y> 0. First, we suppose that the cross section in under torsion ( and then we make a screw dislocation in the cross section. On the other hand the Eqs. (1) and (2) hold. The boundary condition representing this dislocation under anti-plane deformation is: (7) ( ) ( ) ( ) where ( )is the Heaviside step function. The continuity condition (self-equilibrium of stress) in the rectangular plane containing the dislocation as follows ( ) ( ) (8)

In view of Eqs. (1) and (2), The boundary and continuity conditions (7) and (8) rewritten as follows ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
( )

(9)

Using the expansion applied to Eq. (6), leading to

)- the conditions (5) are

(10) ( ( ( ) ))

Making use of expansion

), the conditions (9)

are applied to Eqs. (6), results in (11)

))

where and ( )

( ) Substituting Eqs. (11) into (10) leads to the coefficients Substituting the coefficients into Eqs. (6) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ( ) ( . ( ) ) . /) ( ( ( ))/ ( ) (12)

( )

( (

( ) )

( (

)) .

) /)

( ( )

))

( ) According to the Eqs. (2), the stress field takes the form ( ) ( ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ) ( * ( ( * . ( ) ) ( /) )) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (

)))

(13)

))

))

) (

( )

) ( )

* ( (

( ( ) ( ( ( ( ) (

( ( ) )

))

)))+ ) (

( ( (

) (

( )

) ( (

* ))

)) ) )

))+

( ) ( ) Using the series and expanding sinh, cosh, sin and cos functions in terms of exponential functions, the above stress function series can be rewritten as

( ( ( ( ( ( (

) ( ( ( ( ) ( ( ( ( ) { ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ))

, ))) ( ( ( (

( ( ( )) ) ( ( ( /) ) ( )) ( ( )) (

( ( ( )+ )) ( ( ( )+

)) ))) (

( ( ))-

( (

)) ))

(14)

{ ))

[ ( )) ( ))) . ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ))) ( (

( ( )))-

)) ))

, ))

( ( (

)) )) ( )) (

( ( ( )+

)) ( )))))

{ ( ( ( ( (

, ( ( ) )

( )) ))) (

( ( ( ( (

)) ( ( )) )

( )) ( (

( ))) )+

))

where ( ( ) ( , ( ) -) ( ) ( , ( ) -) ( ) It is worth to mentioning that for the above stress field reduces to the stress field of an intact bar under torque which there is no defect or dislocation in the cross section. ( ) with respect to in light of Eq. (2) leads to Integration of the stress component ( ) or the out of plane displacement component ( ) as follows ( * ( . ( * ( . where ( ) * ( ( ( ) ) ) . /+ ( ( ) ) [ ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ) )) ( ))/ . ( ) ( ( . /) ( ( ( ( )) ))) ( )+ ( ( ))/] ( ( ( )) ))) ) ( [ ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ( ) )) ( ))/ . . / ( . /) ( )+ ( ( ( )) ))) ( ( ( ))/] ( ( ( ( )) ))) (16) ( ) ( ( , ) ) -) (15)

Using the above series are summed up and then we have ( ) (17)

The stress components, in light of Eqs. (2) are obtained as ( ( ) ) )) (18) torsional

( ) ( ( rigidity of bar can be easily calculate using the following formula Substituting Eqs. (2) into ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (

(19) and also

) where is the applied torque. Considering ( substituting Eqs. (12) into above equations we arrive at ( ) ) . ( ( / )( ) . . / / ( (

) and

(20 ) ) ( ) )

* * ( (

( )) ( )) (

( ( ) )

) ) ( ) ) ) (

) ( ) ) ( ), ( ), ( )+

( (

( ( )

) ( ) ) ( ), ( ), ( )- +

3. Analyses with multiple cracks We implement the dislocation solutions accomplished in the prior section to analyze bars of rectangular cross section with several cracks. The anti-plane stress components on the local ) Fig. 2, located on the surface of the ith crack become coordinate ( ( ) ( ) ( ) (21) ( ) ( ) ( ) where is the angle between (local) and (global) axes. Suppose dislocations with unknown density are distributed on the infinitesimal segment located at a point with coordinates ( ) on the surface of the jth crack. First, we find the traction on the surface of

the ith crack due to the presence of above distribution of dislocations. Utilizing and (18), the anti-plane stress components become ( ) , ( ( ) , ( ) ( * ( ( ( ( ) , ( ( ) ( . [ ) ( ) ( { . ( . ( ( ) )/ )/ . )/} [ )/ ( . ( ( . ( ) )/} ) ( )/ ) . ( ( )/ ( ( . / ) )/ ) ) ( . /) ( ) ( / )) ( )( ) ( )) )) , )) ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ))-+ )) ( ( ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ))-+ ( )) ) ( ) ) ( ( )) ( . ) ) /) ( )-

Eqs. (14)

(22)

* ( ( (

) ))

( ( )

{ ( . ( .

We have to emphasis that for evaluating the term in the Eq. (20) is replaced by and also and is replaced by and respectively. Next, Eq. (20) is integrated on the crack surfaces. The integration of Eq. (20) can be assisted by describing crack configurations ( ) ( ) in a parametric form where . We recall that is a constant which depends on geometry of bar cross section and cracks. * ( ( ( )) ( ( ( ) ) ( ( ))) ( ), ( ), ( )+ ( ) )( ( ) ( )) (23)

( ) is the dislocation density on the dimensionless length where, . Analogously, the integration of Eq. (20), leads to the resultant tractions on the crack surfaces. Substituting into above Eq. (23), is obtained in terms of torque and other

material and geometric properties of bar cross section. Replacing this in the first two terms of Eqs. (22) gives the final form of the traction on the surface of the ith crack. As we expect, the crack surfaces are stress free, therefore the left side of the equations made by integration of Eq. (22) are vanished. Consequently, the terms of Eqs. (22) which are not multiplied by ( ) are moved to the left side of these equations and the traction caused by the external torque on the uncracked bar at the presumed surface of cracks but with negative sign are remained. Finally we have ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ) (23)

( ) and the left side of Eqs. (23) are given in Appendix. By virtue of where the kernels Bueckners principle (see, e.g., Hills et al. [3]), the left-hand side of Eq. (23) after changing, the sign is the traction caused by the external torque on the uncracked bar at the presumed surface of cracks. In fact, for derivation of Eqs.(23), we implicitly use the Bueckners principle. Appendix. ( ) * , ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ( ( . ) /) ( )-

( ( )

)+

 [ ( )]

( (

) ) (

. ) )(

( )/ (

( )

( ))), ( )( ))

, ( )-

[ ( )] ( ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) )/ ( ) ) ( ) ) )/] ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )/ ) )/ ( ) ( )

{ ( ( ) . ( ) ( ( ) . ( )

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )/ ) )/

. ( ) )/

( ( ) . ( )

( ( )

[ ( ( ) . ( ) ( ( ) . ( ) ( ) ( )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ( )

. ( ) ( ( ) . ( ) )/]}

( ( )

( ( )

( .

( /

))

)-

( ( ( ( )

( .

. /

/) ( )

) ) (

. ) )(

( )/ (

( )

( ))), ( )( ))

, ( )-

[ ( )]

[ ( )] ( ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) )/} ( ) ( ) ( ) ) )/ ( ) ( ) ( ) ) )/] ( ) . ( ) ( ( ) . ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )/ ) )/ ( ) ) )/ ( ) . ( ) ( ( ) . ( ) ( )

{ ( ( ) . ( ) ( ( ) . ( )

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )/ ) )/

( ( )

[ ( ( ) . ( ) ( ( ) . ( ) ( ) ( ( )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ( )

( ( )

( ) ( ))

( ( ( (

( ) )

) )( (

( . ( ) ( )

) /)

))

( ),

( )

( ))-

( )

( ( )

( ( ) ( )

))

( ))+