CONNECTION DESIGN

Connections must be designed at the strength limit state

Average of the factored force effect at the connection and the force effect
in the member at the same oint

At least !"# of the force effect in the member

End connections for dia hragms$ cross%frames$ lateral bracing for straight fle&ural members % designed for factored member loads Connections should be s'mmetrical about member a&is

At least t(o bolts or e)uivalent (eld er connection *embers connected so that their gravit' a&es intersect at a Eccentric connections should be avoided
End connections for floorbeams and girders

oint

T(o angles (ith thic+ness , -./!" in. *ade (ith high strength bolts If (elded account for bending moment in design

0O1TED CONNECTIONS

Sli %critical and bearing t' e bolted connections. Connections should be designed to be sli %critical (here2

stress reversal$ heav' im act loads$ severe vibration 3oint sli age (ould be detrimental to the serviceabilit' of the structure

4oints that must be designed to be sli %critical include

4oints sub3ect to fatigue loading or significant load reversal. 4oints (ith oversi5ed holes or slotted holes 4oints (here (elds and bolts sharing in transmitting load 4oints in a&ial tension or combined a&ial tension and shear

0earing%t' e bolted connections can be designed for 3oints sub3ected to com ression or 3oints for bracing members

S1I6%C7ITICA1 0O1TED CONNECTION

Sli %critical bolted connections can fail in t(o (a's2 8a9 sli at the connection: 8b9 bearing failure of the connection Sli %critical connection must be designed to2 8a9 resist sli at load Service II; and 8b9 resist bearing ; shear at strength limit states

S1I6%C7ITICA1 0O1TED CONNECTION

Sli %critical bolted connections can be installed (ith such a degree of tightness large tensile forces in the bolt clam the connected lates together A lied Shear force resisted b' friction
P P

Tightened
N =Tb N =Tb N =Tb

P F=N F=N
N =Tb

Tb

Tb

P
N = Tb

N = Tb

S1I6%C7ITICA1 0O1TED CONNECTION

Slip-critical connections can resist the shear force using friction.

If the a

lied shear force is less than the friction that develo s bet(een the t(o surfaces$ then no sli (ill occur bet(een them

Nominal sli resistance of a bolt in a sli %critical connection

7 <= = N 6 >here$ 6 < minimum re)uired bolt tension s

n h s t s t

ecified in Table ?

=h < hole factor s ecified in Table ? =s < surface condition factor s ecified in Table /

S1I6%C7ITICA1 0O1TED CONNECTION

Values of Kh

For standard holes

Values of Pt Bolt diameter Required Tension (in.) (kips) A3 ! A"#$ !%& '# " 3%" & 3! (%& 3# "# ' !' )" '*'%& !) &$ '*'%" (' '$ '*3%& &! ' ' '*'% '$3 '"&

'.$

For o+ersi,e and short*slotted holes $.&! For long slotted holes -ith the slot Perpendi.ular to the /or.e dire.tion For long*slotted holes -ith the slot Parallel to the /or.e dire.tion
Values of Ks

$.($ $.)$

For 0lass A sur/a.e .onditions $.33 For 0lass B sur/a.e .onditions $.!$ For 0lass 0 sur/a.e .onditions $.33

@a'ing surfaces

An An

ainted clean mill scale$ and blast%cleaned surfaces (ith Class A coating ainted blast%cleaned surfaces (ith Class B coating

S1I6%C7ITICA1 CONNECTION

Connection sub3ected to tensile force 8Tu9$ (hich reduces clam ing

Nominal sli

resistance should be reduced b' 8?% Tu;6t9

Sli is not a catastro hic failure limit%state because sli %critical bolted connections behave as bearing t' e connections after sli . Sli %critical bolted connections are further designed as bearing%t' e bolted connection for the a licable factored strength limit state.

0EA7ING CONNECTION

In a bearing%t' e connection$ bolts are subjected to shear and the connecting ; connected lates are sub3ected to bearing stresses 2
T T

Bearing stresses in plate T Bolt in shear T Bearing stresses in plate

0EA7ING CONNECTION

0earing t' e connection can fail in several failure modes

a9 Shear failure of the bolts b9 E&cessive bearing deformation at the bolt holes in the connected arts c9 Edge tearing or fracture of the connected late d9 Tearing or fracture of the connected late bet(een t(o bolt holes e9 @ailure of member being connected due to fracture or bloc+ shear or ...

0EA7ING CONNECTION

Nominal shear resistance of a bolt

Threads e&cluded2 Threads included2

7n < -.CD Ab @ub Ns 7n < -./D Ab @ub Ns

>here$ Ab < area of the bolt corres onding to the nominal diameter @ub < ?E- +si for A/E" bolts (ith diameters -." through ?.- in. @ub < ?-" +si for A/E" bolts (ith diameters ?.?E" through ?." in. @ub < ?"- +si for ACF- bolts. Ns < number of shear lanes

7esistance factor for bolts in shear <

s < -.D-

E)uations above % valid for 3oints (ith length G less than "-.- in.

If the length is greater than "- in.$ then the values from the e)uations
have to be multi lied b' -.D

0EA7ING CONNECTION

Effective bearing area of a bolt < the bolt diameter multi lied b' the thic+ness of the connected material on (hich it bears 0earing resistance for standard$ oversi5e$ or short%slotted holes in an' direction$ and long%slotted holes arallel to the bearing force2

@or bolts s aced (ith clear distance bet(een holes greater than or e)ual to /.- d and for bolts (ith a clear end distance greater than or e)ual to E.- d

Rn = 2.4 d t Fu

@or bolts s aced (ith clear distance bet(een holes less than /.- d and for bolts (ith clear end distances less than E.- d

Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
>here$ d < nominal bolt diameter 1c< clear distance bet(een holes or bet(een the hole and the end of the member in the direction of a lied bearing force

@u < tensile strength of the connected material

0EA7ING CONNECTION

S6ACING 7EHAI7E*ENTS

*inimum s

acing bet(een centers of bolts in standard holes shall not be less than three times the diameter of the bolt enetration of moisture in 3oints$ the s acing on a single line ad3acent to the free edge shall satisf' s I 8C.- J C.- t9 I !.-

@or sealing against

*inimum edge distances

Bolt diameter (in.) !%& 3%" (%& ' '*'%& '*'%" '*3%& 1heared edge '*'%& '*'%" '*'% '*3%" *'%" *3%& Rolled or 2as 0ut edge (%& ' '*'%& '*'%" '*'% '*!%& '*3%"

0O1TED CONNECTION

Example 1 Design a sli %critical s lice for a tension member. @or the Service II load combination$ the member is sub3ected to a tension load of E-- +i s. @or the strength limit state$ the member is sub3ected to a ma&imum tension load of /-- +i s.

The tension member is a W8 x 28 section made from *E!-%Gr. "steel. Ase A/E" bolts to design the sli %critical s lice.

Step I. Service and factored loads

Service 1oad < E-- +i s. @actored design load < /-- +i s Tension member is W8 x 28 section made from *E!- Gr."-. The
tension s lice must be sli critical 8i.e.$ it must not sli 9 at service loads.

0O1TED CONNECTION
Step II. Sli %critical s lice connection

Sli resistance of one full'%tensioned sli %critical bolt < 7n < =h =s Ns 6t

< ?.- for sli

%critical resistance evaluation

t

Assume bolt diameter < d < K in. Therefore 6 < ED +i s from Table ? Assume standard holes. Therefore = < ?. Assume Class A surface condition. Therefore = < -.//
h s

Therefore$ 7

< ?.- & -.// & ? & ED < F.EC +i s

Therefore$ number of K in. diameter bolts re)uired for s lice to be sli %critical at service loads < E-- ; F.EC < E?.LC. Therefore$ number of bolts re)uired M EE

0O1TED CONNECTION

Step III: 1a'out of flange% late s lice connection

To be s'mmetric about centerline$ need the number of bolts < multi le of D. Therefore$ choose EC full' tensioned /;C in. A/E" bolts (ith la'out above.

Sli %critical strength of the connection < EC & F.EC +i s < EE?.! +i s Design edge distance 1e < ?.E" in. Design s acing < E." in.

*inimum edge distance 81e9 < ? in. from Table C. *inimum s acing < s < / & bolt diameter < / & K < E.E" in.

0O1TED CONNECTION
Step IV: Connection strength at factored loads

The connection should be designed as a normal shear;bearing connection be'ond this oint for the factored load of /-- +i s Shear strength of high strength bolt < 7n < -.D- & -./D & Ab & @ub Ns

E)uation given earlier for threads included in shear A < /.?C & -.!" ; C < -.CCE in @ < ?E- +si for A/E" bolts (ith d G ?%?;D in. N<? Therefore$ 7 < ?L.? +i s
b E E ub s n

lane.

The shear strength of EC bolts < ?L.? +i s;bolt & EC < /DL.F +i s

0O1TED CONNECTION

0earing strength of /;C in. bolts at edge holes 81e < ?.E" in.9

bb

7n < -.D- & ?.E 1c t @u

0ecause the clear edge distance < ?.E" 8/;C J ?;?L9;E < -.DC/!" in. G E d
bb

7n < -.D- & ?.E & -.DC/!" & L" +i s & t < "E.L" +i s ; in. thic+ness

0earing strength of of /;C in. bolts at non%edge holes 8s < E."9

bb

7n < -.D- & E.C d t @u

0ecause the clear distance bet(een holes < E." 8/;C J ?;?L9 < ?.LD!" in. , Ed
bb

7n < -.D- & E.C & -.!" & L" +i s & t < F/.L +i s ; in. thic+ness

0earing strength of bolt holes in flanges of (ide flange section W8 x 28 8t < -.CL" in.9

D & "E.L" & -.CL" J?L & F/.L & -.CL" < DFE +i

CONNECTION ST7ENGTB
Connection Strength 1lip*.riti.al strength = '.( kips

1hear strength o/ bolts = 3&).# kips Bearing strength (plate) = &# kips

Connection strength 87n9 , a

lied factored loads 8H9.

Therefore o+

>E1DED CONNECTIONS

Introduction

The shielded metal arc (elding 8S*A>9 rocess for field (elding. Submerged metal arc (elding 8SA>9 used for sho (elding
automatic or semi%automatic rocess

Hualit' control of (elded connections is >elders must be

articularl' difficult because of defects belo( the surface$ or even minor fla(s at the surface$ (ill esca e visual detection. ro erl' certified$ and for critical (or+$ s ecial ins ection techni)ues such as radiogra h' or ultrasonic testing must be used.

>E1DED CONNECTIONS

T(o most common t' es of (elds are the fillet and the groove (eld.

la 3oint fillet (elds laced in the corner formed b' t(o lates Tee 3oint fillet (elds laced at the intersection of t(o lates.

Groove (elds de osited in a ga or groove bet(een t(o arts to be connected e.g.$ butt$ tee$ and corner 3oints (ith beveled 8 re ared9 edges

6artial enetration groove (elds can be made from one or both sides (ith or (ithout edge re aration.

Fillet weld

Fillet weld

>E1DED CONNECTIONS

Design of fillet (elded connections

@illet (elds are most common and used (idel' >eld si5es are s ecified in ?;?L in. increments @illet (elds are usuall' fail in shear$ (here the shear failure occurs
along a lane through the throat of the (eld

5
a a Throat = a 4 .os"!o = $.($( a

Failure Plane

P in fillet (eld of length 1 sub3ected to load 6 Shear stress $.($( a 5 -

@I11ET >E1DED CONNECTIONS

The shear strength of the fillet (eld < e2 -.L- @e&&

>here$ < -.D @ is the tensile strength of the (eld electrode used in the (elding
e2 e&&

rocess. It

can be L-$ !-$ D-$ F-$ ?--$ ??-$ or ?E- +si. The corres onding electrodes are s ecified using the nomenclature EL-NN$ E!-NN$ ED-NN$ and so on.

Therefore$ the shear strength of the fillet (eld connection

7 <
n

e2

& -.L- @e&& & -.!-! a 1(

Electrode strength should match the base metal strength

If 'ield stress 8 9 of the base metal is L- % L" +si$ use E70

'

electrode electrode

If 'ield stress 8 9 of the base metal is L- % L" +si$ use E80

'

E!-NN is the most o ular electrode used for S*A> fillet (elds

@or E!-NN$ 7

< -.D- & -.L- & !- & -.!-! a 1( < -.E/!" a 1( +i s

@I11ET >E1DED CONNECTIONS

The shear strength of the base metal must be considered2

7 <
n

& -."D Ag @'

(here$ v < ?.@' is the T 'ield strength of the base metal and Ag is the gross area in shear

6le+ation

Plan

Strength of (eld in shear < -.D- & -.L- & @e&& & -.!-! & a & 1(

Strength of base metal < ?.- & -."D & @' & t & 1(

@I11ET >E1DED CONNECTIONS

L m tat ons on !eld d mens ons

*inimum si5e 8amin9

>eld si5e need not e&ceed the thic+ness of the thinner art 3oined. a de ends on the thic+ness of the thic+er art 3oined If the thic+ness of the thic+er art 3oined 8T9 is less than or e)ual to K in.
min

amin < O in.

If T is greater than K in. a

min

< ";?L in.

*a&imum si5e 8ama&9

*a&imum si5e of fillet (eld along edges of connected arts for material (ith thic+ness G -.E" in.$ a < thic+ness of the material for lates (ith thic+ness -.E" in.$ a < thic+ness of material % ?;?L in.
ma&% ma&

*inimum length 81(9

*inimum effective length of fillet (eld < C & si5e of fillet (eld
Effective length of fillet (eld , ?." in.

@I11ET >E1DED CONNECTIONS

>eld terminations and end returns

End returns must not be rovided around transverse stiffeners @illet (elds that resist tensile forces not arallel to the (eld a&is or
ro ortioned to (ithstand re eated stress shall not terminate at corners of arts or members

>here end returns can be made in the same

lane$ the' shall be returned continuousl'$ full si5e around the corner$ for a length e)ual to t(ice the (eld si5e 8Ea9

@I11ET >E1D DESIGN

Example 1 Design the fillet (elded connection s'stem for a double angle tension member E! " & /P & ?;E made from A/L steel to carr' a factored ultimate load of E"- +i s. Step I. Design the (elded connection
Considering onl' the thic+ness of the angles: amin < ?;C in. Considering onl' the thic+ness of the angles: ama& < ?;E % ?;?L in. < !;?L in. "esi#n$ a < /;D in. < -./!" in. Shear strength of (eld metal < 7n < -.D- & -.L- & @ENN & -.!-! & a & 1( < D.F & 1( +i s Strength of the base metal in shear < 7n < ?.- & -."D & @' & t & 1( < ?-.CC 1( +i s Shear strength of (eld metal governs$ 7n < D.F 1( +i s

@I11ET >E1D DESIGN

Design strength 7n , E"- +i s

Therefore$ D.F 1 , E"- +i Therefore$ 1 , ED.? in.

( (

Design length of /;D in. E!-NN fillet (eld < /-.- in. Shear stren#th o$ $illet %eld & 2'7 (ips Connection la'out

Connection must be designed to minimi5e eccentricit' of loading.

Therefore$ the center or gravit' of the (elded connection must coincide (ith the center of gravit' of the member. 5
'

/ 5' Tu /5 5 3." in.

(d)

@I11ET >E1D DESIGN

Connection la'out

Connection must be designed to minimi5e eccentricit' of loading. The c.g. of the (elded connection must coincide (ith c.g. of the member
5' / 5' Tu /5 5 3." in.

(d)

Total length of (eld re)uired < /- in. T(o angles assume each angle (ill have (eld length of ?" in.

@I11ET >E1D DESIGN

The tension force Tu acts along the c.g. of the member$ (hich is ?.L" in. from the to and /./" in. from the bottom 8AISC manual9.

1et$ $ be the strength of the fillet (eld

Therefore$ fL1 " fL2 = #u

er unit length.

And fL2 x $.$% & fL1 x 1.'% = ( % ta+ing moments about the member c.g.

Therefore$ 1 Therefore$ 1

< E.- 1E

0ut$ 1? J 1E < ?".- in.

?

< ?- in. and 1E < " in.

Design2 1? < ?-.- in. and 1E < ".- in.

@I11ET >E1D DESIGN

Consider another la'out

5' / 5' Tu /5 !/ 3." in.

(e)

f1? J f1E J "f < Tu

f1E & /." J "f & -.D" % f1? & ?.L" < - % *oment about member c.g. Additionall'$ Therefore$ 1? J 1E J " < ?".- in. 1? < !.L in. and and 1E < E.C in.

Design2 1? < D.- in.

1E < /.- in.

Groove >elded Connections

Connects structural members that are aligned in the same lane 0asic T' es2

Com lete 3oint enetration groove (eld2 transmits full load of the member the' 3oin and have the same strength as the base metal. 6artial enetration groove (eld2 >elds do not e&tend com letel' through the thic+ness of the ieces being 3oined.

Groove >elds
Com lete enetration groove (elded connections

Tension and com ression loaded

@actored resistance

< factored resistance of base metal

Shear loaded on effective area lesser of

@actored resistance of (eld < -.L & & @ < -.L & -.D" & @ L-# of factored resistance of base metal in tension
e) e&&

e&&

6artial enetration groove%(elded connections

Tension or com ression arallel to the (eld a&is and com ression normal to effective area factored resistance of the base metal

Tension normal to the effective area lesser of

@actored resistance of the (eld < -.L @actored resistance of the base metal
Shear loaded lesser of

e2

@e&& < -.L- & -.D- & @e&&

@actored resistance of the (eld < -.L @ @actored resistance of base metal < -."D @
e2

e&& '

< -.L- & -.D- & @e&&

Groove >elds