Rape, Notre Dame Football & The Lizzy Seeberg Case: Proving how har it is to beat the !

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#arie #$ Foss #ay %, &'() Se* +!!enses an +!!en ers: Pro!essor ,lav-a .or Co/nt: 0,&&0

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"t is no se1ret that we live in a sports21raze so1iety, an , while athleti1s ominates a lot o! me ia attention, it also warps it3s way into a lot o! reg/lar 1onversation$ Chil ren ream o! be1oming pro athletes, 1olleag/es hol bra1-et to/rnaments at wor-, C4+3s networ- thro/gh sporting events, all in all 1on1l/ ing that 5meri1a is r/n on the s/11ess o! sports$ This obsession 1reates a personi!ie view o! the way sports are, in that it is a worl b/ilt /pon per!e1t athletes, per!e1t 1oa1hes, per!e1t personnel, r/n by a per!e1t a ministration, an that no one 1an isp/te that$ 6/t ta-ing a loo- into the 1loset o! sports, shows that it ironi1ally is not per!e1t li-e many athletes strive to be$ Spe1i!i1ally loo-ing into the worl o! !ootball, its 1loset shows a worl o! e1eption, o/t ate gen er roles, an /n erlying rape myths that have been 1overe /p in or er to -eep /p the pristine per1eption o! 5meri1a3s n/mber one sport$ Stories o! se*/al assa/lt li-e 7erry San /s-i, an 6en Rothlisberger have been greatly p/bli1ize to the p/bli1$ 6/t what abo/t the /n er2reporte , or those that are not reporte at all$ ,ow 1an we as a so1iety, -eep o/r belove !ootball, while ma-ing it sa!e !or those playing as well as wat1hing8 Lizzy3s Story The 1ase involving Lizzy Seeberg is espe1ially startling, an sho/l serve as an imme iate wa-e /p 1all that there is a problem with /niversity val/es, the sports in /stry, an so1iety norms !or the simple !a1t that her 1ase was blatantly ignore /ntil her tragi1 eath by s/i1i e$ 51tion sho/l not wait /ntil a vi1tim is e1ease $ ,elp sho/l not be enie /ntil a vi1tim !eels so helpless that she !eels there is no other option b/t to ta-e her own li!e$ 4lizabeth Seeberg was not s/i1i al, she i not have low sel!2esteem, nor was she !abri1ating events !or attention, as so many o! her 1riti1s are 9/i1- to 1laim$ Lizzy 1ommitte s/i1i e, b/t she ha help !rom m/ltiple !a1ets on getting to that point, stemming !rom the man who rape her to the

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/niversity that 1o/l not be bothere with one girl3s problem$ College sho/l be a time !or e*ploring, e*perimenting, an eveloping, within legal

reason o! 1o/rse$ The 1ollege e*perien1e sho/l be abo/t growing /p, is1overing new people, pla1es an i eas, as well as b/il ing 1hara1ter thro/gh i!!i1/lt sit/ations$ Notre Dame3s a missions page a vertises s/1h an environment, :5s a /niversity 1omm/nity e i1ate to e*1ellen1e, we ta-e serio/sly o/r 1ommitment to 1/ltivating a iverse intelle1t/al 1omm/nity$; #any people 1an agree that 1ollege is not meant to be easy or a wal- in the par-, b/t a <o/rney meant to b/il 1hara1ter, an ma-e a person !it !or so1iety$ .hen a mitte , st/ ents are in a general /n erstan ing that they will be p/t /p against sit/ations that ma-e them /n1om!ortable, that it is o- to be p/t o/t o! yo/r 1om!ort zone in or er to grow more well2ro/n e $ ,owever, there are sit/ations that sho/l not happen in li!e in general, let alone a 1ollege setting$ .hen Lizzy !o/n hersel! in a 1ompromising sit/ation, she !o/n o/t what it is li-e to be 1ompletely helpless an not be able to respon to the e*ternal !a1tors aro/n her$ To say she was vi1tim o! /n!ort/nate 1ir1/mstan1es wo/l not be oing </sti1e to the horror that 4lizabeth Seeberg ha to en /re at Notre Dame =niversity$ .hile there may have been things that Lizzy 1o/l have one to prevent the rape >apart !rom enrolling at another /niversity?, there were e!initely things one wrong by the 1riminal </sti1e system, the /niversity, an more importantly a Notre Dame !ootball player an his teammates$ 511or ing to Lizzy3s therapist, Dr$ ,eather ,ale, whom she was 1ons/lting as a new !reshman on 1amp/s trying to a </st to 1ollege li!e, Lizzy i everything a rape vi1tim is s/ppose to o >Dreher &'(&?$ 6/t the system !aile her, an /ltimately le her to her emise$ =n!ort/nately, this story begins on 5/g/st )(, &'(', in the 1on!ines o! a /niversity orm,

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where st/ ents sho/l be sa!e, b/t behin 1lose

oors is a whole other worl that Notre Dame

wo/l be more than happy to </st sweep /n er the r/g an !orget abo/t$ The !ootball player, who has remaine nameless over the last two years, invite (@ year ol Seeberg to hang o/t in his orm room with another 1o/ple, whi1h she 1onsente to, an sho/l be able to witho/t !ear !or her own sa!ety$ ,e was a !ootball player, an a male at a 1atholi1 /niversity, so, i! stereotypes hel /p, she 1o/l tr/st him with her sa!ety be1a/se he was a s/ppose to be a respe1table st/ ent athlete 1oming !rom a ba1-gro/n o! high morals an stan ar s$ She sho/l have nothing to worry abo/t$ ,owever, the player 1ame onto Lizzy an trie to ta-e thing too !ast, to whi1h Lizzy promptly tol him no$ ,e e1i e not to listen to her, li!te /p her shirt an !on le her breasts, espite Seeberg3s protests$ "t is important to note that these are allegations ma e in Seeberg3s written statement given to 1amp/s poli1e, b/t, be1a/se o! Lizzy3s eath, the allegations were never bro/ght to 1o/rt to be t/rne to !a1t >Coyn &'()?$ Typi1ally vi1tims o! se*/al assa/lt e*perien1e many emotional an physi1al iss/es a!ter being vi1timize $ Some e*amples wo/l be internal amages, an emotional e!!e1ts li-e epression, sel!2harm, PTSD, !lashba1-s, an s/i1i e a11or ing to R5"NN, the 1o/ntry3s largest anti2se*/al violen1e organization$ Despite the !a1t that Lizzy was s/!!ering !rom iss/es li-e epression, the ay a!ter the assa/lt, Lizzy promptly !ile a 1omplaint with Notre Dame p/bli1 sa!ety that in1l/ e a written statement o! the in1i ent, an went to the hospital to 1on /1t a !/ll rape -it an DN5 testing as well as a11epting an o!!er to go to 1o/nseling >,enneberger &'('?$ The =niversity3s Response 511or ing to Notre Dame3s initial response, the s1hool i not noti!y St$ 7ohn3s Co/nty >the epartment that han les all 1rimes on 1amp/s?, o! the allegations$ 6/t as soon as Seeberg3s

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story be1ame national news, the /niversity 1hange their story saying the lea investigator at St$ 7ohn3s ha gotten a 1all, b/t isregar e it be1a/se it :was not important eno/gh,; >,enneberger &'('?$ This in!ormation is e*tremely startling be1a/se, a11or ing to Notre Dame3s Camp/s Sa!ety report, :The se1/rity o! all members o! the 1amp/s 1omm/nity is o! paramo/nt 1on1ern to the =niversity o! Notre Dame,; >5nn/al Report &'()?$ The -eywor here is :all,; b/t Notre Dame i not in1l/ e Lizzy into this :all; 1ategory that is so bol ly state $ The swit1h in stories 1an be e*plaine with the !a1t that the /niversity has to !ollow the r/les o! the Clery 51t, whi1h is -nown as the Camp/s Se1/rity 51t that re9/ires 1olleges an /niversities to is1lose in!ormation abo/t 1rime on an aro/n 1amp/s$ This wo/l also in1l/ e reporting instan1es o! se*/al assa/lt to a/thorities o/tsi e 1amp/s sa!ety >7eanne Clery 51t Te*t &'()?$ .hat is even more /nbelievable is that investigators i not even get aro/n to interviewing the player allege ly involve /ntil !ive ays a!ter Seeberg3s eath$ The #e ia3s Response +! 1o/rse, it is easy to want to believe the wor o! a e1ease girl, whi1h the me ia imme iately </mpe on$ #ost to all o! the arti1les are 1riti1izing Notre Dame !or not a1ting in the proper manner be1a/se someone i ie$ 6/t it is har to prove the allegations when the only

witness is e1ease , an the 1riti1s o have a point when the allegations 1an be 1onstr/e as merely hearsay$ .hat the me ia 1o/l have one a better <ob o! 1onstr/ing was that a girls li!e 1o/l have been spare , not by eliminating the in1i ent, b/t by how the 1ase was han le by /niversity o!!i1ials in the wa-e o! the allege assa/lt$ .hat prove to ma-e !or interesting resear1h was, not so m/1h the internet arti1les 1ons/lte !or this paper, b/t the 1omments that were o!!ere by web /sers in response to vario/s

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arti1les$ There is ignoran1e on both si es o! this 1ase as to who is at !a/lt !or this$ #any people are 1laiming that Lizzy sho/l not have been in the room at all, an others are saying that the player sho/l be h/ng$ 6logger name :ev (',; even went to !ar to say that, :i! there was no physi1al evi en1e at all it be1omes a real 1ase o! he sai , she sai $; 5n blogger :<eanne<maw<a; ha an even more interesting 1omment, :please remember that the allege :assa/lt; was not rape,; insin/ating that se*/al assa/lt is not rape >,enneberger &'('?$ These 1omments 1ome !rom a long stan ing history o! rape myths that 1log views in o/r so1iety$ 5 rape myth 1an ire1tly or in ire1tly serve to e*1/se perpetrators an blame vi1tims !or why rape happens >6reines &'(&? $ These myths 1a/se problems in 1ases li-e Lizzy Seeberg3s 1ase be1a/se ea1h rape is i!!erent an is virt/ally impossible to 1ategorize, b/t people try to o so anyway$ The allege player is 1laiming that the a1t was :1onsens/al,; an th/s he i nothing wrong, hereby a mitting that he i in !a1t to/1h her$ So be1a/se there was to/1hing involve , there is a 1ase that the to/1hing may have been /nwante $ The me ia has also shown /s how re2vi1timization 1an eter vi1tims !rom reporting their 1ases$ Re2vi1timization re!ers to the blame an stigmatizing responses to vi1tims by poli1e or others an the tra/ma that vi1tims e*perien1e !ollowing the rape itsel! >Terry &'()?$ "n &'((, on a 1amp/s o! ro/ghly (&,''' st/ ents, there were only nine reporte 1ases o! se*/al assa/lt >Notre Dame Camp/s Sa!ety &'()?$ Bet, statisti1s show that ( o/t o! A 1ollege women will be se*/ally assa/lte >Se*/al Ciolen1e &'(&?$ .hile we 1an spe1/late that the /niversity may be at the han o! eterring women on reporting allegations against the !ootball team, Lizzy3s parents have proo! !rom her phone showing that another !ootball player a1t/ally te*te her not to report the 1rime, 1laiming that, :messing with Notre Dame !ootball is a ba i ea,; >North &'('?$ #any

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women alrea y o not want to report a 1rime involving se*/al assa/lt be1a/se o! the embarrassment !a1tors that go with it$ 6onnie Fis1her !o/n that many women o not report rape be1a/se o! embarrassment, not thin-ing their 1ase is serio/s eno/gh to be rape, or not wanting to prose1/te someone they -now, an be1a/se they blame themselves !or the assa/lt >Fisher &'''?$ 6/t Lizzy i every thing right$ She was a strong eno/gh woman to go ahea an tell someone right away >her therapist an a !rien ?, as well report it the very ne*t ay to 1amp/s poli1e$ She also /n erwent a rape -it whi1h is an e*tremely invasive an egra ing pro1e /re$

She -new that what was one to her was wrong, that the player was wrong, an she wo/l soon !in o/t that how the /niversity was han ling things was wrong$ 6/t the b/llying she re1eive !rom others wo/l o more harm than simply eter her !rom reporting, it wo/l ma-e her !eel

helpless eno/gh to over ose an ta-e her own li!e$ 5n arti1le bro/ght /p the very interesting !a1t abo/t how m/1h press has been re1eive s/rro/n ing the #anti Te3o 1ase 1ompare to the Lizzy Seeberg 1ase$ :=niversity a ministrators showe greater 1on1ern to the news that #anti Te3o3s girl!rien an her eath were a hoa* than when they learne a real st/ ent 1ommitte s/i1i e (' ays a!ter a11/sing a !ootball player o! se*/ally assa/lting her,; >Eing-a e &'()?$ .hen the /niversity re1eive news o! Te3o3s girl!rien ying o! 1an1er, an passing away, they hire private investigators to imme iately loo- into the 1ase, to whi1h they !o/n o/t that the girl!rien never even e*iste $ The /niversity has </stly re1eive high 1riti1ism !or this move be1a/se many people are won ering how a none*istent girl!rien 1an be 1lassi!ie as more important than an a1t/al st/ ent who 1ommitte s/i1i e, allege ly at the han s o! the /niversity itsel!$ +ne 1an only won er i! Lizzy belonge to a high e*e1/tive parent !rom Notre Dame, a m/1h i!!erent 1o/rse o! a1tion may have been ta-en$

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"t 1an be arg/e that Lizzy3s 1ase has prompte so many others to 1ome o/t with their stories o! assa/lt on 1amp/s by athletes$ 5nother girl at Notre Dame ha a similar story, b/t was apparently b/llie into not ta-ing a1tion by the !ootball players >Carmon &'()?$ "n another online arti1le that respon e to ,enneberger3s reporte that a !ormer Notre Dame a ministrator was 9/ote that, :They G Notre Dame G o a poor <ob in general,; in regar s to se*/al assa/lt be1a/se her own a/ghter says she was rape (' years ago >Cosentino &'(&?$ 5s Lizzy3s 1ase gets more attention, more assa/lts that ha not been reporte are s/r!a1ing, an hope!/lly the tren 1an 1ontin/e so that there will be a higher 1all !or 1hange, not </st at Notre Dame, b/t at all /niversities$ The problem is wi ely reporte as being the /niversity3s !a/lt !or t/rning their hea s on vi1tims in or er to prote1t the s1hool3s name an the players integrity, or a/thorities !or not !ollowing proper pro1e /re an their la1- o! a1tion$ 6/t there wo/l not be a problem to report i! the players in 9/estion were not 1ommitting these rape s1an als$ .hile there is no o/bt that Notre Dame i not han le the iss/e in the proper manner, the same !inger has to be pointe to the entire 1o/ntry as more an more stories li-e Lizzy3s are 1ontin/ing to s/r!a1e, an ea1h /niversity has a i!!erent way o! : ealing,; with allegations regar ing se*/al assa/lt on their 1amp/ses$ 5s spe1tators, the arg/ment 1an be ma e that so1iety san1tions the !ootball stigma that these players grow /p with$ "n high s1hool, !ootball is generally a big eal, an the same emphasis is p/t into !ootball programs, e*1ept on a m/1h higher level$ Football players are groome to be 1ollege stars an be1a/se only the best are sele1te !or those 1ovete spots on the !iel , it is only nat/ral !or players to !eel a sense o! entitlement$ 5n as players ta-e the !iel , an !ans s1ream o/t, :.e are NDH; we essentially are reen!or1ing the stigma that !ootball players are

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worth more than the average st/ ent$ :#any athletes wo/l agree that playing in !ront o! a large n/mber o! !ans 1an a to an athletes positive e*perien1e,; >Eerr &''A?$ This min set is

evelope starting !rom the time the player sets !oot on the /niversity to preview$ :+n many 1ollege 1amp/ses, male high s1hool !ootball re1r/its are greete by 3hostesses$3 These 1ollege girls help 1onvin1e prospe1tive sports starts to atten their s1hools,; >Nelson (@@0?$ 5s viewers, we are letting athletes -now that they are a gro/p o! elite in ivi /als on 1amp/s$ This 1an e*plain why some athletes thin- that they are entitle to 1ertain things, li-e women$ From the time they set !oot on 1amp/s, they are ma e to thin- they are :stars,; an :an athletes s/11ess may a11elerate e*hibition o! ab/se attit/ es,; >6ene i1t (@@F?$ Fo1/sing an be1oming aware o! the sit/ations that players are evelope in is going to be 1r/1ial in or er !or organizations to see 1hange$ There has to be less erogatory views towar women, an not </st in !ootball b/t everywhere$ 5nother iss/e 1ontrib/ting to this growing iss/e o! se*/al assa/lt on 1amp/s is hyper mas1/linity, an e*pe1tations that 1ome with being a 6ig 4ast !ootball athlete$ 6etween 1oa1hes 1on oning high levels o! aggression an the 1ompetitiveness among players to be the most heterose*/al male on the team 1an present iss/es with players loo- on gen er roles an views on aggression$ :.omen may no longer be wea-, b/t they are still wea-er$ .ea-er than men$ Still the wea-er se*,; >Nelson (@@0?$ 5n the ob<e1ti!i1ation o! women is a way !or men to e*hibit this mas1/linity$ :#ale lo1-er rooms are shrines to mas1/line might$ .hen mentione at all, women ten to be is1/sse in erogatory an o!ten se*/alize terms,; >Nelson (@@0?$ .hile hyper mas1/linity is not an e*1/se !or se*/ally assa/lting anyone, a players behavior 1an be e*plaine thro/gh the environmental 1on itioning that he has been e*pose to sin1e early

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p/berty$ 7e!! 6ene i1t >(@@F? is 9/i1- to point that o/t as well that parti1ipation in athleti1s oes not 1a/se men to ab/se women, b/t it 1an help to in1ite s/1h transgressions in those athletes who are pre ispose towar s/1h a1ts$ 5n 4lizabeth 5rmstrong ives into the iss/e o! in ivi /al2 level !a1tors li-e gen er role attit/ es a!!e1ting the li-elihoo o! rape$ "! a person believes or has been rein!or1e to believe that men are the ominant over women are more li-ely to 1ommit se*/al assa/lt an tr/ly believe that it3s the woman3s : /ty,; to per!orm se*/al !avors to men >5rmstrong &''D?$ Combine that with a 6ig Ten athlete who hears his name 1hante in a sta i/m, an that -in o! power 1o/l get to his hea where he !eels he eserves these !avors$ "n 5$ Ni1holas Iroth3s boo-, #en .ho Rape, he tal-s abo/t power being a motivating !a1tor !or o!!en ers$ :Power appears to be the ominant !a1tor motivating the o!!en er$ "t is not the o!!en ers esire to harm his vi1tim, b/t to possess her se*/ally,; >Iroth (@F@?$ 6ringing this aro/n to the iss/e o! hyper2mas1/linity, rape 1an be1ome an o/tlet to prove their manhoo $ :These -in s o! o!!en ers !eel inse1/re abo/t their manhoo , rape be1omes a rea!!irmation o! his manhoo ,; >Iroth (@F@?$ 6laming athleti1s is not the right approa1h, b/t the attit/ es o! players an 1oa1hes s/rro/n ing these iss/es o! mas1/linity an views on women have to 1hange$ :D/e to the egree that violen1e, aggression omination an physi1ality are rewar e in the 1onte*t o! the sport, it o/ght not be s/rprising that some !ootball players enth/siasti1ally embra1e versions o! hyper2mas1/linity both on an o!! the !iel ,; >.el1h (@@F?$ The !a1t that women are not :manly,; eno/gh to play !ootball, also shows how a 1omplete separation !rom ol tra itional gen er roles to the mo ern ones hel now$ .omen are not able to han le the aggression on the !ootball !iel ma-ing men the stronger se*, :in this 1ompetitive arena, we repeate ly are tol that women an men are i!!erent$ 5n that men are better,; >6irrell (@@&?$ The ma1ho2man is

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embra1e , aggression is rewar e , an the gen er roles are not in balan1e !or these players$ No woman eserves to go thro/gh what Lizzy i , b/t hope!/lly her story 1an inspire a 1hange in the way these players view women an the ob<e1ti!i1ation will en $ Fin ing a sol/tion #a-ing s/re that /niversities are oing their part in !ollowing proper pro1e /re when reporting these types o! 1rimes is 1r/1ial to p/tting an en to this -in o! behavior$ Rape is alrea y h/gely /n er2reporte an with 1ases li-e Lizzy3s, it is only hin ering others when a /niversity 1annot g/arantee that a se*/al assa/lt 1ase will be han le in the proper an 1orre1t manner, an that is what Notre Dame has emonstrate $ Ci1tims o! se*/al assa/lt are alrea y /n er eno/gh emotional stress an the level o! a e stress when they are re2vi1timize 1an lea them to !eel even more epresse , whi1h is a vali e*planation !or why Lizzy !elt 1ompelle to ta-e her own li!e$ There has to be a way to e!!e1tively e /1ate so1iety, -eep 1amp/ses on tra1!or !ollowing proper pro1e /res, th/s -eeping everyone in 1he1- an a11o/ntable, while still being able to en<oy the game o! !ootball$ 7oe 6i en has been wor-ing espe1ially har , in regar s to the Title "J a1t in ma-ing s/re that these 1ases are han le better in the !/t/re$ 3Rape is rape is rape an the sooner /niversities ma-e that 1lear, the sooner we3ll begin to ma-e progress on 1amp/ses,; >Favot &'((?$ This statement ma-es it very 1lear that in or er to get to the root o! the problem, it has to start with the a/thority !ig/re, the /niversity$ They have a moral obligation to prote1t all o! their st/ ents, not </st the athletes$ "n all !airness, Notre Dame has reviewe their se*/al mis1on /1t poli1ies in hopes o! eliminating any 1on!/sion amongst the sta!!$ The /niversity3s +!!i1e o! Civil Rights 1on /1te a report that showe Notre Dame ha ta-en 1ertain meas/res in e /1ating an training sta!!, b/t there were some 1on!/sion amongst sta!! on the

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proper pro1e /res that were to be !ollowe a!ter a 1omplaint was ma e >Coyne &'((?$ So while the /niversity still believes they i everything they 1o/l , their o!!i1e3s are loo-ing towar s !in ing new ways to improve$ ,owever, there nee s to be a higher p/nishment !or /niversities that o not !ollow pro1e /res be1a/se it is very 1lear !rom Seebergs 1ase that there was a potential Clery 51t violation$ =niversities sho/l not be able to sweep things /n er the r/g li-e they 1learly were hoping to o with the Seeberg 1ase$ "n the 1ase o! se*/al assa/lt, there sho/l be laws that state o!!i1ials 1an intervene i! the /niversity is not !ollowing the poli1ies$ 5n in regar s to the sta!!, there sho/l be psy1hologi1al tests one on the 1oa1hes as well as the players$ These in ivi /als are in the limelight an the !ootball team is the !a1e o! Notre Dame so every meas/re sho/l be ta-en to maintain their 1re ibility$ 5n athlete with a past 1riminal re1or sho/l be s/pervise , an a se*/al o!!ense sho/l be p/nishe with either game time or s/spension, not tolerate by any 1oa1h or /niversity$ :.hat is nee e is ma<or intervention aime ire1tly at the patriar1hal attit/ es that !a1ilitate interpersonal violen1e against

women$$an that allow men who 1ommit s/1h 1rimes to get away with them,; >S1hwartz &''%?$ The bottom line is that, even tho/gh Lizzy Seeberg was one girl, we as a so1iety have not one a goo eno/gh <ob /ntil the n/mber o! se*/al assa/lts on 1ollege 1amp/ses is zero$

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Re!eren1es K5nn/al Camp/s Se1/rity an Fire Sa!ety Report$K &'()$ Security Police University of Notre Dame$ Notre Dame =niversity$ .eb$ ') #ay &'()$ K4!!e1ts o! Se*/al 5ssa/lt$K &''@$ Effects of Sexual Assault RAINN: Rape, Abuse and Incest National Net or!$ Rape, 5b/se, an "n1est National Networ-$ .eb$ '0 #ay &'()$ KSe*/al Ciolen1e$; &'(&$ Sexual "iolence #acts at a $lance% National Center !or "n</ry Prevention an Control: Division o! Ciolen1e Prevention$ .eb$ #ay &, &'()$ KS/mmary +! The 7eanne Clery 51t$K &'(&$ Summary of t&e 'eanne (lery Act$ Clery Center For Se1/rity on Camp/s$ .eb$ #ay 0, &'()$ 5rmstrong, 4lizabeth 5$, La/ra ,amilton, an 6rian Sweeney$ KSe*/al 5ssa/lt on Camp/s: 5 #/ltilevel, "ntegrative 5pproa1h to Party Rape,K University of (alifornia Press A)$0 >&''D?: 0%)2@@$ .eb$ #ay &, &'()$ 6ene i1t, 7$ >(@@F?$ :P/bli1 heroes, private !elons : athletes an 1rimes against women;$ )oston: Nort&eastern University Press$ 6irrell, S/san$ (@@&$ *&e +oman At&lete: #act or #iction$ Slippery Ro1-: Slippery Ro1- State =niversity$ 6reines, 7/liana$ &'(&$ KShe 5s-e For "t: The "mpa1t o! Rape #yths$K In ,ove and +ar$ Psyc&olo-y *oday$ November A$ .eb$ #ay 0, &'()$ Carmon, "rmin$ &'()$ KNotre Dame3s Real Dea .oman,K Salon$ 7an/ary (F$ .eb$ #ay &, &'()$ Cosentino, Dom$ &'(&$ KThis "s .hat ,appens .hen Bo/ 511/se 5 Notre Dame Football Player +! Se*/ally 5ssa/lting Bo/,K Deadspin% D 5pril D$ .eb$ #ay &, &'()$

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Coyne, Tom$ &'(($ KFe s Review ,ow Notre Dame ,an les 5ssa/lt Claims$K .uff Post Sports$ *&e .uffin-ton Post% Feb (%$ .eb$ #ay 0, &'()$ Coyne, Tom$ &'(($ KNotre Dame #a-ing Changes To Se* 5ssa/lt Response$K*&e .uffin-ton Post$ 7/ly ($ .eb$ #ay 0, &'()$ Dreher, Ro $ &'(&$ K.hat "s 7/sti1e !or Lizzy Seeberg8K *&e American (onservative% #ar1h &%$ .eb$ #ay &, &'()$ Favot, Sarah$ K"#P5CT: +!!i1ial Calls #ishan ling o! Se*/al 5ssa/lt Cases 3staggering3,K *&e (enter for Public Inte-rity$ 5pril &@$ .eb$ #ay 0, &'()$ Fis1her, 6onnie F$, Fran1is T$ C/llen, an #i1hael I$ T/rner$ &'''$ KThe Se*/al Ci1timization o! College .omen,K)ureau of 'ustice Statistics, National Institute of 'ustice% De1ember$ .eb$ #ay &, &'()$ Iroth, 5$ Ni1holas$, an ,$ 7ean$ 6irnba/m$ (@F@$ /en +&o Rape: Psyc&olo-y of t&e 0ffender$ New Bor-: Premi/m$ ,enneberger, #elin a$ &'(&$ :Se*/al 5ssa/lt on Camp/s: Lizzy3s +r eal,; National (at&olic Reporter$ #ar1h &', Col$ 0% "ss/es (&, p(2()$ #ay &, &'()$ ,enneberger, #elin a$ &'('$ KNotre Dame3s P/nt in the Probe o! Lizzy Seeberg3s Sa Death,KPolitics Daily$ .eb$ #ay 0, &'()$ Eerr, 7$ ,$ &''A$ Ret&in!in- A--ression and "iolence in Sport$ Lon on: Ro/tle ge$ Eing-a e, Tyler$ &'()$ KNotre Dame Response To Lizzy Seeberg S/i1i e Contrasts .ith #anti Te3o Iirl!rien ,oa*,K *&e .uffin-ton Post$ 7an (F$ .eb$ #ay A, &'()$ Nelson, #ariah 6/rton$ (@@0$ *&e Stron-er +omen $et, t&e /ore /en ,ove #ootball: Sexism and t&e American (ulture of Sports$ New Bor-: ,ar1o/rt 6ra1e$

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North, 5nna$ &'('$ K+!!i1ials .on3t Prose1/te Notre Dame 5ssa/lt Case,K 'e1ebel$ De1ember (D$ .eb$ #ay A, &'()$ S1hwartz, #artin D$L De-esere y, .alter S$ &''%$ :"nterpersonal Ciolen1e 5gainst .omen: The Role o! #en,; 'ournal of (ontemporary (riminal 'ustice$ #ay$ Col$ &0 "ss/e &, p(F%2(%A$ Terry, Earen 7$ &'()$ Sexual 0ffenses and 0ffenders: *&eory, Practice, and Policy$ 6elmont, C5: .a sworth P/blishing$ .el1h, #$ >(@@F?$ :Ciolen1e against women by pro!essional !ootball players: a gen er analysis o! hyper mas1/linity, positional stat/s, nar1issism, an entitlement;$ 'ournal of Sport and Social Issues, &($0$, )@&20(($

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