Shell

Shell structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Buckling resistance Shells derive strength from curvature. They are good to resist uniform load but not point load Buckling under unbalanced load is resisted by curvature of shell fibers A and B: 1 Synclastic shell 2 A resists downward buckling of B in compression 3 A resists upward buckling of B in tension 4 Anticlastic shell 5 A resists downward buckling of B in tension 6 A resists upward buckling of B in compression

Shell structures

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Hyperbolic Paraboloid (HP) shells

HP Geometry 1 Vertical parabolas 2 Horizontal Hyperbolas 3 Straight generating lines 4 Generating lines inclined 5 8 various views

HP behavior 1 Tension and compression lines 2 Unstable single shell 3 Stabilizing edge beams 4 Stabilizing wall 5 Stable twin shells

Shell structures

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HP and Rotational shells

Square HP shells 1 Shells of horizontal edges 2 Shells of horizontal ridges 3 Shells of sloping edges and sloping ridges

Triangular HP shells 1 Group section 2 Group plan 3 Skylight group section 4 Skylight group plan

Rotational shells 1-2 Radial curves joining 2 rings 3 Straight lines form cylinder 4 Straight lines twisted 180 5 Straight lines twisted 6 2 sets of straight lines twisted 7 Hexagonal composition

Shell structures

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Funicular dome 1 Tension funicular 2 Compression funicular 3 Uniform LL causes 3rd power parabola funicular 4 Dome DL causes 4th power parabola funicular

Spherical dome Triangular uniform load pattern Funicular above and below 52 Drift above and below 52 Stress: Radial compression Hoop compression above 52 Hoop tension below 52

Grid shell dome 1 Radial grid 2 Curved grid 3 Triangular grid

Dome shells

Shell structures

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Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome (1960) Architect: Annibale Vitelozzi Engineer: Pier Luigi Nervi This 200 diameter Olympic dome seats 6,000 Y-shaped pylons support gravity load, and provide lateral and rotational stability Site cast concrete dome of curved ribs and V-shape collectors that transfer load to Y-pylons

Shell structures

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Olympic Dome, Rome Architect: Marcello Piacentini Engineer: Pier Luigi Nervi The dome for the 1960 Olympics has 16,000 seats A peripheral dome tension ring rests on inclined pylons 48 inclined pylons resist gravity and lateral loads 144 prefab ferro-cement ribs resist dome buckling The ribs also improve acoustics and integrate lighting The ribs provide an elegant gestalt and synergy Assume: Dome diameter (to tension ring) = 328 Dome depth d = 44 Rib width b = 328/144 b = 7.2 Rib depth d = 6 Allowable strand stress Fa=70 ksi Allowable concrete compression Fc= 1000 psi DL = 78 psf (75 psf concrete dome + 3 psf roof membrane) LL = 12 psf = 90 psf

Shell structures

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b=7.2 d=6

Max. distributed load (from last slide) w = 90 psf Global moment / foot (triangular load causes cubic parabola) M = 403 k M = w L2/24 = 90 x 3282/(24x1000) Horizontal reaction (d = 44) H = M/d = 403/44 H = 9.2 k Ring tension T = H r = 9.2 (328/2) T = 1,509 k Metallic strand area Am= 21.6 in2 Am = T/Fa = 1509 k/70 ksi Use 10 2 strands Am = 10x0.712 Am= 22 in2 Vertical reaction R = (w/2) L/2 = (90/2) 328/(2x1000) R = 7.4 k Rib compression (rib width b=7.2) C = 85 k C = b(H2+R2)1/2= 7.2 (9.22+7.42)1/2 Rib stress (2 struts / rib @ 16x10) fa = C/(2x16x10) = 85,000#/(2x16x10) fa =266 psi

16x10
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Rib compression (from last page) Rib stress (from last page) Offset (spherical vs. funicular) Bending due to offset M = e C = 5 x 85 k Rib force (due to offset bending) P = M / d= 425/ 6 = 71 k Offset stress f = P/A = 71,000 / (16x10) Combined rib stress f = 266+ 444 Tensile reinforcement Rebar cross sections A = P/Fs = 71k/24 ksi Use 6 #7 bars (6 7/8) A = 6 r2 = 6 0.442

C = 85 k fa =266 psi e = 5 M = 425 k P= 71 k f = 444 psi f = 710 psi 710 < 1000 A = 3 in2 A = 3.6 in2 3 < 3.6

b=7.2 d=6 16x10

Shell structures

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Prefab ferro-cement rib Base ribs during construction

Ribs during construction

Shell structures

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School Center Chamonix, France

Architect: R Talibert Engineer: H Isler The center has classrooms, sports center, etc. under triangular segments of spherical shells that range from 72 to 197 feet side lengths. Given the location near Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in Europe, the shells are designed for heavy snow load.

Shell structures

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Industrial shells Lyon, France Engineer: H Isler Concrete shells, 98x98 on 4 posts and beams with prestress tendons to resist gravity and lateral thrust. Tendons are curved to match the bending moment. Compute shell stress, assuming 50 psf load Total load P = 50x98x98 P = 480,200 # Edge load w = 480,200 / (4x98) w = 1225 plf Compression (see vectors) C = 2038 plf Shell stress f = C/A = 2038/(12x4) f = 42 psi
1225
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St. Vincent Chapel Coyoacan, Mexico Architect: Mora, Palomar & Carmona Engineer: Felix Candella Three HP concrete shells 116x116 Skylights join shells for lateral support

St. Marys Cathedral, Tokyo Architect: Kenzo Tange Engineer: Yoshikatsu Tsuboi Four HP shells over a rhomboidal plan are joined by cross-form skylights. The shells feature concrete waffles.

HP shell
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Free-form shell

TWA terminal @ JFK New York Architect: Ero Saarinnen Engineer: Ammann and Whitney This flying bird metaphor features four 4 concrete shells, separated by skylights. Assume: DL+LL = 50 psf, span L = 212, depth d = 22 Analyze a 1 wide strip M = wL2/8 = 50x2122/8 M = 280900 # H = M/d = 280900/22) H = 12768 # R = wL/2 = 50x212/2 R = 5300 # C = 127682+53002)1/2 C = 13824 # Compressive stress f = C/A = 13824 # / (4x12/ft) f = 288 psi 330 212

Shell structures

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Bahai House of Worship, New Delhi Architect: Fariburz Sahba Engineer: Flint and Neill The 34 m diameter shell symbolizes a lotus flower rising from a pond. Two rows of concentric concrete petals rise from a nine-sided platform, surrounded by reflecting pools.

Shell structures

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Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans Architect: Curtis and Davis Engineer: Sverdrup and Parcel With a 680 ft diameter the Louisiana Superdome is the largest dome in existence. Designed for 75,000 spectators, the multipurpose arena serves many functions from various sports events to rock concerts and political conventions. The patented lamella dome structure features a peripheral tension ring truss. A B C D E F G Tension ring Radial ribs Diagonal struts, parallel to radial ribs Hoop rings, combined with diagonal struts, form a diamond bracing grid Roof joists Metal deck Single-ply water proof membrane

Grid shell
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Geodesic dome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_dome http://www.geo-dome.co.uk/article.asp?uname=domefreq Walter Bauersfeld built the first geodesic dome in 1922 for a planetarium in Jena, Germany. Buckminster Fuller developed his geodesic dome for low-cost housing 1942. A basic geodesic sphere, referred to as single frequency, consists of 20 spherical triangles that form pentagons. Dividing single frequency into more units forms hexagons. Frequencies: 1 2 3 4

1 Single frequency dome: 10 triangles forming pentagons 2 Single frequency dome of 10 spherical triangles (strait bars approximate curved lines) 3 Two-frequency sphere 4 Front view of two-frequency hemisphere dome 5 Front view of four-frequency hemisphere dome
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US pavilion Expo 67 Montreal Architect: Buckminster Fuller & Shoji Sadao The 250 feet diameter by 200 feet high dome roughly presents a three-quarter sphere, while geodesic domes before 1967 were hemispherical. The dome consists of steel pipes and 1,900 acrylic panels. To keep the indoor temperature acceptable, the design included mobile triangular panels that would move over the inner surface following the sun. Although brilliant on paper, this feature was too advanced for its time and never worked. Instead valves in the centre of acrylic panels enabled ventilation.

Shell structures

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Climatron, Missouri Botanical Gardens, St Louis (1959) Architect: Murphey & Mackey Engineer: Paul Londe The dome of 175 feet diameter and 70 feet height permits tall palm trees to tower above tropical streams, waterfalls and 1,200 species of exotic trees and plants. Temperature ranges 64 to 74 degrees and average humidity is 85 percent.

Shell structures

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Spruce Goose dome, Long Beach, USA Architect: R. Duell and Associates Engineer/builder: Temcor This aluminum dome for Hughs Spruce Goose (at 415 ft diameter among the largest geodesic domes) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_dome The dome of 15 geodesic frequencies weighs < 3 psf. The design had to provide a temporary opening for the plane of 320 ft wing-span to pass through. A Aluminum cover plate with silicone seal B Aluminum gusset plates, bolted to struts C Aluminum batten secure silicone gaskets D Triangular aluminum panels E Wide-flange aluminum struts F Stainless steel bolts

Shell structures

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HPR dome, Walla Walla, USA Architect: Environmental Concern, Inc. Engineer/builder: Temcor Aluminum dome of 206 diameter and 42 ft depth (span/depth ratio 4.9), weighs less than 3 psf. Assume: DL = 8 psf (dome + roofing) LL = 12 psf = 20 psf Load per pier (6 piers) P = [20 psf ( 1032)/(6)]/1000 P = 111 k Vertical reaction per arch bar (4 per pier) R = 111/4 R = 28 k Compression per arch bar From vectors C = 90 k

Shell structures

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Sports Arena Bozeman, USA Architect: O Berg, F F Wilson Engineer: B F Hurlbut The spherical wood dome of 300 ft diameter consists of laminated beams in the hoop direction, supported by 36 laminated radial ribs 1 2 3 4 A B C D E Roof framing plan Cross-section Framing detail Crown detail Radial laminated wood ribs,7x16 Laminated hoop beams Steel bracing bars with welded joints Roof joists Center compression ring with steel plates bolted to radial ribs

Shell structures

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Multi-hall, Mannheim, Germany Architect: Mutschler, Frei Otto, consultant Engineer: Ove Arup The multi-purpose hall for the 1975 garden show spans max. 60 m with 50x50 mm twin wood slats of 50 cm square meshes that deform into rhomboids to assume sinclastic and anticlastic curvature. 1 Form-finding hanging model http://www.smdarq.net/case-study-mannheim-multihalle/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridshell
1

Shell structures

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Expo Pavilion, Hanover 2000 Architect: Thomas Herzog Engineer: Julius Natterer Wood grid shell with PTFE membrane The theme pavilion advanced the philosophy: Wood is the only renewable material Requires the least energy for production Use of wood maintains healthy forests

d=20 L=65 L=65

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Laminated rib layers

Translucent PTFE fabric

Production and Erection

diagonal slats to resist shear rest on laminated ribs

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Shell structures

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Ctesiphon Palace, Mesopotamia, near Baghdad, Iraq, 3rd century AD Parabolic barrel vault spans 80 feet (24 m) approximate parabolic

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