UT ALDRIC BAQUIRAN

Meiosis Seminiferous tubules Ovarian follicle

Cryptorchidism
Hysterectomy

A B C D

16. a)Asexual reproduction is when the simplest forms of life, one-celled organisms, need no partner to reproduce; they simply divide by themselves. Sexual reproduction in most animals means that there are two kinds of individuals, males and females, each of which has specialized cells designed specifically for the perpetuation of the species. b)Spermatoza is the male reproductive cell or gamete. Ova are the female reproductive cells or gamete. c)Sustenacular cells are so-called "nurse cells" which nourish and protect the developing spermatoza. Interstitial cells secrete the male sex hormone testosterone and are located between the seminiferous tubules. d)Ovarian follicle is a small cluster of cells which contains the ovum. Corpus luteum if the remaining follicle after the ovum has been expelled transformed into a solid glandular mass which secretes estrogen and progesterone. e)Myometrium is the muscular wall of the uterus. Endometrium is the lining of the uterus composed of specialized epithelium. This inner layer changes during the menstrual cycle, first building up to nourish a fertilized egg, then breaking down if no ferilization has occurred. 17.1. Sperm cells are produced in Seminiferous Tubules 2. Collected in the Epiditymis 3. Exit the Testis via Vas Deferens 4. Pick up secretions from Seminal Vesicle, Prostate Gland, and Cowper's gland 5. Exit via Urethra 18. Semen is the mixture of sperm cells and various secretions that is expelled from the body. They are produced in the testes were they start of as spermatozoa cells in semineferous tubules. The secretions in semen serve several functions such as nourishing the spermatozoa, transporting the spermatozoa, nuetralizing the acidity of the male urethra and the female vaginal tract, lubricating the reproductive tract during sexual intercourse, and preventing infection by means of antibacterial enzymes and antibodies. 19. Testosterone is needed in the development and maintenance of the reproductive structures, development of spermatozoa, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the sustentacular cells and promotes the formation of spermatozoa. Luteinizing hormone stimulates the interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone, which is also needed for sperm cell development. 20. In Females, the Sex cells (or Gametes) are produced in the Ovaries. 1. The two ovaries take turns releasing the gamete, called Oocyte, or ovum (the egg cell). 2. An egg cells is released once a month into the Fallopian Tube that guides the egg toward the Uterus. (If Fertilization happens, it is most likely to happen while the egg cell travels down the fallopian tube.) 3. Whether or not the egg cells becomes fertilized, it arrives (usually) into the Uterus. 21. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, and the levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. Without the hormones to support growth, the endometrium degenerates. Small hemorrhages appear in this tissue, producing the bloody discharge known as the menstrual flow, or menses. Bits of endometrium break away and accompany the blood flow during this period of menstruation. The average duration of menstruation is 2 to 6 days. Even before the menstrual flow ceases, the endometrium begins to repair itself through the growth of new cells. The low levels of estrogen and progesterone allow the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary. FSH causes new follicles to begin to ripen within the ovaries, and the cycle begins anew. 22. Contraception is the use of artificial methods to prevent fertilization of the ovum. 1)Barriers: condom - sheath that prevents semen from contacting the female reproductive tract. diaphragm rubber cap that fits over cervix and prevents entrance of sperm. 2)Chemicals: spermicide - chemicals used to kill sperm; best when used in combination with a barrier method.

3)Hormones: birth control pills - estrogen and progestin, or progestin alone, taken orally to prevent ovulation. 4)prevention of implantation: vasectomy/tubal ligation - cutting and tying of tubes carrying gametes. 23. a)Epididymitis is when organisms from an STI or urinary tract infection travel through the ducts of the reproductive system to the epididymis and a congenital malformation in the urinary tract occurs. Prostatitis is a bacterial infection secondary to an ascending UTI. b)Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the benign enlargement of the prostate commonly occurring with age, which results from the continuous slow growth of prostate cells throughout life. Prostatic cancer is the most common cancer of males in the United States, especially among men older than 50 years of age. c)Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual flow which can be symptomatic of insufficient hormone secretion of congenital abnormality of the reproductive system. Dysmenorrhea means a painful or difficult menstruation. d)Fibroids, which are more correctly called myomas, are common tumors of the uterus. Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract. This type of cancer usually affects women during or after menopause. e)Ovarian cancer is the second most common reproductive tract cancer in women, usually occurring between the ages of 40 and 65 years. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Cervical cancer is linked to infection with human papilloma virus (HPV), which causes genital warts and is spread through sexual contact. Thus, cervical cancer can be considered an STD.