CHURCH HISTORY

THE FALL OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CHURCH

Why Study Church History? I. Lear the Mista!es o" History # A$oid the%? Those who do not learn from
history are doomed to repeat it. Commonly attributed to George Santayana (186 !1"#$%& essayist& poet& philosopher and no'elist. (ll the mista)es we ha'e made as a mo'ement were made within the *estoration +o'ement. ,hy not learn from the li)es of -aniel Sommer and -a'id .ips/omb& for e0ample. (S C + p #"1&#"$& #"2%

II. &isco$er our o' roots (Restoratio Mo$e%e t) Ca%*us Mi istry) ICOC+
Co trary to 'hat you ha$e ,ee to-d) our .%o$e%e t/ did ot start i the 0e%*e-1s -i$i 2 roo%. What 'e are is %ore the resu-t o" the Restoratio %o$e%e t tha 'e are a'are. We shou-d ! o' our s*iritua- *edi2ree3roots. Why do 'e do 'hat 'e do? We thi ! 'hat 'e do is ,ecause it is ,i,-ica-. So%eti%es this is true) ,ut so%eti%es it is ,ecause o" our ,ac!2rou d. Read *. 45 .The Sto e Ca%*,e-- Mo$e%e t./ O17e--y) 8arto Sto e a d A-e9a der Ca%*,e--. restoratio %o$e%e t? Ha-da es) Christia Co ectio ) 6a%es

Are they a u ity %o$e%e t or are they a

III. A$oid s'i 2i 2 the *e du-u% 6oh :;<: Worshi* i S*irit a d Truth 5Ti% :;5= Watch your -i"e a d your doctri e 0race > Le2a-is% &octri e > ?ea-) E%otio ) Heart Asceticis% > Freedo% Historica--y) Christia s do 'hat 'e do as a reaction to so%e sort o" *ercei$ed *ro,-e%. Mi2ht 'e ,e te%*ted to do the sa%e today? 8etter; Let us do 'hat the 8i,-e says. .We "o--o' the 8i,-e o -y/ 8ut this is ot rea-istic. Su22estio ; -et us study church history. This c-ass is a,out ho' to do church.

Is .@a2a Christia ity/ ri2ht? Is e$erythi 2 do e i the 5st ce tury ,i di 2 o us) e$e i" 'e ! o' that the a*ost-es ad$ised the% to do it? &a$id 8ercot .Wi-- the Rea- Heretics @-ease Sta d U*/ Christia ity/ Aio-a a d 8ar a .@a2a

8ercot a d Aar a; A ythi 2 said or do e ,y a a*ost-e or ,y the church as a 'ho-e i the "irst ce tury is ,i di 23authoritati$e o us. Sta ce o *artici*atio i *u,-ic e tertai %e t. Worshi* i house churches3s*o ta eous 'orshi*. @aci"is%) Use o" %usica- i stru%e ts) @aid *reachers

Is he ri2ht? NoB I correct assu%*tio . @erha*s the i structio to the church 'as a e9*edie t "or the situatio . @erha*s the sta d 'as a re"-ectio o" the cu-ture or the ti%es. @au- 2a$e authoritati$e i structio s to the church (5 Thess :;5C<+ 'hich 'e do ot ha$e. My co c-usio ; 0od chose ot to re$ea- that to us. Which a*osto-ic teachi 2s are ,i di 2 o us? +y /on/lusion3 The only reliable authority we ha'e for su/h things is the 4ible. 5 assume& by faith& that if God wanted a pra/ti/e of the early /hur/h to be binding he would ha'e seen to its in/lusion in our inspired te0t. 5s worship in house /hur/hes binding6 sinful to use instruments in worship6 +ust the /hur/h ta)e a pa/ifist stan/e6 5s it

Out-i e Church History C-ass

1. ,ee) 1 7ohn 11811 a. 5ntro to Chur/h 9istory (- "1! $#. The big pi/ture. b. 9eresy and di'ision. /. -rift toward ,estern Catholi/ism. $. ,ee) $ *obert 1181: a. Cultural ba/)ground to the early /hur/h& espe/ially in the 1st /entury. Gree)& 7ewish and *oman /ulture. b. ;'angelism and the spread of Christianity& Chur/h of the ;ast to (- #11. . ,ee) 7ohn (and *obert6% 118$2 a. (ugustine& Catholi/ism and Chur/h Coun/ils. b. +edie'al Christianity. (<uinas et al.

2. ,ee) 2 7ohn and *obert 118 1 a. =re!*eformation3 (lbigenses& ,aldo& ,y/liffe& 9uss. (7ohn% b. Cultural ba/)ground to the *eformation& Counter!*eformation. (*obert% /. *eformation3 .uther& ;rasmus& et/. (7ohn% #. ,ee) # 7ohn and *obert 11812 a. *eformation (/ont.% >wingli& *adi/al *eformation& (nabaptists& Cal'in (7ohn% b. The ;nlightenment and its influen/e on Christianity. (*obert% /. 18th /entury. =uritans& 4aptists& +ethodists& Great (wa)ening. (7ohn% 6. ,ee) 6 7ohn and *obert 118$1 a. 4a/)ground to the *estoration +o'ement. ?@Aelly& Stone& Campbell& S/ott& Christadelphians& .ips/omb& et/. (7ohn% b. *estoration +o'ement in $1th /entury. Christian Chur/h& -is/iples of Christ& Chur/h of Christ& 5C?C. (*obert% Ear-y Church History T'o 'ays ,i,-ica- Christia ity is -ost. 5. 0ro'th o" s*-i ter) heretica- 2rou*s <. 0radua- dri"t o" .true church/ "or .2ood ) si cere/ reaso s Church History Acts. A*osto-ic *eriod. 0ro'th. Nasce t *ro,-e%s 'ith u ity) *ro,-e%s 'ith i to si ) e$o-$i 2 -eadershi*. Ro,ert 'i-- co$er this. Ear-y schis%s3"a-se doctri es. 5. 6udaiDers (0a-atia s+ -e2a-is%. Ri2hteous ess throu2h -a' !ee*i 2. @au-; Let the% ,e eter a--y co de% ed. 0a- 5;4 I2 atius; -o not be led astray by wrong 'iews or by outmoded tales that /ount for nothing. Bor if we still go on obser'ing 7udaism& we admit we ne'er re/ei'ed gra/eC. 5t is monstrous to tal) of 7esus Christ and to li'e li)e a 7ew. (.etter to the +agnesians 831& 113 % <. E,io ites (-itera--y the *oor o es+ &esce ded "ro% 6e'ish Christia s. F-ed to @e--a 'he 6erusa-e% 'as destroyed (Euse,ius+ Euse,ius; They /onsidered him a plain and /ommon man and Dustified only by his ad'an/es in 'irtue. -enied the 'irgin birth. ( 7ewish response to the gradual transition of the /hur/h to a Gree) /ulture6 ?bser'ed the Sabbath. Esed ?T& a 9ebrew 'ersion of +atthew /alled The Gospel of the 9ebrews.

E. 0 osticis%. 6esus a e%a atio ) o -y a s*iritua- ,ody. (docetis%+ Not rea--y cruci"ied. 5 6oh 5;5 5 6 <;<< The a tichrist. E%*hasis o hidde ) dee* ! o'-ed2e. Li!e a *seudoCChristia %ystery re-i2io . 0os*e- o" 6udas) 0os*e- o" Tho%as) a d %a y %ore Na2 Ha%adi Li,rary

4ut you Fie. 7udasG will e0/eed all of them. For you will sacrifice the man that clothes me. Come& that 5 may tea/h you about Fse/retsG no person FhasG e'er seen. Bor there e0ists a great and boundless realm& whose e0tent no generation of angels has seenC Ire aeus a d others; Si%o Ma2us 'as the "irst 0 ostic.

Ceri thus; 0od did ot create the *hysica- 'or-d. 6esus ca%e i to the ,ody o" the *erso 'e ca-- 6esus at his ,a*tis% a d -e"t ,e"ore the cruci"i9io . ( related story is one whi/h has been passed to us about the (postle 7ohn. 5renaeus tells us1 and ;usebius agrees$ that =oly/arp& who learned at the feet of 7ohn& often told the story he had heard from the (postle. =erhaps we should ta)e this story with a grain of salt& but it /ertainly tells us about the attitude of the primiti'e /hur/h toward /ertain heresies. =oly/arp related that one day 7ohn was in a publi/ bath house when he learned that the hereti/ Cerinthus was there as well (more on Cerinthus and his tea/hing below%. 7ohn went running out of the building shouting H.et us flee& lest the building fall downI for Cerinthus& the enemy of the truth& is insideJH Maso s) Mor%o s ha$e so%e thi 2s i co%%o 'ith 0 osticis%. Seco d Ce tury; :. &ocetis%. appearan/e& dokesis. 7esus only appeared to ha'e been a physi/al person. 9e only appeared to ha'e been /ru/ified. I2 atius (55F A&+ FCon/erning the -o/etistsG Guard yoursel'es /arefully against men of that sort. Kou will be safe enough so long as you do not let pride go to your head and brea) away from 7esus Christ and your bishop and the (postoli/ institution. To be inside the san/tuary is to be /leanI to be outside it& un/leanC 5 /an see the de'il@s snares ahead. So let submission and unselfishness be your weapons against themI ta)e a fresh grip on your faith (the 'ery flesh of the .ord%C 9e F7esusG was 'erily and indeed born and ate and dran)C and indeed /ru/ified& and ga'e up the ghost in the sight of all hea'en and earthC 5t is asserted by some who deny GodLin other words who ha'e no faith Fin other words the -o/etist tea/hers and their followersG that his sufferings were not genuine. 5f this is so& then why am 5 now a prisoner6 (.etter to the Trallians :!11%
1 $

5renaeus& Against Heresies& 555. .2 ;usebius& Ecclesiastical History, 5M.12.#

(ll this 9e submitted to for our sa)es& that sal'ation might be ours. (nd suffer 9e did& 'erily and indeedI Dust as 9e did 'erily and indeed raise 9imself again. 9is =assion was no unreal illusion& as some s/epti/s (si/.% a'er who are all unreality themsel'es. The fate of those wret/hes will mat/h their unbelief& for one day they will similarly be/ome phantoms without substan/e themsel'es. Bor my own part& 5 )now and belie'e that 9e was in a/tual human flesh after his resurre/tion. (.etter to the Smyrnaeans $! %

G. Marcio ites. Marcio a 0 ostic (sort o"+. Tau2ht 0od o" OT 'as 0od o" Hustice) 0od o" NT a 0od o" %ercy) 2race. ReHected a-- o" OT as 'e-- as Matthe') He,re's) Mar!) Acts. I to asceticis%) did ot use 'i e i Lord1s Su**er. Marcio *u,-ished a NT ca o . The e""ect 'as to "orce the ear-y church to %o$e %ore Iuic!-y to'ard esta,-ishi 2 a ca o . Marcio ite churches %ay ha$e ,ee the "irst se*arate churches i a si 2-e city. Other < d Ce tury 0 ostics; Aa-e ti us. Aery i "-ue tia-

=. Mo ta ists. Mo ta us +ontanus and two prophetesses +a0imilla and =ris/a (=ris/illa% around 1#1. Asceticis%. A& 5GF No se9) ca 1t ,e %arried. Christ a,out to co%e ,ac!. S*ea!i 2 i to 2ues) re-i2ious e9cite%e t. They spo)e while in a tran/e. +ontanus was <uoted as saying 5 am /ome neither as an angel& nor as an ambassador& but as God the Bather. -idymus2 has +ontanus saying H5 am the Bather& the ,ord& and the 9oly Spirit. The prophetess +a0imilla said&# H9ear not me& but hear Christ.H Kou /an see why the early /hur/h rea/ted to this& but in rea/tion& did they deny the wor)ing of the 9oly Spirit6 Led to ascetic 2rou*s) es*ecia--y i E2y*t a d North A"rica. Tertu--ia Hoi ed this 2rou*. The eIui$a-e t o" charis%atic %o$e%e t today? 8e-ie$ed i %oder Cday re$e-atio . J. No$atia ists No$atia . A& <GF Norther A"rica. Tau2ht that those 'ho had co%*ro%ised duri 2 *ersecutio o" &ecius %ust ,e !ic!ed out o" the church. K; Shou-d those 'hose .disci*-eshi*/ is Iuestio a,-e ,e !ic!ed out o" the church?

;piphaneus& Heresies, 0l'ii.11 -idymus& On the Trinity& 555.21 # ;piphaneus& Heresies& 0l'ii.11
2

No$aria is% is a cousi o" the -ater &o atist %o$e%e t. 8oth 'ere ri2orist (-e2a-ist?+ %o$e%e ts tryi 2 to ,rea! 'ith Ro%e o$er its -a9 (Christia ?+ attitude to'ard those 'ho had co%*ro%ised 'ith Ro%e. Cartha2e E55 a .tradorist/ (ie o e 'ho had tur ed i Christia scri*tures "or ,ur i 2+ ,isho* a**oi ted. Cartha2e re,e--ed) a**oi ti 2 &o atus) a"ter 'ho% the 2rou* is a%ed. U-ti%ate-y) this ,eca%e a "i2ht o$er church hierarchy a d *o'er o" ordi atio 3sacra%e ta-is%. 4. Aria is%. Arius. A& EFF 6esus ot 0od. 6esus the "irst creatio o" 0od. Co sta ti e su**orted this. Cou ci- o" Nicea to o**ose this. 6eh. Wit ess are %oder Aria s. A-%ost succeeded i ,eco%i 2 the do%i a t "or% o" Christia ity. II. Ear-y dri"t "ro% a*osto-ic church; (Note; the e%*hasis ,e-o' 'i-- ,e "air-y e2ati$e. We -ear "ro% the %ista!es) ,ut 'e ca -ear "ro% the 2ood. The church i the < d a d Erd ce tury 'as i so %a y 'ays a "a tastic e9a%*-e to us. They 'ere radica--y co%%itted to a Christia -i"e sty-e. Their co%%it%e t to Christia %ora-ity 'as stri!i 2. They 'ere tru-y di""ere t "ro% the 'or-d. The church 2re' "a tastica--y ,ecause they 'ere tru-y u iIue a d *eo*-e oticed this. They 'ere a%aDi 2 e9a%*-es o" ser$i 2 o e a other a d the 'or-d arou d the%. I the seco d a d es*ecia--y i the Erd ce tury they e dured *ersecutio s 'hich 'e ca o -y %ar$e- at. Thousa ds 'ere %artyred a d re"used to o""er sacri"ice to Ro%e. Most or a-- o" these dri"ts started out as a reaso a,-e a d *erha*s e$e a 2ood res*o se to *ressures "ro% the heretica- 2rou*s -isted a,o$e. I a-- the theo-o2ica- de,ates) the Orthodo9 Church 'as ri2ht) yet -oo! 'hat ha**e ed. Orthodo9y $s Ortho*ra9y Heterodo9y $s Hetero*ra9y The church de$e-o*ed a 'e--Cde"i ed theo-o2y -ar2e-y as a res*o se to *ressure "ro% these 2rou*s. Ire aeus; &e"e ded Christia teachi 2) ot ecessari-y o the 2rou ds o" scri*turaauthority) ,ut o a*osto-ic traditio ) the ru-e o" "aith a d a*osto-ic successio . This 'as his a tidote to 0 osticis%. He cou-d ot e d a-- ar2u%e ts 'ith Aa-e ti us usi 2 scri*ture) ,ut as to a*osto-ic "aith) he 'o ) ha ds do' . 9a'ing re/ei'ed this prea/hing and this faithC the Chur/hC /arefully preser'es it& as if li'ing in one house. She belie'es these things Fe'erywhereG ali)e& as if she had but one heart and one soul& and prea/hes them harmoniously& tea/hes them& and hands them down&

as if she had but one mouth. Bor the languages of the world are different& but the meaning of the tradition is one and the same.6 and ,e appeal again to that tradition whi/h has /ome down from the apostles and is guarded by the su//essions of the elders in the /hur/hes.: going perhaps still farther in assigning authority to tradition& he saysI ;'en if the apostles had not left their ,ritings to us& ought we not to follow the rule of the tradition whi/h they handed down to those to whom they /ommitted the /hur/hes68 5renaeus finds authority seated not only in the /anoni/al writings& he finds truth and e'en sal'ation in the Chur/h. .et us see how he has adapted what 7esus said in 7ohn 113:!8I Sin/e there are so many /lear testimonies& we should not see) from others for the truth whi/h /an easily be re/ei'ed from the Chur/h. There the apostles& li)e a ri/h man ma)ing a deposit& fully bestowed upon her all that belongs to the truth& so that whoe'er wishes may re/ei'e from her the water of life. She Fie. the /hur/hG is the entran/e to lifeI all others are thie'es and robbers."

A. Leadershi*3or2a iDatio o" the Church

5. e$a 2e-ists <. e$a 2e-ists a d e-ders A& =F

E. e-ders a d head ,isho* A& 5<F (I2 atius o" A tioch A& 55F &o othi 2 'ithout the ,isho*B ("ired u* a,out %artyrdo%+ Blee from s/hism as the sour/e of mis/hief. Kou should all follow the bishop as 7esus Christ did the Bather. Bollow& too& the presbytery as you would the apostlesI and respe/t the dea/ons as you would God@s law. Nobody must do anything that has to do with the /hur/h without the bishop@s appro'al. Kou should regard the ;u/harist as 'alid whi/h is /elebrated either by the bishop or by someone he authoriOes. ,here the bishop is present there& let the /ongregation gather& Dust as where 7esus Christ is there is the Catholi/ (ie the uni'ersal% Chur/h. ,ithout the bishop@s super'ision& no baptism or lo'e feasts are permitted. (.etter to the Smyrnians 8% .et the bishop preside in the pla/e of God and his /lergy (the presbyters8priests% in the pla/e of the (postoli/ /on/la'e& and let my spe/ial friends the dea/ons be entrusted with the ser'i/e of 7esus Christ. (.etter to the +agnesians 6%
6

5renaeus& Against Heresies, 5.11.$& translation by Cyril C. *i/hardson& Early Christian Fathers (The +a/millan Company& New Kor)& 1":1%. Citations of 5renaeus below are from the same transation. : 5bid.& 555.$.1 8 5bid.& 555.2.1!$ " 5bid.& 555.2.1

:. ,isho*s a d arch,isho*s) re2io a- s*heres o" i "-ue ce E*hesus) A tioch) A-e9a dria) 6erusa-e%) Ro%e. A& <GF head e-der L ,isho*) loss of evangelists. (Titus 5;GCJ 5 @et G;5)< *-ura-ity o" e-ders+ A& <FF ,e2a to trace ,isho* o" Ro%e) etc ,ac! to a*ost-es. Authority issue. A& <GF Metro*o-ita s A& EGF Ro%a ,isho*s ,e2i to c-ai% u i$ersa- authority. 0e era--y i2 ored. A& E4F three hi2h %etro*o-ita s; A-e9a dria) Co sta o*-e) Ro%e (,eca%e Co*tic) Orthodo9 a d Ro%a Catho-ic church+ A& :GF @o*e Leo I c-ai%s u ri$a-ed authority o$er Wester church A& G44 @atriarch i Co sta ti o*-e c-ai%s u i$ersa- *atriarch o$er Easter church.

8. Teachi 2 o ,a*tis%.
Catachu%e s had to 'ait "or u* to si9 %o ths to ,e ,a*tiDed to *ro$e they 'ere si cere. 8y a,out A& 5GFC<FF Fasti 2 reIuired a oi ti 2 'ith oi de-ayed ,a*tis% u* to si9 %o ths. I so%e cases E yearsB 4aptisms in .ent only 4aptism only 'alid of by a 4ishop& priest of dea/on. Those who were baptiOed re/ited a /rede P3 rele'ant to us6 ,hy6 1. ,ant to be safe with regard to /on'ersion. 4egan to see baptism as a sa/rament. (s/ribed power to the a/tion itself and began to di'or/e faith from pra/ti/e. The E*ist-e o" 8ar a,us) c. JFC5FF A.&. Blessed are they who, placing their trust in the cross, have gone down into the waterWe indeed descend into the water full of sins and defilement. However, we come up, bearing fruit in our heart, having the fear [of God] and the trust in esus in our spirit. Barnabas (c. 70-130, E), 1.144 -ida/he a dis/ourse for those to be baptiOed. three i%%ersio s

4lessed are they who& pla/ing their trust in the /ross& ha'e gone down into the waterC,e indeed des/end into the water full of sins and defilement. 9owe'er& we /ome up& bearing fruit in our heart& ha'ing the fear Fof GodG and the trust in 7esus in our spirit. Epistle of Barna as 4efore a man bears the name of the Son of God& he is dead. 4ut when he re/ei'es the seal& he lays aside his deadness and obtains life. The seal& then& is the water. They des/end into the water dead& and they arise ali'e. !hepherd of Hermas (s many as are persuaded and belie'e that what we tea/h and say is true& and underta)e to be able to li'e a//ordingly& are instru/ted to pray and to entreat God with fasting& for the remission of their past sins. The rest of us pray and fast with them. They are brought by us where there is water& there is water& and are regenerated in the same manner in whi/h we were regenerated oursel'es. They there re/ei'e the washing with. 7ustin +artyr& First Apology& Now& the tea/hing is laid down that Hwithout baptism& sal'ation is attainable by no one.H This is based primarily on the ground of that de/laration of the .ord& who says& HEnless one is born of water he has not life.H 9owe'er& when this is laid down& there immediately arise s/rupulous (or rather& auda/ious% doubts on the part of some. Tertullian

EMF A. &. .8a*tiDe your i "a ts/ A Catho-ic *u,-icatio ; .Aa-id rece*tio (o" ,a*tis%+ does ot reIuire "aithN.There"ore a u ,e-ie$er 'ho so desires %ay ,e $a-id-y ,a*tiDed e$e thou2h he has o "aith. A other Catho-ic source; .8a*tiDe a y *erso "ou d u co scious a d i a dyi 2 co ditio / 8y :FF A. &. ,a*tis% o" i "a ts and of the unrepentant 'as co%%o . 1111!1111 (. -. Chur/hes filled in or destroyed their baptisteries. Sal'ation based on sa/rament rather than faith.

C. Asceticis%3Mo asticis%.
*ighteousness through radi/al self!denial. ;0treme fasting& withdrawal from human a/ti'ity& 'oluntary refusing marriage et/. (1 Timothy 231!2 Colossians $3$1!$ & the main point% +ontanists& Tertullian. 4y (- $11 This mo'ement gained its power largely be/ause of per/ei'ed (and realJJ% worldliness in the /hur/h. They felt righteousness /ould not be gained within the fellowship. +on)3 a solitary man (n/horite3 one who withdraws 9ermit deserted region 9ermit3 (nthony (- $#1! #6 Copti/ ;gypt. 9ermit& prayer fasting and meditation. Communal =a/homius ($"$! 26%& 4asil of Caesarea ( 1! :"% +onasti/ rules for ;astern monasteries 4enedi/t of Nursia (281!#21% 4enedi/tines po'erty& /hastity& obedien/e (di'ine praise& di'ine reading and physi/al labor% +onte Cassino in 5taly

(lso& many nuns at this time. +o'ement e0ploded in 2th /entury& espe/ially in ;gypt as a protest against se/ulariOation and institutionaliOation of the /hur/h. To some e0tent a )ind of ( word for going ba/) to the good old days% of life in the /hur/h under perse/ution 4y (- 211 many organiOed /ommunes 4enedi/tines after (- #11

&. Creeds. Chur/h /alendar.

4y (- 111 those being baptiOed say a more or less fi0ed /reed. (-ida/he% The old *oman /reed ((- 1#1% 5 belie'e in God& the Bather (lmightyI (nd in 7esus Christ& his only begotten Son& our .ord& (nd in the 9oly Spirit& the holy /hur/h and the resurre/tion of the flesh $# Ni/ene /reed. Chur/h /oun/ils Ni/ea against (rianism (7esus /reated by God% 1 Cor 236 -o not go beyond what is written. (ll denominations ha'e /reeds. ,e do not ha'e /reeds& but baptism Q Christian Q sa'ed6

E.

Sacerdota-is%. @riesthood.

Clergy8laity separate standards of /ommitment. 1 =et $3" a royal priesthood. 1 Tim $3# one mediator The idea of priests is ha'ing someone to inter/ede between us and God. 5n $nd and espe/ially rd /entury& worship be/ame gradually non!parti/ipati'e. on tones of being a sa/rifi/e rather than a remembran/e. =riests84ishops offered a sa/rifi/e. .ord@s Supper too)

This /ame more from =aganism than from 7udaism.

=ost (- $# this trend gained mu/h momentum be/ause so many un/on'erted pagans entered the /hur/h. 4y (- $#1 only bishops /ould perform baptisms ?nly elderss and priests (pres uteros% /ould perform the .ord@s Supper. 5dea of a sa/rament. fathers re'erends +atthew $ 38&" /all no one on earth father. no spe/ial titles. ( problem for us6

(- #11 most bishops and priests /elibate (but not uni'ersal until after (- 1111% The ultimate3 =ope papa (father% =ope .eo 5 221!261 Sometimes /alled the first pope Claimed 1. (uthority o'er /hur/h /oun/ils $. (uthority o'er emperors $. Su//essor of =eter Mi/ar of =eter. =rimate of all bishops .eo3 5t is true that all bishops ta)en singly preside ea/h with his proper soli/itude o'er his own flo/)& and )now that they will ha'e to gi'e a//ount for the sheep /ommitted to the. To us (ie the bishop of *ome and his su//essors% howe'er& is /ommitted the /ommon /are of allI and no single bishop@s administration is other than a part of our tas). (nyone /an say this& but in the /hur/h /oun/ils of his day he more or less /arried this off. .eo3 (at Chal/edon% 9e is spea)ing whose representati'e we are. (we referring to the royal we% Claimed the title pontife0 ma0imus the pagan title

(ugustine laid the intelle/tual foundation of Christendom under the papa/y and .eo laid the go'ernmental foundation. =ope Gregory (the Great% #"1!612 +on)& theologian& imposed (ugustinian theology. Supported re'eren/e for saints and reli/s& purgatory The ;ast3 ( ChristianiOed empire as represented by 7ustinian. The ;ast3 Christianity about e0perien/ing God. 5t is about san/tifi/ation. 5t is about be/oming holy& be/oming li)e God. ;u/harist an epiphany The ,est3 Christendom3 The /hur/h abo'e any human go'ernment. Christianity is about fulfilling a legal obligation. 5t is about sa/rament. ;u/harist a sa/rament. ;u/harist a sa/rifi/e.

F. Sacra%e ta-is%. Church Ca-e dar) etc.

;aster was obser'ed by the early $nd /entury. 5t was N?T a borrowed =agan holiday. (although there is some e'iden/e the name ;aster is =agan%

Chur/hes split8argued o'er the date of /elebration3 5renaeus had to inter'ene to a'oid a split between ;ast and ,est. Christmas /elebrated in *ome by (- #1. ( /elebration of the epiphany of 7esus to /ompete with the Saturnalia. Christmas as birthday of 7esus in the ;ast by about (- 211 ;piphany separate from Christmas. =alm Sunday about (- 211& beginning in 7erusalem. Good Briday& .ent by about 211 .iturgy in/reasingly standardiOed. Chur/h /alendar set up. Meneration of saints& 4y end of $nd /entury the word saint was applied only to the martyrs. Contrary to /ommon belief& worship in /ata/ombs was N?T to a'oid perse/ution but to honor the saints. Tertullian 'igorously opposed this pra/ti/e for good reasonJ (- 861 images of saints (i/ons% worshipped with the same honor as the boo)s of the gospels 5/ono/lasm split ;ast and ,est. 4aptism& Communion& (nnointing with oil (/onfirmation% too) on a sa/ramental meaning. The a/t itself has effe/t. 5t is a sa/ramentum (.atin% a mysterium (Gree)% ?rdination of bishops began to ta)e on the fla'or of a sa/ramental /hange in the one ordained. They are transformed. Now the laity has 'irtually no part in the liturgy and are almost /ompletely passi'e in worship. (ugustine a//elerated and /on/retiOed this mo'e toward sa/ramentalism.

0. Her%e eutica- issues

1. (llegori/al interpretation. =hilo R Clement of (le0andria R ?rigen (18#!$#2 /astrated himself% ;spe/ially the ?ld Testament& ma)ing 7eho'ah more a//eptable to Gree) sensibilities. Tried to harmoniOe Christian theology with =latonism or neo!=latonism $. The (ntio/hene s/hool -iodorus& 7ohn Chrysostoam. Theodore *eDe/ted allegori/al approa/h. Conte0tual8histori/al analylsis. Summary3 /hur/h history tells us to a'oid 1. /on'enient but uns/riptural or unwise organiOational stru/ture. $. formalism8ritualism in our worship. . o'errea/tion to false do/trines

2. #. 6. :.

/reeds o'eremphasis on physi/al sa/rifi/e& prayer& any sort of otherwise good spiritual a/ti'ity. relian/e on a professional /lergy whi/h is separate from the laity. bad hermeneuti/s

Hi2h-i2hts or church history i Erd a d :th ce turies. 9orrendous perse/utions3 1. -e/ius $2"!$#1 and Malerian ($# !$61% Completely outlawed Christianity. Sought to destroy the /hur/h. (a politi/al ri'al6% 4ishops arrested and e0e/uted if they did not re/ant. 9e ordered all *oman /itiOens to burn in/ense& pour out an offering to the god of the *omans& and eat meat sa/rifi/ed to an idol. Those who did were gi'en a /ertifi/ate testifying to their /omplian/e. Those who refused were subDe/t to dismissal from their Dobs& arrest& e0ile and e0e/ution. (See No'atianism% Cyprian (Carthage% and Si0tus (*ome% and many other bishops were e0e/uted 4utC the /hur/h grew and was strengthened. $. -io/letion ( 1 ! 12% Galerian& .i/inius. S/riptures burned. Chur/h buildings destroyed with worshippers inside& bishops arrested and e0e/uted. (s bad or worse that under -e/ius. 1 $ ;di/t of +ilan. (n edi/t of toleration of Christianity under influen/e of Constantine. Constantine emperor of entire empire. Constantinople (4yOantium% a se/ond *oman /apital.

$# Coun/il of Ni/eae o'er (rianism. Christendom begins. 7ulian the (postate ( 61! 6 % attempts to reinstate paganism& but it is too late. Au2usti e EG:C:EF A& The 2reatest theo-o2ia o" Ro%a Catho-icis%. .aid the groundwor) of Christendom& of +edie'al Christianity and to a large e0tent of *eformation theologyJ 5mportant tea/hings of (ugustine3 1. 9is o'erar/hing theme3 The So'ereignty of God. The City of God. $. Christendom. The /hur/h should ha'e authority o'er the state. The /hur/h has a right to defend itself& to raise armies and to fight wars to defend its prerogati'es. *ebellion against the /hur/h is rebellion against the state.

This is the opposite of separation of /hur/h and stateJ . ?riginal sin& total depra'ity of man)ind (Confessions of (ugustine% a. and thus Dustifi/ation of infant baptism. 2. =redestination. +an is in/apable of responding to God. God /hooses us& not us /hoosing him. Bree will is something we re/ei'e and grow into after we are sa'ed. #. Sa/ramentalism. 4aptism& /ommunion& et/. e" opere opero The a/t as a power in and of itself& apart from faith on the part of those who re/ei'e it. ?rdination ma)es a bishop or priest an offi/er of the /hur/hLable to a/t independent of the righteousness of the priest& but be/ause of the offi/e of the priest. Sal'ation is by sa/rament& not by faith. 6. ;t/. Transubstantiation (really an offshoot of sa/ramentalism% =erpetual 'irginity of +ary& 5mma/ulate Con/eption (/onne/ted to ?riginal Sin and depra'ity as 7esus /ould not be born with original sin% ?pponents of (ugustine3 1. The -onatists. -ominant in North (fri/a. Chur/h autonomy. (//elerated his mo'e toward Chur/h8State. $. =elagius and the semi!=elagians. *oman priest who e'entually mo'ed to the ;ast. Taught that we /hoose God and that God ma)es us more holy. ,e /an a'oid sin. ,e do not ha'e to sin. Stressed importan/e of free will. Su/h a tea/hing was more a//eptable in the ;ast& where holiness was stressed. Chur/h Coun/ils3

Church Cou ci-s

Nicaea A& E<G
The <uestion of (rianism. 7esus is fully di'ine. 9e is of the same substan/e (/onsubstantial% with the Bather. (rius said 7esus was of a similar nature to the Bather Ni/ene Creed (a/tually published after Constantinople%

,e belie'e in one God& the Bather (lmighty& +a)er of hea'en and earth& and of all things 'isible and in'isible. (nd in one .ord 7esus Christ& the only!begotten Son of God& begotten of the Bather before all worldsI God of God& .ight of .ight& 'ery God of 'ery GodI begotten& not made& being of one substan/e (homoousios& of the same substan/e& /onsubstantial% with the Bather& by whom all things were made. ,ho& for us men and for our sal'ation& /ame down from hea'en& and was in/arnate by the 9oly Spirit of the 'irgin +ary& and was made manI and was /ru/ified also for us under =ontius =ilateI 9e suffered and was buriedI and the third day 9e rose again& a//ording to the S/ripturesI and as/ended into hea'en& and sits on the right hand of the BatherI and 9e shall /ome again& with glory& to Dudge the <ui/) and the deadI whose )ingdom shall ha'e no end. (nd 5 belie'e in the 9oly Ghost& the .ord and Gi'er of .ifeI who pro/eeds from the Bather and the SonI who with the Bather and the Son together is worshipped and glorifiedI who spo)e by the prophets. (nd 5 belie'e one holy /atholi/ and apostoli/ Chur/h. 5 a/)nowledge one baptism for the remission of sinsI and 5 loo) for the resurre/tion of the dead& and the life of the world to /ome. (men. ?f the same essen/e ho%oousios 's of similar essen/e ho%oiousious

Co sta ti o*-e A& E45 Confirmed Ni/aea. 9oly Spirit also /onsubstantial (or one substan/e%
with the Bather and the Son. (less important be/ause the *oman bishop did not attend. The ,estern /hur/h 'irtually unin'ol'ed.

E*hesus A& :E5 7esus has both a human and a di'ine nature& but is one person.
(ntio/h (two natures% 'ersus (le0andria (two natures& but later one nature% Condemned Nestoria is%. -eposed Nestorius& bishop of Constantinople. ;mphasiOed the human nature of 7esus as separate from his di'ine nature. Nestorius3 The one nature is his di'ine nature. Two natures before the union but one nature after the union. Condemned =elagius& in fa'or with (ugustine. =elagius supposedly said that sal'ation is at least in part a matter of human effortLthat gra/e alone is not suffi/ient for sal'ation. Coun/il of ;phesus (- 2 1 +ary& mother of God theoto)os ;mphasiOed di'ine nature.

Cha-cedo A& :G5

(fter a thoroughly embarrassing *obber Synod& at whi/h armed mon)s of the (le0andrine s/hool intimidated the (ntio/henes and an emmisary of .eo was beaten to death& a /oun/il was /alled. 5t /onfirmed the /oun/il of ;phesus and more /arefully defined the two natures do/trine.

5n agreement with the holy fathers we all unanimously tea/h that we should /onfess that our .ord 7esus Christ is one and the same SonI the same perfe/t in Godhead and the same perfe/t in manhood& truly God and truly man& the same of a rational soul and bodyI /onsubstantial with the Bather in Godhead and the same /onsubstantial with us in manhoodI li)e us in all things e0/ept sinI begotten of the Bather before all ages as regards his Godhead and in the last days the same& for us and for our sal'ation& begotten of the Mirgin +ary& the theoto)os (as opposed to the Christoto)os of the Nestorians% (the God!bearer& the mother of God% as regards his manhoodI one and the same Christ& Son& .ord& only!begotten& made )nown in two natures without /onfusion& without /hange& without di'ision& without separationI the differen/e of the natures being by no means remo'ed be/ause of the union but the property of ea/h nature being preser'ed and /oales/ing in one person and one substan/e& not parted or di'ided into two persons but one and the same Son& only begotten& di'ine ,ord& the .ord 7esus ChristI as the prophets of old and 7esus Christ himself ha'e taught us about him& and the /reed of fathers has handed down. 4elie'e it or not& the framers of this formula fully intended to lea'e the nature of 7esus as a mystery. Without co "usio ) 'ithout cha 2e prote/ts against +onophysitism& whi/h tea/hes that 7esus@ nature /hanged when he too) on human form. +onophysite Q one nature (only the di'ine nature% This be/ame the Copti/ Chur/h. This was the (le0andrine position. Without di$isio ) 'ithout se*aratio prote/ts against Nestorianism& whi/h would ma)e a distin/tion between the di'ine and the human nature of 7esusLseparating 7esus into two persons. This was the (ntio/hine position. Thus& the Coun/il de/lared that in Christ there are two naturesI ea/h retaining its own properties& and together united in one substan/e (hypostasis% and in one single person. The hypostati/ union (s the pre/ise nature of this union is held to defy finite human /omprehension& the hypostati/ union is also referred to by the alternati'e term Hmysti/al union.H ,hi/h nature of 7esus was tempted by sin6 Could 7esus be tempted by sin before he too) on a body6 Su/h things may best be )ept as a mystery.

Co sta ti o*-e A& GGE

Confirmed Cal/hedon& /ondemned re'i'ed Nestorianism. Condemned ?rigin for his tea/hing that 7esus is subordinate to the Bather and for tea/hing the pre!e0isten/e of souls.

Co sta ti o*-e III A& =4F

?pposed +onothelitism (one will% Two natures but one will (that will being di'ine% ( /ompromise between +onophysitism and Cal/hedonian ideas of two natures. 7esus had a human nature but not a human will.

Nicaea II A& J4J Condemned i/ono/lasm (i/on destroyers% 5t is heresy to de/lare that i/ons
are not useful to worshipping God. 4ran/hes of Christianity in (- #11. 1. ,estern Christendom. *oman Catholi/ism. +ore legalisti/& more /on/erned with sal'ation. $. ;astern Christianity. ?rthodo0. +ore spiritual& more /on/erned with holiness.

. Copti/ Christianity. ((le0andrian s/hool% +onophysite (only one nature% (9enophysite one nature% ?ne nature Bo/used on the di'ine nature of 7esus and 'irtually denied the humanity of 7esus after his baptism. .ate #th /entury. 2. Chur/h of the ;ast. ((ntio/hene s/hool% Nestorian Christianity. -yophysite (two natures% The human 7esus and the di'ine 7esus were two different people. Strongly emphasiOed the human nature of 7esus and his suffering. (le0andria3 Theoto)os +ary ga'e birth to God.

(ntio/h3 Christoto)os. +ary ga'e birth to Christ

Midd-e A2es
Binal s/hism of ;astern and ,estern Christendom. 11#2 Good news3 There ha'e always been those who sought to be dis/iples of 7esus and follow the 4ible only. 1. (- 6#1!"11@s =auli/ians. (sia +inor. Named after =aul the (rmenian. *eDe/ted formalism of 4yOantine Chur/h and sa/raments (e0/ept baptism and /ommunion% *eDe/ted use of i/ons and importan/e of as/eti/ism. 4ible the only authority. 4aptism of adults by immersion. Some strange ideas as well. 7esus be/ame di'ine at his baptism. Some dualisti/ tenden/ies from +ani/hees. *elied hea'ily on .u)e& (/ts& letters of =aul. ;arly leaders stoned to death and burned at sta)e. (s many as 111&111 )illed. .ater& many fled to the 4al)ans& being transformed into the 4ogomils. $. (lbigenses& Cathari (pure ones% (- 1111@s!1$11@s (round (lbi in southern Bran/e. *eDe/t papa/y& priests& most sa/raments& purgatory& infant baptism. Stressed a simply& holy life. 5n<uisition initiated to stamp out this group. $ &111 ($8 of entire population of .anguedo/6% )illed to suppress them. (lso had dualisti/ tenden/ies (+ani/heeism& physi/al& flesh e'il%

. 9enry the mon). 1111 =rea/hed repentan/e& marriage not a sa/rament& *eDe/ted /lergy& sa/raments& e0ternals in general& reDe/ted that /ommunion is a sa/rifi/e& /onfession to priests& prayers to the dead& original sin& infant baptism. 2. (rnold of 4res/ia (5taly% d. 11## 5taly. Simple .ord@s supper. 4ible as the authority& not /hur/h tradition. *eDe/ted se/ular authority of the /hur/h. *eDe/ted papa/y. 9anged. #. =eter of 4ruys. d. /. 1121 -estroyed idols. 4urned /rosses and /oo)ed meat on the fires on a day of fasting. 4aptism of adults by immersion. ;0e/uted by being thrown into a pile of burning /ru/ifi0es his group was burning. 6. ,aldensians. (people of the 'alleys6% =eter ,aldo (- 11:#! 1#11@s. ,ealthy. Sold e'erything. Bormed 4ible study groups. Translated 4ible into 'erna/ular (Bren/h%. *eDe/ted priesthood& sa/raments& i/ons& worship of saints& /hur/h /alendar& purgatory& et/. 5nfluen/ial in beginning of the *eformation& espe/ially in SwitOerland. ;0/ommuni/ated but not so hea'ily perse/uted. +o'ed into 'alleys in SwitOerland. .ate +iddle (ges3 Thomas (<uinas& ?/)ham& et/.

=apa/y be/ame disgustingly /orrupt. +any were more of a politi/al than a religious leader. =oliti/al as/enden/y of =apa/y. Crusades 1st 11"6!11"" Captured 7erusalem& set up se'eral Beudal )ingdoms $nd 112:!112" Total disaster rd 118:!11"$ Captured (/re and /oastlands of =alestine ! 8th 1$:1!1$:1 Cult of +ary be/ame 'ery strong. +ary was more relatable than a distant 7esus. Growth of monasti/ism in the ,est. -omini/ans (-omini/& 11:1!1$$1% (austere& intelle/tual& dis/iplined% Bran/is/ans (Bran/is of (ssisi 118$!1$$6% (spiritual& humble& nature!lo'ing% This was the age of s/holasti/ism. -iale/ti/al dis/ussion of s/ripture& /ommentaries and (ristotle. +any uni'ersities established. Stressed the /ongruen/e of reason and faith. (nselm of Cantebury (11 !111"% 5 belie'e in order that 5 may )now

=resented arguments for e0isten/e of God. ?ntologi/al& Cosmologi/al arguments. =eter (belard (11:"!112$% +ust doubt to )now. Si/ et Non

(lbertus +agnus& -uns S/otus& ,illiam of ?/)ham& et/C.

The most important theologian of the +iddle (ges. Thomas (<uinas 1$$#!1$:2 The )ey theologian of modern Catholi/ism. 16th /entury de/lared -o/tor of the Chur/h.18:" *C /hur/h offi/ially de/lared (<uinas@ theology normati'e for *oman Catholi/ism. ,rote Summa Theologiae 9e belie'ed that the truth ought to be reasonable& therefore we ought to be able to apply reason and logi/ to understand and e0plain God and Christian do/trine. God re'eals himself through reason. (pplied logi/ of (ristotle to Christian theology. Bi'e logi/al demonstrations8proofs of the e0isten/e of God. =rime mo'er Eltimate /ause (Cosmologi/al (rgument% *eDe/ted ?ntologi/al argument (That& than whi/h nothing /an be greater% Teleologi/al (rgument (argument from design% +inimiOed e0periential aspe/ts of Christianity. -id not a//ept stri/t monergism& but agreed that a response of faith and a/tion on our part is re<uired for sal'ation whi/h is both Dustifi/ation and san/tifi/ation. Thomas (<uinas3 God& therefore& is the first /ause& who mo'es /auses both natural and 'oluntary. (nd Dust as by mo'ing natural /auses 9e does not pre'ent their a/tions from being natural& so by mo'ing 'oluntary /auses 9e does not depri'e their a/tions of being 'oluntaryI but rather is 9e the /ause of this 'ery thing in them& for 9e operates in ea/h thing a//ording to his own nature.

5n other words& (<uinas belie'ed in free will and not a stri/t monergism. Thomas (<uinas3 God predestines8foreordains in that he fore)nows who will freely /hoose to be sa'ed.
BormaliOed do/trine of purgatory.

Re"or%atio . Wi--ia% o" Oc!ha% 5<MFC5EGF =rimarily a philosopher (of nominalism% but opposed
authority of the =ope. The 4ible& not the /hur/h& is the ultimate authority.

6oh Wyc-i" E 2-a d 5E<:C5E4: S/ripture the only authority. Translated Mulgate into
;nglish. ?pposed idols& indulgen/es& purgatory& transubstantiation& priesthood. Called the =ope the anti/hrist. (//epted (ugustine@s predestination. Bollowers /alled *oundheads. 1211 his followers& )nown as .ollards& de/lared hereti/s. 12$8 -isinterred his bones and burned them& dumping the ashes into ri'er.

6oh Hus 8ohe%ia

5E==C5:5G 5nfluen/ed by ,y/lyffe. =ersonal piety& 4ible the only authority& only God /an forgi'e sin. *eDe/ted worshiping idols& saints et/. 4urned at sta)e. The authorities dug up the dirt around the sta)e so that people /ould not bring reli/s ba/) to 4ohemia. The in<uisition wiped out a large portion of the population of 9ussite 4ohemia. 9ussites be/ame the 4rethren or +ora'ian Chur/h. Those who were un/ompromising were wiped out. 4e/ame 'ery s/hismati/. 5nfluen/ed (le0ander Campbell. Marti Luther. 5:4EC5G:=. Catholi/ priest and (ugustinian mon). Not out to abolish
Catholi/ism per se& but to reform it. =la/ed "# theses on /hur/h door in ,ittenburg in1#1: against indulgen/es& worldliness of priesthood. ;0/ommuni/ated. S/ripture the only authority for truth. Sal'ation by "aith o -y. Sola S/riptura& Sola Gratia et Bides *epentan/e not re<uired. =redestination. ?'errea/ted to legalism& wor)s sal'ation of Catholo/ism. *eDe/ted /eliba/y for priests& /onfession& sa/raments other than baptism& eu/harist. 4oo) of 7ames a boo) of straw ?ne mista)e6 Trying to reform Catholi/ism& rather than restore bibli/al Christianity. *e'i'ed (ugustine& not NT. 9e& along with >wingli brought ba/) orthopra0y& but not orthodo0y.

U-rich ?'i 2-i 5:4:C5GE5 Swiss reformer. Similar to .uther& but more radi/al about
restoring New Testament pra/ti/e. -ebated o'er .ord@s Supper. *eDe/ted transubstantiation. 9e and .uther disfellowshipped ea/h other o'er transubstantiation. 9is mo'ement led to what is )nown as *eformed Theology (reformed /hur/h% 9e reDe/ted priestly garments& statues&

stained glass& et/. -estroyed mu/h art in the pro/ess. Chur/h is four bare walls and a sermon. .ed to (nabaptists. .i)e (ugustine and .uther& >wingli was a radi/al predestinationist. 9e saw the so'ereignty of God as the /hief prin/iple of Christianity. Thomas (<uinas (and the 4ibleJ% God fore)nows those who will be sa'ed. >wingli& Cal'in3 God foreordains who will be sa'ed. >wingli3 .ord@s supper and baptism are symboli/ /eremonies& and are not the means of gra/e. ,e /an see where this led. Sa/raments are signs or /eremonies by whi/h men offer themsel'es before the /hur/h as soldiers or dis/iples of Christ. Completely reDe/ted baptismal regeneration. -ied in a battle with Catholi/ /antons of SwitOerland.

The A a,a*tist (re,a*tiDer+ %o$e%e t. 5G<G and later. (lso )nown as the *adi/al
*eformation. 5mmersion of adults after repentan/e and /onfession of faith. 4ible only authority. Separation of /hur/h and state. (//used their enemies (the magisterial *eformation% <uite rightly of being Constantinians8(ugustinians. Taught synergism& not monergism (God and man /ooperate in sal'ation% Taught pre'enient gra/e. Mi/iously perse/uted. >wingli personally appro'ed the drowning of Beli0 +anO. 4urned at sta)e by Catholi/s& drowning by .utherans and Cal'inists. 5t is hard to e0aggerate the signifi/an/e of separation of /hur/h and state. Their ideal3 To restore 1st /entury NT Christianity. Birst theologian of the (nabaptists3 4althasar 9ubmaier. 4urned at sta)e 1#$8& his wife drowned in the -anube. 7a/ob 9utter 9utterites. Mery s/hismati/. +enno Simons R +ennonites be/ame legalisti/ and o'erly emphasiOed as/eti/ism and separation from the world. Swiss (nabaptists be/ame the (mish (nabaptists /hose to remo'e themsel'es from the world rather than to influen/e it. ;0treme pa/ifists.

6oh Ca-$i . 5GFMC5G=: Gene'a. Theologian& 4ible /ommentator and /i'il leader of a
theo/ra/y in Gene'a. +ost influential theologian of the *eformation. ,rote I stitutes o" the Christia Re-i2io . Gene'a Con'ention is a /reed whi/h influen/ed all reform /hur/hes.

9is theology )nown as Cal'inism.

+onergism

To <uote Cal'in3 God is said to ha'e ordained from eternity those whom he wills to embra/e in lo'e& and those upon whom he wills to 'ent his wrath. Total depra'ity& un/onditional ele/tion& limited atonement& irresistible gra/e& final preser'ation of the saints. (TE.5=% -ouble predestination. God has two willsI one re'ealed (1 Tim $3 !2& $ =et 3"% and one se/ret3 foreordination for eternal sal'ation or damnation. -ouble predestination. -enominations whi/h are essentially Cal'inist3 =resbyterian& -ut/h *eformed& 4aptist& =uritan (Congregationalist% (ngli/an8;pis/opalian (sort of% Charismati/s are essentially Cal'inist in their do/trine. ;'angeli/als in general are Cal'inist. =ray 7esus into your heart and on/e sa'ed8always sa'ed are step/hildren of Cal'inism.

Cou ter Re"or%atio &esiderius Eras%us 5:==C5GE= ( leading figure of the *enaissan/e. Sought to reform
rather than brea) from the *oman Chur/h. Taught Bree ,ill. ,rote ?n the Breedom of the ,ill. 1#$2 4ondage of the ,ill% (.uther replied with ?n the

,rote =raise of Bolly 1#1" in whi/h he sar/asti/ally atta/)s pilgrimages& reli/s& monasti/ism& as/eti/ism& worship of saints and superstitious +edie'al pra/ti/es in general& along with Catholi/ heirar/hy. The most influential bibli/al s/holar of his time (with the possible e0/eption of Tyndale% =rodu/ed a /riti/al Gree) New Testament 1#12. ;rasmus laid the egg that .uther hat/hed. P3 ,as ;rasmus@ 'iew superior to that of .uther and >wingli& if he had su//eeded6

Cou ci- o" Tre t (Ita-y+. 5G:GC5G=E (n attempt to reform the Catholi/ Chur/h in
response to the /riti/ism of .uther& ;rasmus and others. 1. $. . 2. #. Sought with some su//ess to eliminate many +edie'al e0/esses. Sought& with more su//ess& to ma)e many latent Catholi/ tea/hings offi/ial. Condemned .uther and other reformers as hereti/s. Confirmed the authority of e0tra!bibli/al tradition. Confirmed wor)s san/tifi/ation. Sa/rament of priesthood et/.

Other de$e-o*%e ts;

,illiam Tyndale translated Gree) and 9ebrew 4ible into ;nglish& is burned at sta)e 1# 6. 5nfluen/ed by .uther. Thomas Cranmer and (ngli/anism. 7ohn Ano0 1#1#!1#:$ S/otland 5ntrodu/ed Cal'inism to S/otland and ;ngland. Bounded the =resbyterian Chur/h. 4aptists. (;ngland%. 5ntrodu/ed belie'er@s baptism to Cal'inism. 4ible the only authority. *etained predestination and on/e sa'ed always sa'ed. =uritans (;ngland% Stressed importan/e of /hur/h autonomy. Stri/t Cal'inists. 5n ES be/ame Congregationalists (7onathan ;dwards% Pua)ers (;ngland% Charismati/. =ersonal holiness. =a/ifists. .iterally <ua)ed in worship. ( holiness8spiritualist offshoot of the *adi/al *eformation.

6aco, Ar%i ius (5G=FC5=FM+ (-ut/h% (rminianism. The =rotestant e<ui'alent of =elagianism
(more a//urately of semi!=elagianism%. .utherism and *eformed theologians 'ery soon lapsed into a fairly dry& s/holasti/& o'erly defined& dry& /old sort of intelle/tual Christianity. +u/h relian/e on (ristotlean logi/ and Thomisti/ s/holasti/ism. Spe/ifi/ally& the -ut/h *eformed Chur/h supported supralapsarianism. This do/trine is that God predestined some to hea'en and others to hell before he /reated the world and before he pro'ided for forgi'eness of sins. This is the do/trine of limited anonement. (rminius affirmed free willLthat we respond to the gra/e of GodLand reDe/ted un/onditional ele/tion. pre'enient gra/e God fore)nows& but does not predetermine. 9e died before his tea/hing was /ondemned. 9e was a//used of Catholi/ sympathy and of belie'ing in wor)s sal'ation& but he publi/ly de/lared in fa'or of sal'ation by gra/e through faith alone. ,hy6 4e/ause he denied that we are totally passi'e in our re/eption of sal'ation. They /onsidered our response a wor). They /onsidered those who /hoose to a//ept God@s sal'ation as somehow trying to earn it. (rminius3 Supralapsarianism (and by inferen/e any )ind of un/onditional ele/tion% ma)es God the author of sin. 5f so& then sin is not sin. Chur/hes whi/h a//ept the (rminian 'iew3 +ethodists& *estoration +o'ement& some )inds of baptists.

7ohn 1:1 !1:"1 and Charles 1:1:!1:88 ,esley. The holiness mo'ement. ( bran/h of the =ietist mo'ement in /ontinental ;urope& whi/h was a rea/tion against the dry& intelle/tual (and angry6% tone of reformed and .utheran /hur/hes. ( reform of (ngli/an /hur/h. +ethodists 5ntrodu/ed (dult /onfirmation They also stressed personal /ommitment and free will. The (Birst% Great (wa)ening. ?//urred in the (meri/an Colonies and ;ngland. George ,hitehead. 7onathan ;dwards. =uritan re'i'alist. Cal'inist 7ohn ,esley. (ngli/an (and later +ethodist% re'i'alist. (rminian 4oth ,esley and ,hitehead tra'eled and prea/hed in the /olonies.

The E -i2hte %e t a d the Church

5saa/ Newton and the +e/hani/al Eni'erse 168: =rin/ipia. -esCartes and *ationalism. -a'id 9ume& Moltaire and others begin to apply s)epti/ism to Christian Theology -eism3 5ntelle/tual8*ational re'ision of Christianity -eny trinity& 'irgin birth& resurre/tion of 7esus& et/. 7oseph =riestly establishes the Enitarian Chur/h. Bran)lin& ,ashington& 7efferson all deists. 7ohn .o/)e and logi/al empiri/ism.

The Sto e3Ca%*,e-- Mo$e%e t; Re"or%atio or Restoratio ?

;0/erpts3 SC +o'ement p #: p #"$ p #"2

4a/)ground3 The religious atmosphere in the early 1"th /entury on the ,estern Brontier3 1. =uritans. 4ritish -issenters. Strongly Cal'inisti/. 5ndependent /hur/h stru/ture. The Great (wa)ening3 7onathan ;dwards George ,hitefield. 1:216s& Sinners in the 9ands of an (ngry God. ( re'i'alist. (The =uritans be/ame the Congregational Chur/h% $. +ethodists. 7ohn ,esley (1:1 !1:"1% Sought to reform (ngli/anism. 9oliness8=ietism

mo'ement (rminian theology. ;mphasis on /on'ersion& personal relationship with God. .ed to the idea of adult /onfirmation. +ethodism in the /olonies3 Bran/is (sbury& first bishop of +ethodist mo'ement in the E.S. Strong hierar/hi/al stru/ture. . =resbyterians. 7ohn Ano0. (lso strongly Cal'inisti/. =resbyterian Q run by elders. Tended toward intelle/tualism. 2. 4aptists3 a blend of (nabaptist do/trine and Cal'inisti/ theology. +ainly on the frontier. #. This is the time (18$1s 1s% when the +ormons& e'angeli/als& Christian S/ien/e& (d'entists go their start in the Se/ond Great (wa)ening. The *estoration +o'ement (?r is it a reformation mo'ement6% 5nfluen/es on the mo'ement (espe/ially on Thomas and (le0ander Campbell% Bran/is 4a/on and indu/ti'e logi/3 the s/ientifi/ approa/h to the fa/ts of the 4ible. 7ohn .o/)e3 the Christian =hilosopher The S/ottish s/hool of Common Sense =hilosophy ((dam Smith& Thomas *eid& et/.% The Se/eder =resbyterians& the Sandemanians and other radi/al restorationist se/ts. The 4rethren Chur/hes with their emphasis on piety. 7ames ?@Aelly +ethodist. *eDe/ted organiOation and /reed of +ethodism. ;stablished independent /ongregations. ,e are Christians ?nly. (1:82% The Christian Conne/tion (western North Carolina& Aentu/)y% *i/e 9aggard. +ore the theologian than ?@Aelly. 5n opinions& liberty. ?ne thing 5 )now& that whene'er nonessentials are made terms of /ommunion& it will ne'er fail to ha'e a tenden/y to disunite and s/atter the /hur/h of Christ. (*ead SC+ p. 8:& 88% 4arton ,. Stone3 9ad a /risis o'er Cal'inism. *eDe/ted double predestination. -o you hold to the ,estminister Confession6 5 do& as far as 5 see it /onsistent with the word of God. (in other words& noJ%

The Cane *idge *e'i'al. 1811. Sha)ing in the Spirit. ;'angeli/al in nature. 7une $8& 1812 The .ast ,ill and Testament of the Springfield =resbytery. -enoun/ed human /reed. The 4ible only. To be Called Christian only. .o/al /hur/h go'ernment only. Breedom of /ons/ien/e& /harity on matters of opinion. Strong millenial tenden/y. The millennium is almost upon us. Christianity to be the world religion. These guys /onsidered themsel'es reformers and uniters& not restorers. Thomas Campbell. (1:6 !18#1% 4orn a =resbyterian (predestination%. 5nfluen/ed by 9aldane& se/eder =resbyterians& Sandemanians. 7oined a reformist mo'ement. +o'ed to ES 181:. 4e/ame disillusioned with the =resbyterianism. (ttempted to form an independent& non! denominational /hur/h. 181" =ublished the -e/laration and (ddress. (le0ander Campbell. 1:88!1866 Son Mery intelle/tual 7oined Thomas from S/otland 181" 4elie'ers only baptism 181$ (SC+ p. 181%

Bormed +ahoning 4aptist (sso/iation. but ne'er /alled themsel'es 4aptists. Called themsel'es Christians. Campbell8,al)er -ebate 18$1 The Christian 4aptist 18$ The +illennial 9arbinger 18 1 +ahoning 4aptist (sso/iation dissol'ed 18 1 4ethany College 1821 18$1@s an independent mo'ement in ?hio& =ennsyl'ania ,alter S/ott a 'ery influential prea/her. -id more to /reate the mo'ement& perhaps& than (le0ander Campbell. ( mu/h more effe/ti'e prea/her. Birst e'angelist in the mo'ement

*estored the gospel in 18$: The fi'e step plan of sal'ation S/otts3 faith& repentan/e& baptism& remission of sins& 9oly Spirit CoC today3 hear& belie'e& repent& /onfess& be baptiOed The /rowning e'ent of the early years of the mo'ement3 18$2 Stone and Campbell met for the first time 18 1 -e/ided to form a unified mo'ement =roblems3 1. Christian (Stonites% or -is/iple (Campbellites% $. ;motional 's intelle/tual mo'ements (prea/hers 's tea/hers% . Tea/hing on baptism 2. ?rdination of ministers #. -o/trine of the 9oly Spirit 9ermeneuti/s3 (le0ander Campbell relied on Bran/is 4a/on and 5saa/ Newton. 4elie'ed we /ould use the s/ientifi/ method to study the 4ible. Mery solid hermeneuti/s& but sought the fa/ts of the 4ible. Command& ;0ample and Ne/essary -emonstrations. ,here the 4ible spea)s& we spea)& where the 4ible is silent& we are silent ,ea) on prin/iples. Tended toward legalism. The turning point3 ,ere they a unity mo'ement (a reformation% or a restoration mo'ement6

Stone and Campbell fa'ored reformation (e0ampleI the Christadelphians% ,alter S/ott& 4enDamin Bran)lin& Tolbert Banning& -a'id .ips/omb and others mo'ed toward restoration. Sought the perfe/t pattern. -ominant influen/es in the mo'ement3 The Colleges (4ethany College& -a'id .ips/omb College& 9arding& (CE& et/.% The =eriodi/als (editor8bishops% (The +illennial 9arbinger& The (meri/an Christian *e'iew& The Gospel (d'o/ate& Birm Boundation& et/.%

These were for/es for unity and for di'ision Causes of disunity3 ;'angelism and inter!/hur/h organiOation (the +issionary So/iety% (are para!/hur/h organiOations ?A6% (p $#2 SC+o'ement% The Ci'il ,ar3 pa/ifism& sla'ery& et/. (The +issionary So/iety supported the North% The instrument. +oses .ard3 No prea/her should enter a /hur/h where an organ stands. -aniel Sommer and -a'id .ips/omb. Bathers of the CoC. Two fathers with a 'ery different nature. 1"16 ES Census a/)nowledged two separate groups3 The Chur/h of Christ and the Christian Chur/h8-is/iples of Christ. Northern /hur/hes allowed for organiOation& more liberal. 4e/ame the Christian Chur/h and the -is/iples of Christ Southern /hur/hes fier/ely independent& be/ame Chur/h of Christ SC +o'ement3 p #: &#:2 No sense of history ('ery different from CampbellJJ% Chur/h go'ernment based on elders and ministers or e'angelists -a'id .ips/omb (18 1!1"1:% Bounder of .ips/omb Eni'ersity Bather of the Chur/h of Christ ;ditor of the Gospel (d'o/ate 1866!1"1:

Mery strong dependen/e on the 4ible. -o/trinally oriented. ,at/h your life and your do/ trine. 4e/ame legalisti/ally oriented. Split o'er 'ery minor issues (one /up& instruments in /hur/hes& et/% No issue too small to di'ide o'er. (s/ientifi/ hermeneuti/s and restorationist philosophy% -aniel Sommer ,at/hdog for the brotherhood. -aniel Sommer was a militant who left a lega/y of legalisti/ wrangling and di'ided /ongregations. Bollowing his lengthy sermon& during whi/h he blasted the HliberalsH for their

many Hsins&H a prepared do/ument was read to the assembled /rowd by elder =eter ,arren. This powerful do/ument& whose /hief author was Sommer himself& is )nown as the (ddress and -e/laration. 5t is an ob'ious play on the H-e/laration and (ddressH whi/h was authored and published in 181" by Thomas Campbell and was a platform& /ontained in thirteen propositions& for unity among all belie'ers. SommerSs HSand Cree) +anifesto&H howe'er& was Dust the opposite. 5t was a /all for d i'ision. .arry +iles& in his study of SommerSs life& noted that this day Hwill go down in our history as a day when the lines of demar/ation were drawn.H -r. .eroy Garrett seems to agree !! HThe date was Sunday& (ugust 18& 188"& and while it is ris)y to attempt to pinpoint the origin of any /hur/h& this would be a suitable date for the beginning of the Chur/hes of ChristH (The Stone!Campbell +o'ement& p. "$%. Sommer was determined to lead the faithful away from the larger body of -is/iples of Christ& and he /ame to refer to those loyal to his own plea as the HChur/ h of Christ&H whereas all others were the HSo!/alled Christian Chur/h.H 9e was /ondemned for this in the Christian Standard !! H-aniel Sommer is trying to get /ontrol of some of our /ongregations& and form a distin/t religious body. 9e would thus start a new se/t. 5ts bond and union would be its opposition to /ertain methods of Christian wor) done by us.H Thus& SommerSs followers /ame to be referred to as Hanti brethren&H sin/e they were opposed to so many things. Sommer also fre<uently insisted that his people were the Honly Chur/h of Christ in town.H ,ith e0tremism always /omes e0/lusi'ism. The matter effe/ti'ely was brought to a head by one statement in parti/ular on this o//asion. Sommer de/lared& H5n /losing up this address and de/laration& we state that we are impelled from a sense of duty to say& that all su/h inno'ations and /orruptions to whi/h we ha'e referred& that after being admonished& and ha'ing had suffi/ient time for refle/tion& if they do not turn away from su/h abominations& that we /an not and will not regard them as brethren.H The words had been utteredJ HBor the first time in its history a substantial segment of the Stone!Campbell +o'ement made a test of fellowship and a bond of union o'er issues that had generally been /onsidered matters of opinionH (-r. .eroy Garrett& The Stone!Campbell +o'ement& p. "$%. -aniel Sommer was de'oted to di'ision& and on +ay $2& 18"$& wrote in his ?/tog raphi/ *e'iew& HThe Sand Cree) -e/laration is being adopted& and those who will not do right are purged out as old lea'en. 5n /ourse of a few years the Chur/h of Christ will be entirely separated from the Christian Chur/h. Then there will be no more fellowship between them as there now is between the Chur/h of Ch rist and any other bran/h of se/tarianism. 9alleluDah.H 5n other words& =raise God for this di'ision of 9is peopleJJ $1th Century /ontro'ersies3 ?ne /up& Sunday S/hool& 6anti6 /hur/hes =remillennialism Bor the Christian Chur/h8-is/iples of ChristI The ;/umeni/al +o'ement. ?pen +embership.

EC+S (Enited Christian +issionary So/iety% 's. N(CC (North (meri/an Christian Con'ention% Two denominations by about 1"#1 Chur/h of Christ3 Conser'ati'e Christian Chur/h3 +oderate -is/iples of Christ3 .iberal .essons to be learned3 Enity is e0tremely diffi/ult to maintain without strong hierar/hi/al stru/ture. Separating essential matters from the non!essential is harder than we thin). ( mo'ement without a strong hierar/hi/al stru/ture needs instruments to maintain unity. Careful thin)ing about theology& /hur/h stru/ture and history are re<uired for long term growth and unity. 5t is e0tremely diffi/ult to a'oid o'errea/ting to groups with whom we disagree. The Restoratio Mo$e%e t. Our Mo$e%e t. 1"6" Chu/) .u/as /ampus +inister at Crossroads Chur/h of Christ in Gaines'ille Bla. Soul tal)s& Strong emphasis on /ommitment& purity in dating& e'angelism. Con'erted Aip +/Aean& Tom 4rown& Sam .aing& et/C. 4y late 1":1@s sent out doOens of /ampus ministers a/ross Chur/hes of Christ in ES. 4e/ame )nown as the Crossroads +o'ement. =erse/uted be/ause s/hismati/. ,ould not fellowship other /ampus groups. =roblem3 ;0isting Chur/hes of Christ almost ine'itably split o'er /ommitment8dis/ipleship. Aip +/Aean -is/iple!only /hur/hes.4oston& 1":". ,here the 4ible spea)s& we are silent& where the 4ible is silent we spea). Bar less legalisti/ than CoC *e/onstru/t Crossroads ministries. *ebaptise CoC@ers ;0tremely s/hismati/. Great world 'ision. 9ighly authoritarian leadership style. Chur/h of Christ3 /on'erted people to baptism 5C?C3 /on'erted people to dis/ipleship. .(maOing world!wide growth and impa/t. =roblems with leadership style and most espe/ially with highly /entraliOed& auto/rati/ leadership style. Let us restore rather tha re"or%BBB

Su/h strong emphasis on the basi/s& failed to en/ourage deep bibli/al study by e'ery member (li)e the Chur/h of Christ% =roposal3 Con'ert people to 7esus Christ (without losing emphasis on .ordship or tea/hing on how to be sa'ed% =roposal3 .et us /ontinue to be a world!wide mo'ement& but finan/ial and otherwise /ommitment is a lo/al de/ision by a leadership based on elders and e'angelists. Moluntary para!/hur/h asso/iations. +o'e from a group 'ision to mi0ture of group and indi'idual sense of mission. +o'e away from s/hismati/ attitude. (ttitude of reformation 's restoration.