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Operational A mplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits

Create Create Print C hapter 1. Operational AmplifiersBasics > SOLVED EXAMPLES Bookmark Note or 1.23. SOLVED EXAMPLES Tag
Example 1.1: Example 1.1

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Table of C ontents Index C opyright Dedication FOREWORD PREFAC E AC KNOWLEDGEMENTS C h. 1. Operational Amplifiers Basics 1.1. INTRODUC TION 1.2. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 1.3. C LASSIFIC ATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 1.4. SYMBOL 1.5. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER PARAMETERS 1.6. FREQUENC Y ROLL OFF 1.7. OPERATIONALAMPLIFIER IN OPEN LOOP C ONFIGURATION 1.8. OPERATIONALAMPLIFIER GOING TO SATURATION 1.9. VIRTUAL GROUND 1.10. OP-AMPA DIREC T C OUPLED HIGH GAIN AMPLIFIER 1.11. INVERTING AMPLIFIER 1.12. BASIC LINEAR C IRC UITS USING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 1.13. IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AS A SUBTRAC TOR 1.14. IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AS AN INTEGRATOR 1.15. IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AS A DIFFERENTIATOR 1.16. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER DESIGN TEC HNIQUES 1.17. MEASUREMENT OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER PARAMETERS 1.18. MEASUREMENT OF POWER SUPPLY REJEC TION RATIO (PSRR) 1.19. MEASUREMENT OF SLEW RATE 1.20. MEASUREMENT OF OPEN LOOP GAIN 1.21. FREQUENC Y RESPONSE 1.22. Summary

For an op-amp integrator with R = 100 M and C = 1 F, an input of 2 sin 1000 t is applied. Determine the value of v0.

Figure 1.42. Circuit for Ex. 1.1

1.23. SOLVED EXAMPLES 1.24. ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS 1.25. OBJEC TIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS 1.26. PROBLEMS 1.27. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 1.28. ASSIGNMENT 1.29. UNSOLVED PROBLEMS C h. 2. Op-amp Applications C h. 3. Active Filters and Oscillators C h. 4. Timer and Phase Locked Loop IC s C h. 5. Digital to Analog C onverters (DAC s) and Analog to Digital C onverters (ADC s) C h. 6. Voltage Regulators Appx. A. Appendix A Appx. B. Appendix B Appx. C . Appendix C Appx. D. Appendix D Bibliography Index

Example 1.2: Example 1.2

For an op-amp differentiator with R = 1 k and C = 0.01 F, a square wave input of 200 Hz is applied. Sketch the output waveform giving reasons. Figure 1.43. Waveforms for Ex. 1.2 Differentiator Circuit, the +ve and ve slopes of Square Wave are Given as Output Waveform

The reason is T = RC << T . So near ideal differentiation is done. The slope of the square wave (output of differentiation) is for vertical line and zero for horizontal zone. Differentiation means the slope of the line. For a perfect vertical line, the slope is . For a perfect horizontal line, the slope is O. Therefore, if a square wave input is given to ideal differentitor circuit, the output waveform is as shown in Fig. for V0 Vst, a series of spikes.

Example 1.3: Example 1.3

(a) Give the specifications and typical values of op-amp 741. Minimum Typical Input bias current Input offset current Input offset voltage Input requistance Open loop voltage gain Common-mode rejection ratio Slew rate Unity gain bandwidth Occupy voltage rejection ratio PSRR 15 V/V 200 nA 30 nA 1 mV 1 MV 100,000 100 db 0.7 V/ sec. 1 MHz 90 db 15 /V Maximum

(b) Give the pin configuration of 741 IC How do you identify the pins of the IC? Figure 1.44. Pin Configuration of IC741

Example 1.4: Example 1.4

Explain different IC packages. The IC packages are 1. Ceramic flint packages 2. TO-5 package (with straight leads) 3. TO-5 package (with dual-on-line format) 4. DIP (dual-in-line) package The tab in the IC package indicates pin 8. The other pins, starting from 1, are counted in an anticlockwise direction for the TO-5 package. The dot on the notch side indicates pin 1 in a DIP package. The first pin on the ridge side is pin 1 in some packages. The package types are indicated by the code I: Mini Dip P: Plastic Dip F: Flat Pack

Example 1.5: Example 1.5

(a) A triangular wave form of (5x + 3) with a peak to peak value of 2 V is applied to the inverting terminal of an op-amp in open loop configuration. Sketch the input and output wave format to the same time scale. Figure 1.45. Waveforms for Ex. 1.6

(b) An output v0 = vi2 is to be realised using op-amps where v1 is an electrical signal. Give the schematic . Figure 1.46. Realisation of Expression V0 = Vi2

Example 1.6: Example 1.6

An op-amp has R1 and L1 in series on the input side, connected to the inverting terminal and R2, C2 connected in parallel in the feedback path. The non-inverting terminal is grounded. Derive the transfer function. Figure 1.47. Circuit for Ex. 1.6

For the circuit shown in Fig. 1.48, obtain the expression for e0.

Example 1.7: Example 1.7

For the Fig. 1.48, obtain the expression for e0 The input impedance of an op-amp is very high. Therefore, the currents into the op-amp are negligible. Hence I1 = I2 and V1 = V2 Applying Kirchhoff's law of currents at points 1 and 2

Figure 1.48. Circuit for Ex. 1.7

Example 1.8: Example 1.8

For the circuit shown in Fig. 1.49, show that current through R2 is

independent of R2 and is equal to

Applying Kirchhoff's law of currents at point 1

The current through the resistor R2

The negative sign indicates that the direction of current is opposite to what was assumed. current through resistor

Figure 1.49. Circuit for Ex. 1.8

Example 1.9: Example 1.9

For the circuit shown in Fig. 1.50, obtain the expression for current through R4. Find the current through R4. Assume R2 >> R3. Figure 1.50. Circuit for Ex. 1.9

We know that I1 = I2 Since op-amp does not draw any current.

e0 is the drop across R2. Non-inverting terminal is at virtual ground point.

Assuming R2 >> R2

The current through

Example 1.10: Example 1.10

Show that V0 = 2(V1 V2). Figure 1.51. Circuit for Ex. 1.10

The circuit can be drawn as given below. Figure 1.52. Redrawn Circuit for Ex. 1.10

Example 1.11: Example 1.11

Write a short note on frequency compensation techniques used in op-amps. The essential idea of compensation is to reshape the magnitude and phase plots of A so that |A| < 1 when the angle of A is 180. There are three general methods of accomplishing this goal. (i) Dominant pole or lag compensation This method exerts an extra pole into the transfer function at a later frequency than the existing poles. Such a circuit introduced a phone log into the amp. The loop gain drops 0 dB with the slope of 6 dB/octave at a frequency where the poles of Av contribute negligible phase shift. The only disadvantage is it wastes the workable bandwidth.

(ii) Lead compensation The amplifier or the feedback network is modified so as to add a zero to the transfer function, thereby increasing the phase. Figure 1.53. Frequency Compensation Circuit

Figure 1.54. Frequency Compensation Circuit

(iii) Pole-zero or lead-lead compensation This technique adds both a pole (a lag) and zero (lead) to the transfer gain. The zero is to cancel the lowest pole. The transfer function of the phase network is found to be

f 1 is lower cuf-off frequency and f 2 is upper cut-off frequency Compensation of three techniques. Figure 1.55. Frequency Response

Example 1.12: Example 1.12

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ICs. List typical specifications of an IC op-amp. All the components in each integrated circuit are fabricated on the same chip. IC's have become a vital part of modern electronics circuit design. They are used in the computer industry, automobile industry, home appliances,

communications, and central systems where they permit minimisation and superior performance not possible with discrete components. They provide long, trouble-free service and are economical. Digital ICs are used to form circuits as gates, counters, multipliers, shift registers, and so on. Linear ICs are equivalent to discrete transistor networks. They are used for amplifier filters, modulations, integrators, timers, and other special purposes. ICs are (a) small in size, (b) are low in cost, (c) have a low offset voltage, (d) low offset current (e) high reliability, and (f) good temperature tracking. Disadvantages (a) Fabrication of Inductor with large value of quality factor Q in ICs has not been sucessfull. Building of inductor with reasonable value and by IC has not been successful. (b) Integrated resistor and capacitor have limited moderate values and are available with wide tolerance. (c) Circuit adjustments are difficult. Typical specifications of an IC amplifier are as follows.

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