11 /07/2013

Intracellular Enzyme Enzymes formed and retained in the cell & occurs in cytoplasm, organelles or nucleus

Extracellular Enzyme Produced in the cell, the packed and secreted from the cell. Catalyses their reactions outside the cell Example : amylase & lipase

Characteristics of enzymes Speeds up the rate of biochemical reactions Not destroyed by the reaction which they catalyse Effective in small amount Denatured by high temperature Extremely specific Inhibited by inhibitors ( cyanide, lead and mercury )

Mechanism Enzyme Action Definition Of Enzyme : Organic ( Protein ) catalyst which increases rate of biochemical reactions in cell. : Tertiary Structure of protein : Has specific conformation / shape which is maintained by bonds ( hydrogen, ionic, disulphate ) : Groove on enzyme active site specific shape, charges : Substrate complimentary shape and charge with active site : Substrate binds to active site complementarily and forms a enzyme-substrate complex. : Follows lock and key hypothesis Note : Enzyme only catalyse reaction involving substrate complementary to active site because enzyme action is specific. Each lock can only be opened by a specific key. : Substrate reach with enzyme and form a enzyme-product complex : Product detach from active site of enzyme. Enzyme which is not altered or destroyed is released. The enzyme can be reused. : Since enzyme can be reused only small quantity is needed in cell.

11 /07/2013 : Specific conformation of enzyme can be altered by temperature and pH changes which prevents formation enzyme-substrate complex : Enzyme is sensitive to temperature and pH changes.

Rate of enzyme activity

Temperature 1. Low temperature rate of collision enzyme and substrate to form enzyme-substrate is low rate of reaction low 2. Every 10 C increase-rate doubles until optimal temperature 3. At optimal temperature highest rate of reaction 4. Temperature higher than optimal Hydrogen and ionic bonds break enzyme denature rate of reaction decrease 5. At 60 degree celcius all enzyme denature reaction stop pH 1. Each type enzyme has unique optimal ph range Pepsin pH 1.5 2.5 Amylase pH 6 8 Trypsin pH 7 9 2. At optimal pH range charges active site substrate which is complementary facilitate formation of enzyme substrate complex and the rate of reaction is the highest. 3. Deviation from optimal pH range break hydrogen, ionic bond and enzyme denature prevent formation of enzyme substrate and rate of reaction decreases.

Rate of reaction

11 /07/2013 Leaf Structure and function Most plants exhibit the leaf mosaic arrangement where they overlap each other as little as possible. This enable it to receive as much light as possible. Lead consists of lamina ( flattened shape offers a large surface area to trap sunlight ) attached to the stem by a petiole ( hold the leaf in the best position to receive the maximum amount of sunlight. LEAF STRUCTURE

1. Waxy Cuticle - Forms a waterproof layer to stop any loss of water. 2. Upper Epidermis Consisting of epidermal cells. These have no chloroplasts. Supports and protects cells underlying

3. Palisade cells These contain lots of chloroplasts, which contain lot of chlorophyll. This is where photosynthesis is carried out. Cells are closely packed

4. Spongy Mesophyll Layer Carries out photosynthesis Allow diffusion of C02 and O2 between the leaf and environment Contains less cholorophyll Cells are loosely arranged and irregular shape

11 /07/2013 5. Air Spaces - allow for diffusion of water vapour etc... 6. Guard Cells These form stomata (pores) which allow for the diffusion of gases in and out of the plant ( regulates size of stoma

7. Leaf Vein Containing xylem and phloem tubes Form a network for support and transport of water and food STOMA A pair of guard cell regulates the size of stomata Guard Cell Turgid : Stoma Opens Guard Cell Flaccid : Stoma Closes Mechanism Of Stoma Opening In presence of light specific receptors on guard cells opens potassium channels on plasma membrane of guard cells. Potassium ions diffuses into guard cells Osmotic pressure of guard cells are increased net diffusion of water molecules into guard cells occur through osmosis. Guard Cell becomes turgid thicker inner cell wall curves inwards stoma opens.