Rock Engineering and Technology for Sustainable Underground Construction Eurock 2012 the 2012 ISRM International Symposium,

, 28-30 May 2012, Stockholm, Sweden. BeFo and ISRM, 2012

A modified Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion for intact granites exposed to high temperature
H. Tian & M. Ziegler Department of Geotechnical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany T. Kempka Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany N. -X. Xu Department of Civil Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China

Abstract: Rocks often experience high temperatures (several hundred degrees Celsius) due to underground operations, such as deep geological disposal of nuclear waste, geothermal heat extraction, CO2 geological storage and underground coal gasification as well as deep mining. Laboratory studies have shown that mechanical properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, etc. of rocks such as granite, marble and sandstone are temperature and temperaturehistory dependent. Therefore, the conventional failure criteria may not be suitable enough under high temperature conditions. In the present study, a thermo-mechanical modified Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is proposed based on the extensive review and interpretation of mechanical properties of granites exposed to high temperatures. The deduced criterion takes into consideration the effects of thermal damage and confining conditions. The numerical study indicates that the proposed criterion provides a higher quality depicting rock strength under high temperatures compared with the conventional Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Moreover, according to analyses of the behavior of other rock materials exposed to high temperatures, this criterion is also suitable for other rocks. Theme: Material Models. Keywords: high-temperature rocks, failure criterion, thermal-mechanical modified Mohr-Coulomb model, granite.

INTRODUCTION

Rock-mechanical engineering in high temperature environments is of universal interests and a challenge to scientists and engineers of different disciplines. Rock mass may undergo high temperatures (several hundred degrees Celsius) in modern projects, such as deep underground nuclear waste disposal (Bergman 1980, Rutqvist et al. 2008), geothermal heat extraction (Zhao 2000, Zhao 2002), geological CO2 storage (Roddy & Younger 2010) and underground coal gasification (Burton et al. 2007, Khnel et al. 1993), as well as deep mining (Zhou et al. 2005, He 2009). Under the action of high temperature, the micro-structures of rocks change significantly (Dwivedi et al. 2008), new micro-cracks are developed, and pre-existing ones are extended/widened (Den'gina et al. 1994). Meanwhile, various physical and mineralogical changes take place within these rocks. From a macroscopic point of view, strength and deformation characteristics of rocks exposed to high temperature are quite different from those at room temperature. Therefore, corresponding hightemperature rock properties are key factors for successful implementation of different rock engineering activities. In the last few decades, special attention has been paid to mechanical, physical and thermal properties of crystalline rocks such as granite (e.g. Dwivedi et al. 2008, Heuze 1983) and marble (e.g. Ferrero & Marini 2001, Zhang et al. 2008), and sedimentary rocks such as sandstone (e.g. Qin et al. 2009, Wu et al. 2005) and limestone (e.g. Zhang et al. 2006) during and after exposure to high temperatures. The experimental research indicates: in general, rock mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, compressive and tensile strength, cohesive strength and friction angle decrease with increasing temperatures. Especially, from 500 C to 600 C onwards, the mechanical indexes may be less than 50% of those at room temperature. Therefore, a thermo-mechanical (TM) failure criterion is needed to depict the mechanical phenomena of rocks. In this paper, according to the latest published data, especially from Chinese publications not considered in the English-speaking scientific community so far, the review of the high-temperature mechanical properties of granites is updated firstly. It was established that slow cooling of a preheated rock in the air does not significantly affect its strength decrease acquired during the heating process (Dmitriyev et al. 1969). Thus, all the data reviewed here were obtained either under high temperature or after slow cooling down conditions. Furthermore, as the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is the most commonly used in practice, we propose a TM modified failure criterion, based on the Mohr-Coulomb with the tension cut-off criterion. At last, after the discussion of the mechanical behavior of other rocks exposed to high temperature, this criterion is also suitable for other rocks.
2 THERMO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRANITES

Heuze (1983) and Dwivedi et al. (2008) have given extensive reviews of mechanical, physical and thermal properties of granites exposed to high temperatures (below the melting point). In this section, the review is updated with new data collected from literature, especially from Chinese publications not considered in the English-speaking scientific community so far, covering elastic modulus, compressive strength, cohesion and friction angle, tensile strength as well as Poissons ratio. A normalized value is defined as the ratio of the value at a testing temperature to the value at room temperature. The granites reviewed along with their abbreviated names and references are listed in Table 1.

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Table 1.

The reviewed granites Abbreviated names BG CcG CG FG HG IG JG JyG LG MnG RG SbG SnG StG SxG WG_0 WG_1 WG_2 WG_3 WG_4 WbG YG References McLaren & Titchel (1981), Dwivedi et al. (2008) Bauer & Johnson (1979) Xu et al. (2011) Xu (2003) Qiu & Lin (2006) Dwivedi et al. (2008) Inada et al. (1997) Jiang et al. (2000) Xi & Zhao (2010) Shimada & Liu (2000) Homand-Etienne & Houpert (1989) Heuze (1983) Homand-Etienne & Houpert (1989) Swan (1978) Wang et al. (1989) Bauer & Johnson (1979) Wong (1982) Tullis & Yund (1977) Friedman et al. (1987) Bergman (1980), Dwivedi et al. (2008) Clark (1966) Zhu et al. (2006)

Granites British granites Charcoal granites Chinese granites fine-grained granites Henan granites Indian granites Japanese granites Juyongguan granites Luhui granites Man-nari granites Remiremont granites Salisbury granites Senones granites Stripa granites Suixian granites Westerly granites Westerly granites Westerly granites Westerly granites Westerly granites Woodbury granites Yunnan granites

2.1

Elastic modulus

Elastic modulus is temperature and pressure dependent. The variations of normalized elastic modulus (E/E0) with increasing temperature, irrespective of pressure, are plotted in Figure 1. At the atmospheric pressure and temperature up to 200 C, granites show a mixed tendency with temperature, but from that onwards, E/E0 decreases with increasing temperature for the granites reviewed (Fig. 1). Under confining pressure conditions, the E/E0-values almost decrease with increasing temperature (Dwivedi et al. 2008).

Figure 1.

Normalized elastic modulus vs. temperature under atmospheric pressure.

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2.2

Compressive strength

In general, the compressive strength of rocks is also temperature and pressure dependent. Figure 2 shows the values of normalized unconfined compressive strength (c/c0) as a function of temperature. Different trends are observed up to 200 C for the granites reviewed, whereas a decrease trend is observed from that onwards. Values of normalized ultimate compressive strength from tri-axial compressive tests under different confining pressure conditions are plotted in Figure 3. A general decrease trend with increasing temperature is observed, although mixed trends of MnG and JyG appeared in the temperature range of 200 C 400 C.

Figure 2.

Normalized unconfined compressive strength vs. temperature.

Figure 3. Normalized ultimate compressive strength vs. temperature under different confining pressures (in brackets).

2.3

Cohesive strength and angle of internal friction

Normalized cohesive strength (C/C0) and normalized friction angle (/0) are plotted in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. The C/C0-values decrease with increasing temperature except for an increase observed for WG_1 at 150 C compared with that at room temperature. /0 always decreases with increasing temperature for the granites reviewed.

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Figure 4.

Normalized cohesive strength vs. temperature.

Figure 5.

Normalized internal friction angle vs. temperature.

2.4

Tensile strength

Figure 6 plots the normalized tensile strength (t/t0) as a function of temperature. The values of t/t0 decrease with increasing temperature for the granites reviewed, except for SnG where an increasing trend occurs at temperatures between 400 C and 500 C. A faster decrease trend is observed in the temperature range of 400 600 C. Beyond the temperature range, the rate becomes slow.

Figure 6.

Normalized tensile strength vs. temperature (after Dwivedi et al. 2008).

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2.5

Poissons ratio

As shown in Figure 7, different trends of values of normalized Poissons ratio () for the granites reviewed are observed under different confining pressure and temperatures up to 200 C. However, the variation is very low in the range of 5%. From 200 C onwards, a decreasing trend is observed for HG. Therefore, more tests are needed to conclude the relation between normalized Poissons ratio and high temperature (> 800 C).

Figure 7. Normalized ultimate compressive strength vs. temperature (the values in brackets are confining pressures).

TM MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION

Ohnaka (1995) proposed an empirical shear failure strength law of Westerly granites in the brittle to brittle-plastic transition regimes, which is especially suitable for predicting the shear failure strength under high pressure (a few hundred MPa) and temperature (below the melting point). Hueckel et al. (1994) presented a framework of constitutive modeling of thermo-brittle-plastic behavior of granites and marbles using at least ten constants. To better depict granite strength under common engineering pressure range (below 100 MPa) and high temperature conditions, we propose a new TM failure criterion based on the Mohr-coulomb criterion with a tension cut-off.
3.1 General

The TM criterion suggested in this paper is for isotropic rocks and does not take into account the effect of intermediate principal stress. It is known that the Mohr-Coulomb model predicts a tensile strength larger than the one observed in experiments (e.g. Ottosen & Ristinmaa (2005)). This discrepancy can be mended to some extent by the introduction of a tension cut-off criterion. Thus, TM tension cut-off criterion is proposed here to reflect the high-temperature tensile strength behavior. The general form of the TM modified Mohr-Coulomb linear criterion can be expressed as follows:

1 3 = 2cT cos T + ( 1 + 3 ) sin T , and

(1) (2)

1 tT = 0 ,
where 1 and 3 are the principal stresses; cT , T and tT are temperature-dependent cohesive strength, friction angle and tensile strength, respectively, obtained from

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interpretation of high temperature tri-axial compression/extension and the Brazilian tests. In this paper compression is considered to be positive. In Figure 8, the criterion functions (1) and (2) at three temperature levels (T1, T2 and T3) are plotted in (1 - 3) vs. (1 + 3) space. Apparently, the criterion contains the influence of high temperature on the tensile and compressive strength; it can therefore better describe the strength of granites at high temperatures.

Figure 8.

TM modified Mohr-Coulomb model.

3.2

Relation with triaxial experiments

Theoretically, to obtain the parameters cT , T and tT in the proposed criterion, a series of high-temperature tri-axial compression/extension and/or tensile strength tests (e.g. the Brazilian test), should be carried out. However, as depicted in Section 2, the three parameters usually decrease with increasing temperature in a simplified linear or bilinear way (Fig. 9). For a bilinear relation, the transition temperature is usually in the range of 500 C 600 C.

Figure 9. Simplified relations between the parameters in the criterion with temperature (R.T. is short for room temperature).

3.3

Case study

A TM finite element calculation was performed for a circular underground opening excavated at a depth of 2000 m in a hydrostatic stress state (40MPa) on a granite

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material with the density of 2.7 g/cm3. The constitutive relation is thermo-elastic perfectly plasticity with = 0.35, linear thermal expansion coefficient = 10-5/C and temperature-dependent elastic modulus ET where ER.T. = 50 GPa. Two failure criteria are employed. The first is the Mohr-Coulomb (MC) criterion with c = 40 MPa, = 40 and t = 8 MPa. The second is the proposed TM modified Mohr-Coulomb (TM-MC) criterion, whereas its corresponding parameters at room temperature are equal to those used in the MC criterion. The relations of temperature-dependent parameters with temperature used in the study are based on the average values in Section 2 and plotted in Figure 10a. A quarter symmetry model with r = 1 as well as its displacement, pressure and temperature boundary conditions are shown in Figure 10b. 8-node quadrangle elements are used. The temperature field is calculated by transient heat transfer. a) b)

E /E c /c
T

R.T.

R.T.

T/R.T.
.. /

Figure 10. a) Simplified relations between the parameters with temperature, b) geometry and boundary conditions of the computational model.

Figure 11 plots the relations between normalized stresses with the distance ratio R/r where R is the distance from the center of the opening (Fig. 10b) to a point at the positive horizontal direction of A, and the corresponding temperature distribution. Since the TM-MC criterion considers the rock strength exposed to high temperature, the results of the TM-MC are more reliable than the MC. It is seen that the maximum radial stress (r) and tangential stress () of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion are larger than those of the TM-MC criterion and the difference of in the two scenarios is larger than that of r (as shown in the circled part of Fig. 11); the yield zone of the MC is smaller than the TM-MC. Due to thermal expansion, the stress distributions in both scenarios are different from those of pure mechanical calculation. Thus, we suggest the TM failure criterion should be considered when rocks are exposed to high temperature.

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r/v

/v

Figure 11. Stresses and temperature distributions along the positive horizontal direction from A.

DISCUSSION

4.1 Limitations

The following assumptions have been made in the proposed TM-MC criterion: A rock is an isotropic material, The temperature of this criterion is in the range of room temperature to high temperature which is less than the rock melting point, The confining pressure corresponds to common engineering pressures, The linear Mohr-Coulomb with the tension cut-off is assumed to fit the strength behavior of granites at each temperature level, The effect of the intermediate principal stress is neglected.
4.2 Suitability for other rocks

It is accepted that deformation and strength of rocks exposed to high temperatures are different from those at normal temperature, and generally, a decreasing trend with increasing temperature is observed in experiments. Various experiments on different rock materials conducted at different high-temperature levels show that the MohrCoulomb criterion fits the data obtained from uni-axial and conventional tri-axial tests. In addition, under the conditions of high temperature (below the rock melting point) and common engineering pressures, the failure mechanism of rocks is unchanged compared to that at normal conditions (Chen 2005, Li 2008). Therefore, it is experimentally and theoretically reasonable that the TM modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion we proposed utilizes temperature-dependent cohesion, friction angle and tensile strength to describe the effects of high temperature on strength. Thus, even though the criterion is created based on the review of the high-temperature mechanical properties of granites, it is also suitable for other rocks.
5 CONCLUSIONS

A TM modified Mohr-Coulomb (TM-MC) failure criterion is proposed on basis of extensive review and analysis of the mechanical parameters of granites exposed to

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high temperatures (below the melting point) and common engineering confining pressures. To take account of the effects of high temperature on rock strength, the proposed criterion contains three temperature-dependent parameters, cT , T and tT . The numerical study shows the yield zone of an underground opening exposed to high temperature calculated by the TM-MC criterion is larger than that determined by the MC. Thus, under high temperature conditions, a TM failure criterion should be involved to depict temperature-dependent rock strength. Moreover, the proposed criterion is also suitable for other rocks.
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The first author appreciates the funding provided by the China Scholarship Council (CSC).
7 REFERENCES

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