INTRODUCTION First of all, I would like to emphasize here on the respective topic which had been given to me for

a talk session, Communicating effectively in spoken English in selected social contexts were my talk about for this precious day !owadays, if you are in the global business world, then you know how important it is that you can communicate smoothly and efficiently with many different people from different cultures and countries around the world "his can be very difficult since there are so many customs and languages that people speak "he good news is that English is a universal language If you want to do business everywhere from #all $treet to China, you will need to make sure that your spoken English skills are up to par %any people can speak enough to get around, make friends, and even do some business &ut when it comes to doing business at the big level where there is a lot of money at stake, you cannot take any risks 'ou need to make sure that your speaking skills are flawless "his is why it was so important to concentrate on spoken English language studies In the old days, spoken English language studies were done in either a classroom or at home through books and tapes "he problem with the classroom is that it was expensive and not necessarily convenient If you are at work all day and you have a family to take care of or (ust want some time to yourself, you cannot expect to spend your evenings going to classes "he problem with books and tapes is that you cannot get the one on one help you deserve 'ou can only learn enough English through books and tapes or try to be a tourist and make casual conversation with people around &y knowing and read through on the basic principles of effective speaking and listening skills more or less we could able to learn on how to get a )uality in sharpening our speaking and listening skills, whereby the principles are*

+lways listen when someone is talking %ake sure that it is a two way process +ffirm and knowledge results

"hose , principals were not always come with a better outcome whereby it-s always frustrating when the person whom you are talking to is not listening to you &efore even you finish your sentence, he cut you off + lot of misunderstanding and misinterpretation might be caused by not

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listening to other party "hen, communication should be always assured in a two way process "ry to make it safe for other to express his views Effective communication means ideas are exchanging freely !ext, effectively communication is always about the results that you get "his perhaps the most important thing in any types of communication, it means the person that you are communicating to totally understand to your point +nd you also understand his point "herefore, to ensure your communication is effective, you must always confirm understanding "hese are , basic principles for an effective communication, its sound simple in practice but it might be the hardest thing to follow, and has to be constantly worked at ORAL COMMUNICATION .ral communication can be define as theoretically in the process of people using verbal and non/verbal messages to generate meanings within and across various contexts, cultures, channels and media It encompasses various sets of skills including the ability to speak coherently and persuasively, understanding of communication theory and processes, knowledge of verbal and non/verbal cues, audience analysis, listening skills as well as communication ethics 0ere, I list out seven forms of oral communication that often takes out* Intrapersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication $mall 1roup Communication 2ublic Communication %ass Communication Corporate Communication Intercultural Communication

.ut of 3, we will go through for a detail on interpersonal communication, small group communication and public communication &efore we proceed to the selected forms of oral

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communication, it-s a proper way for us to focus on the study of transactional model of the oral communication #hereby, this study presents a role perception transactional process model for organizational communication to understand and predict the relationships among organizational communications and employee satisfaction and performance "his transactional process model, being based on role perceptions, also represents a means by which to bridge organizational communication and organizational behavior 4imensions of organizational communications, consistent with those used elsewhere, were used in this study in two organizations In one organization data were collected on a longitudinal basis 5elationships among four dimensions of organizational communication, role perceptions and employee satisfaction and performance were examined It was hypothesized that these variables would be reciprocally related and that role perceptions would intervene in the communication/outcome relationship "he results supported the hypothesized reciprocal relationships among these variables and the intervening effect of role perceptions "he results, therefore, generally supported the role perception transactional process model for organizational communication and the existence of vicious cycle phenomena in organizational communications and behavior INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION +n interpersonal communication commonly can be defined as a communication which scholars by numerous ways, usually describing participants who are dependent upon one another and have a shared history It can involve one on one conversations or individuals interacting with many people within a society It helps us understand how and why people behave and communicate in different ways to construct and negotiate a social reality #hile interpersonal communication can be defined as its own area of study, it also occurs within other contexts like groups and organizations Interpersonal communication also includes message sending and message reception between two or more individuals "his can include all aspects of communication such as listening, persuading, asserting, nonverbal communication and more + primary concept of interpersonal communication looks at communicative acts when there are few individuals involved unlike areas of communication such as group interaction, where there may be a large number of individuals involved in the communicative act "hose facts were describing on the impersonal situation of communication whereby it-s involved with one or more numbers of individuals while personal situation should be in

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difference level of interpersonal communication whereby it depending on who they are engaging in communication with For example, if an individual is communicating with a family member, those communications will more than likely differ from the type of communication used when engaged in a communicative act with a friend or significant other 2ersonal or impersonal situation of oral communication can be managed by the implementation of appropriate topics of conversation especially when we are doing any one of listening and speaking skills #e also need to come out with such a wise and effective strategies, those element were needed when we are expecting to beat the entire situation that comes to us in the future undertaking "herefore, in order to sharpen the strategies used and to develop our listening and speaking skills we can find out lots of opportunity such as for the listening skills, plan to used the response type that you think you need to emphasize 6e g ,reflecting7 and plan to avoid using the response types that you want to de/emphasize 6e g ,advising7 "hen, after you have a conversation, evaluate how effective you were at giving good responses as a listener Identify what went well and where the opportunities for improvement are "hink about what that challenges to being an effective listener were and how you can deal with those challenges more effectively next time #hile for developing the speaking skills I would prefer to mark such a community of student who-s the one often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also a crucial part of the language learning process Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies such as* 8 9sing minimal responses

:anguage learners who lack confidence in their ability to participate successfully in oral interaction often listen in silence while others do the talking .ne way to encourage such learners to begin to participate is to help them build up a stock of minimal responses that they can use in different types of exchanges $uch responses can be especially useful for beginners %inimal responses are predictable, often idiomatic phrases that conversation participants use to indicate understanding, agreement, doubt, and other responses

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to what another speaker is saying 0aving a stock of such responses enables a learner to focus on what the other participant is saying, without having to simultaneously plan a response

; 5ecognizing scripts $ome communication situations are associated with a predictable set of spoken exchanges // a script 1reetings, apologies, compliments, invitations, and other functions that are influenced by social and cultural norms often follow patterns or scripts $o do the transactional exchanges involved in activities such as obtaining information and making a purchase In these scripts, the relationship between a speaker<s turn and the one that follows it can often be anticipated Instructors can help students develop speaking ability by making them aware of the scripts for different situations so that they can predict what they will hear and what they will need to say in response "hrough interactive activities, instructors can give students practice in managing and varying the language that different scripts contain , 9sing language to talk about language :anguage learners are often too embarrassed or shy to say anything when they do not understand another speaker or when they realize that a conversation partner has not understood them Instructors can help students overcome this reticence by assuring them that misunderstanding and the need for clarification can occur in any type of interaction, whatever the participants< language skill levels Instructors can also give students strategies and phrases to use for clarification and comprehension check By encouraging students to use clarification phrases in class when misunderstanding
occurs and by responding positively when they do, instructors can create an authentic practice environment within the classroom itself. As they develop control of various clarification strategies, students will gain confidence in their ability to manage the various communication situations that they may encounter outside the classroom.

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Small Group Communication "he functional approach to small group communication is concerned with the results or outcomes of group behaviors and structures "his perspective sees communication as the tool group members use to solve problems and make decisions Communication helps group members by promoting rational (udgments and critical thinking, as well as preventing group members from faulty decision/making and flawed problem solving "hus, communication is instrumental because it provides the means by which group members can achieve their goals From a functional perspective, researchers are concerned with identifying the specific aspects of group communication and structure that produce the group<s desired outcomes "he ob(ective for small group communication can be achieved by setting out well built organization whereby several conditions must exist for group members to make appropriate decisions and effectively solve problems For example, group members must* Commit to making the best decision, Identify resources needed to carry out the group-s charge, 4etermine the procedures for the group to follow, +rticulate procedural rules and interaction practices, 5eview the decision/making process and make any necessary ad(ustment to the decision, 4emonstrate that they understand the charge Establish criteria with which to evaluate possible solutions, 4evelop alternative solution,

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 Evaluate those alternative by comparing them to each other and the previously/establish criteria, 9se the evaluation to choose between alternatives "he functional approach to small group communication has several strengths Functional theory is prescriptive in nature "hat is, it suggests that critical thinking, sound logic, informed discussion, and systematic procedures are essential to effective decision making and problem solving $econd, this approach emphasizes the purpose communication serves in small groups, and it makes it clear that, without communication, group members could not accomplish their goals "hird, researchers from this perspective have studied both laboratory groups 6e g , student groups engaged in a task for extra credit7 and natural groups 6e g , work teams at =2+7 Public Communication. 1enerally when we talk about public communication the obvious correlation to it is >public speaking whereby for a good start, a person whom been appointed to handle those opportunity must need to know the needs of his audience and match his contents to their needs 2ut what you have to say in logical se)uences Ensure your speech will be captivating to your audience as well as worth their time and attention 2ractice and rehearse your speech at home or where you can be at ease and comfortable, in front of the mirror, your family, friends or colleagues 9se a tape/recorder and listen to yourself ?ideotape your presentation and analyze it @now what your weak and strong point is Emphasize your strong point during presentation #hen you are presenting in front of an audience, you are performing as an actor is on stage 0ow you are being perceived is very important 4ress appropriately for the occasion &e solemn if your topic is serious 2resent the desired image to your audience :ook pleasant, enthusiastic, confident, proud, but not arrogant 5emain calm +ppear relaxed, even if you feel nervous $peak slowly, enunciate clearly, and show appropriate emotion and feeling relating to your topic Establish rapport with your audience $peak to the person farthest away from you to ensure your voice is loud enough to pro(ect to the back of the room ?ary the tone of your voice and dramatize if necessary If a microphone is available, ad(ust and adapt your voice accordingly.

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Bod lan!ua!" is important $tanding, walking or moving about with appropriate hand gesture or facial expression is preferred to sitting down or standing still with head down and reading from a prepared speech 9se audio/visual aids or props for enhancement if appropriate and necessary %aster the use of presentation software such as 2ower 2oint well before your presentation 4o not over/dazzle your audience with excessive use of animation, sound clips, or gaudy colors which are inappropriate for your topic 4o not torture your audience by putting a lengthy document in tiny print on an overhead and reading it out to them

Sp"a# $it% con&iction as if you really believe in what you are saying 2ersuade your audience effectively "he material you present orally should have the same ingredients as that which are re)uired for a written research paper, i e a logical progression from I!"5.49C"I.! 6"hesis statement7 to &.4' 6strong supporting arguments, accurate and up/to/date information7 to C.!C:9$I.! 6re/state thesis, summary, and logical conclusion7 Do not r"ad 'rom not"( for any extended length of time although it is )uite acceptable to glance at your notes infre)uently $peak loudly and clearly $ound confident 4o not mumble If you made an error, correct it, and continue !o need to make excuses or apologize profusely Maintain (inc"r" " " contact with your audience 9se the ,/second method, e g look straight into the eyes of a person in the audience for , seconds at a time 0ave direct eye contact with a number of people in the audience, and every now and then glance at the whole audience while speaking 9se your eye contact to make everyone in your audience feel involved Sp"a# to your audience, li(t"n to their )uestions, r"(pond to their reactions, ad)u(t and adapt If what you have prepared is obviously not getting across to your audience, change your strategy mid/stream if you are well prepared to do so 5emember that communication is the key to a successful presentation If you are short of time, know what can be safely left out If you have extra time, know what could be effectively added +lways be prepared for the unexpected Pau(" +llow yourself and your audience a little time to reflect and think 4on<t race through your presentation and leave your audience, as well as yourself, feeling out of breath

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+dd %umor whenever appropriate and possible @eep audience interested throughout your entire presentation 5emember that an interesting speech makes time fly, but a boring speech is always too long to endure even if the presentation time is the same #hen using audio*&i(ual aid( to enhance your presentation, be sure all necessary e)uipment is set up and in good working order prior to the presentation If possible, have an emergency backup system readily available Check out the location ahead of time to ensure seating arrangements for audience, whiteboard, blackboard, lighting, location of pro(ection screen, sound system, etc are suitable for your presentation 0ave %andout( ready and give them out at the appropriate time "ell audience ahead of time that you will be giving out an outline of your presentation so that they will not waste time taking unnecessary notes during your presentation @now when to STOP talking 9se a timer or the microwave oven clock to time your presentation when preparing it at home =ust as you don<t use unnecessary words in your written paper, you don<t bore your audience with repetitious or unnecessary words in your oral presentation "o end your presentation, summarize your main points in the same way as you normally do in the CONCLUSION of a written paper 5emember, however, that there is a difference between spoken words appropriate for the ear and formally written words intended for reading "erminate your presentation with an interesting remark or an appropriate punch line :eave your listeners with a positive impression and a sense of completion 4o not belabor your closing remarks "hank your audience and sit down Conclu(ion +s a conclusion in order to achieved a good development in the communication skills we need to do a fre)uent time of training and must be determine in what mission that we are target with, besides that we need to carry out some research on the different context of social and situation of where will we apply all those communication skills that we have obtain before I believe with a hard effort and determination there will become a good results and outcomes and also with a good practice it will lead to the great perfection

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5eferenceA 8 ; http*BBwww isetl orgBi(tlheBpdfBI=":0E8C3 pdf http*BBfaculty buffalostate eduBsmithrdB9+ED;ECommunicationB9nitF pdf

3. $ http://www.amanet.org/training/articles/Seven-Principles-o -! ective-P"#lic$ Spea%ing.asp& 4. $ http://lms.o"m.e'".m( $ 5. $ http://en.wi%ipe'ia.org/wi%i/Small-gro"p)comm"nication $ 6. $ http://en.wi%ipe'ia.org/wi%i/*ral)comm"nication+*ral)comm"nication $ 7. $ http://en.wi%ipe'ia.org/wi%i/,ntrapersonal)comm"nication $ 8. $ http://www.ehow.com/a#o"t)5249789)importance-learning-english.html $ 9. $ http://www.sooperarticles.com/e'"cation-articles/importance-english-wor%$ 285724.html 1-.http://wi%i.answers.com/.//h()is)it)important)to)st"'()!nglish $ $

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