Vilnius University Institute of Foreign Languages

Inga Vaketaite

English Russian Language Study Programme Year 2, Group 1

Phrasal verbs and their derivational pattern (nouns)

Yearly Paper

Supervisor: Lecturer A. Dapiene

2012

Contents page

Abstract .....3 1. Introduction ......4 2. Materials and Methods......5 3. Using phrasal verbs: theoretical background................................................................5 3.1. A short development of phrasal verbs.......5 3.2. Linguistic status of phrasal verbs......6 3.3. Features distinguishing phrasal verbs7 4. Results and Discussion..............................................................................................8 4.1. Derivational pattern of phrasal verbs using a hyphen.............................................9 4.2. Derivational pattern when particle and verb is squished........................................10 4.3. Derivational pattern when particle stands up before verb and those derivational patterns that are not in great request....................................................................12 4. Conclusions........13 5. References.......14 6. Appendix: nouns coined from phrasal verbs using various patterns.................15

Abstract

The research paper focuses on relation of phrasal verbs and nouns derived from it. The aim of the research paper is to investigate what are the forming patterns of nouns and what are the most productive verbs and particles. The methods chosen to achieve the objectives are descriptive, analytical and statistical. The results show what are the most productive particles and phrasal verbs and how the meanings of phrasal verb are related to the meanings of noun.

1. Introduction English phrasal verbs have always been one of the most interesting objects in linguistics. The term of phrasal verb first was used in printed form by Logan Pearsall Smith, in Words and Idioms (1925). McCarthy & ODell (2007), Cowie and Mackin (1975), Waibel (2007) and many other linguists have been investigating phrasal verbs for many years and a lot of works have been written. Phrasal verb is a multi-word unit. It consists of a verb and one or two particles e.g. bring in (bring verb, in particle). The particle may be adverbial particle (1), preposition (2) or adverbial particle and preposition (3). (1) Verb + adverbial particle: phrasal verb, e.g. to deal with, to turn of, to sit down etc. (2) Verb + preposition: prepositional verb, e.g. to look at, to refer to, etc. (3) Verb + particle + preposition: phrasal-prepositional verb, to get down to, to get up with, etc Sometimes it is possible to guess the meaning of a phrasal verb from the context. For example, take a phrasal verb to sit down. The verb means to put somebody in sitting position. The particle means from standing or vertical position to a sitting or horizontal one. Thus the meaning is close to the meaning of a verb to sit. Thats why sometimes but not always we can guess the meaning. Otherwise, it is difficult to guess the meaning of a phrasal verb. That is because the verb is not similar to the meaning with the phrasal verb, for example, to put off. Verb (to put) and phrasal verb (to put off) have different meanings. The whole multi-word unit means to delay. The meaning cannot be easily guessed from the context. Taking into consideration this fact, it is important to understand the use of phrasal verb in the context. The aim of the research paper is to investigate productivity of phrasal verbs and their derivational pattern (nouns). To achieve the aim the following objectives are: 1) 2) To review a short development of phrasal verbs; To characterize linguistic status of phrasal verb

3) 4) 5)

To discuss features distinguishing phrasal verbs; To analyze productivity of phrasal verbs; To present a statistical-analytical analysis of the collected data.

2. Materials and Methods The data for the investigation have been collected from Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2010). The main material of the research paper is a list of 183 phrasal verbs and nouns converted from them. The methods that are used in this research paper are descriptive method, the main underlying principle of which is to help introduce the theoretical part of phrasal verbs, the analytical method which main idea is to provide the analysis of the collected data. The last method that is used is a statistical method main principle of which is to explore the frequency of nouns formed from phrasal verbs.

3. Using phrasal verbs: theoretical background 3.1. A short development of phrasal verbs In Present-Day English phrasal verbs are very common. In linguistics, phrasal verbs are one of the most frequently discussed matters. They are part of language and it is important to know how to use phrasal verbs correctly in speech. But in Modern English it is difficult to analyze phrasal verb because of their polysemy. The history and rise of phrasal verbs was complex. In Old English times phrasal verbs were rare. The common ones were inseparable prefix verbs in which the particle was added to the beginning of the verb. These common inseparable-prefix verbs in Old English are similar to current phrasal verbs. Later on, the formation of prefixed verbs was no longer productive in Middle English, because the prefix was losing its meaning. The powerful influence of French, Anglo- Norman, especially Old Norse has stimulated the production of English phrasal verbs with post-verbial particles. Although, French borrowed verbs likely slowed the development of English phrasal verbs. The thing was that a borrowed verb from French could fill the semantic field of Old English inseparable-prefixed verb. Nevertheless, in the fifteenth century phrasal verbs recovered and were productive. By the end of Middle English age, phrasal verbs have been marshaled into 5

three groups. The biggest rise of the phrasal verbs was in Early Modern English. They were common in letters or dramas (e.g. Shakespeare used phrasal verbs through the plays) than in academic writing. It states that phrasal verbs occupied a lower class of society. Despite all these facts, phrasal verbs continued to be a productive part of speech. Today we have a peculiar and concurrent element of everyday English phrasal verb. 3.2.Linguistics status of phrasal verb However, there is no unanimous description of phrasal verbs because different scholars approach them from various points of view. Cambridge Grammar of English defines phrasal verb as <> a lexical verb and a particle while Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written Language defines as <...>multi-word units consisting of a verb followed by an adverbial particle. Despite different standpoints, phrasal verbs are a part of the English language and play a big role in it. A further important issue that should be mentioned is a division of multi-word verbs into phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs, and other multiword verb constructions according to Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written Language. All of them form idiomatic units. They function like a single lexical verb. Despite these various combinations, Longman Phrasal Verb Dictionary appends two more descriptions of phrasal verbs: 1. Phrasal verbs that always have it as their object e.g. jump to it, slug it out (Longman Phrasal Verb Dictionary (2000:xi)); 2. Reflexive phrasal verbs, where the object is always myself, yourself, etc: e.g. pride yourself on, avail yourself on (Longman Phrasal Verb Dictionary (2000:xi)). As we see different grammars define phrasal verbs variously but we could maintain that phrasal verb consist of a verb and second component which could be such as up, out, off, above, through, down, away, etc. There are various terms for the second component such as postverb, particle, adverbial particle and others. But the most common term is particle.

Nevertheless, phrasal verbs are an important part of everyday language and they are productive way of making new words in English. We can notice phrasal verbs in various texts and contexts. For instance, they occur in songs, recipes, in formal speech and in the Bible, too, etc. As an example, lets take British popular rock band group The Beatles. In the song Day tripper we can find an example of using phrasal verbs: It took me so..... long to find out, and I found out (http://www.metrolyrics.com/day-tripper-lyrics-beatles.html). Another example could be from the Bible: My people have been lost sheep. Their shepherds have led them astray, turning them away on the mountains. From mountain to hill they have gone. They have forgotten their fold.( http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/mobile/?q=Jeremiah+50). 3.3.Features distinguishing phrasal verbs The first important issue that should be mentioned is that phrasal verbs are idiomatic. This kind of phenomenon makes to consider that phrasal verbs are specific part of the speech. There are a group of phrasal verbs e.g. to mark down, to answer back, that are related to the meaning of the verbs to mark and to answer. But sometimes it is hard to guess the meaning of the phrasal verb. It is because that the verb and the particle (the two components of phrasal verbs) create an independent meaning from the verb. For example, phrasal verb to pull up in the sentence - He pulled up at the traffic lights. The meaning of phrasal verb to pull up is not related to the normal meaning of pull and up. The second important issue that should be discussed is a division of phrasal verbs into transitive and intransitive. Transitive phrasal verbs (1) take a direct object. The most

common transitive phrasal verbs are bring up, carry on, take up, take over and etc. Intransitive phrasal verbs do not take an object. (2) The most common phrasal verbs, which are used intransitively, are to get back, to go off, to ring off and etc. (1) In Kent, burglars blew up a fireworks factory after trying to break in using oxyacetylene cutting equipment; (2) My car broke down on the way to work this morning. There is group of phrasal verbs such as to chew over, to put off, which can take a direct object between the verb and the particle or after the phrasal verb. They are usually called separable phrasal verbs. For example, phrasal verb to chew over: I chewed over the problem for a few days or I chewed the problem over for a few days. 7

But if a direct object is a pronoun (e,g, me, I, their etc), it comes before particle. (3)

(3) A: Leave me out! B: What do you mean leave me out? A: I dont want to go. In English, we often create nouns from verbs e.g. a verb to invent a noun an invitation. We could also form a noun from a phrasal verb e.g. to break out outbreak. It is a productive way to form a new word from a phrasal verb. There are two main ways to coin nouns from phrasal verbs: 1) The major pattern: In speech, stress pattern changes e.g. to brak dwn (verb) a BREAKdown (noun). In writing, nouns derived from phrasal verbs are either incorporate (e.g. breakdown) or hyphenated (e.g. round-up). In American English it is frequently used incorporate form, while in British English the hyphenation is more common. 2) The minor pattern: The creation of this pattern is used a process of conversion. For example, a disease breaks out an utbreak of a disease. In writing, the more popular way is incorporate verb and particle. The typical nouns of this minor pattern are: an input, an outflow, an output, an upsurge, an upkeep, and an uptake. Ginzburg, the expert of lexicology, marks that nouns created from phrasal verbs are called derivational compounds. There are most created by conversion. Also Ginzburg mention in A course of Modern English Lexicology that Semantically they are motivated by transparent derivative relations with the motivating base built on the so-called phrasal verb and are typical of the colloquial layer of vocabulary (1979:151). This type of derivational compound nouns is the most productive. 4. Results and Discussion I did a research concerning an analysis of collected data. The analysis is about each derivational patter oh phrasal verbs and their productivity. All the words are taken from Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2010). The main purpose of the research is to get to know more about nouns created from phrasal verbs, also to know about their structure and how they function in the sentence. This particular dictionary contains 183 nouns created from phrasal verbs. All the collected data was written down on separates cards in order to analyze

them statistically and analytically. The collected data was variously grouped according to derivational patterns, meanings and productivity. As it was mentioned previously very often we create nouns from phrasal verbs. It is one of the most productive ways to create a new word in English. The collected data is divided by a derivational pattern. There are three main ways how to form a noun from a phrasal verb. The first way is using a hyphen (e.g. a fill-up). The second means is squishing a verb and a particle together (e.g. a rundown). The last means is when a particle stands up before a verb. (e.g. an outbreak). Also there are few more ways how to create a noun from a phrasal verb but they are not in great request. One of them is to use a hyphen and add a suffix -ing (e.g. dressingdown). The other is to move particle before a verb and add a suffix ing (e.g. an upbringing). There are also nouns formed from phrasal verbs which can have two derived forms (e.g. to spill over (phrasal verb) a spillover or an overspill (nouns)). Unfortunately, there are no strict rules what we have to use to make a noun from phrasal verb. The best solution to this problem is to check a dictionary to see whether it needs to covert, hyphen or squish verb and a particle. 4.1. Derivational pattern of phrasal verbs using a hyphen First we will look at each derivational pattern more detailed. Each derivational pattern was investigated variously according to meanings and productivity. First pattern that will be analyzed is when it is used a hyphen. Overall, there are 96 nouns coined from phrasal verbs using the first derivational pattern. The collected data was divided according to meanings. First is when a phrasal verb has one meaning and also the noun has one meaning (e.g. to lie down to be or get into a flat position, especially in bed, in order to sleep or rest; a lie-down a short rest, especially on a bed). There are some cases when a phrasal verb is poly-semous and has more than one meaning but the noun has more meanings than a phrasal verb (e.g. to pay sb off 1) To pay sb what they have earned and tell them to leave their job 2) To give sb money to prevent them from doing sth or talking about sth illegal or dishonest that you have done; a pay-off 1) A payment of money to sb so that they will not couse you any trouble or to make them keep a secret 2) A payment of money to sb to persuade them to leave their job 3) An advantage or a

reward from you have done). There are also phrasal verbs which have one meaning but the noun has several meanings (e.g. to check in (at) to go to a desk in a hotel, an airport, etc and tell an official there that you have arrived; check-in 1) The place where you go first when you arrive at an airport, to show your ticket, etc 2) the act of showing your ticket, etc when you arrive at an airport). The fact that should be investigated about the meanings is how a meaning of phrasal verb is related to the meaning of a created noun. The collected data was divided into a several groups according to the similarity of meanings. First group contains those meanings which are similar; the second group contains those meanings that are different. The group which have different meanings is small one (e.g. to hang up to end a telephone call by suddenly and unexpectedly putting the telephone call down; hang-up 1) an emotional problems about sth makes you embarrassed or worried 2) a problem that delays sth being agreed or achieved). The example shows that the meaning of phrasal verb is completely different from the meaning of a converted noun. The first group, where the meanings are similar, is the major one but there are also some interesting cases. There are nouns converted from the phrasal verbs which can denote occasion (e.g. to screw up to do sth badly; a screw-up an occasion when you so sth badly or spoil sth), a place (e.g. to hang out to spend a lot of time in a place; hang-out a place where sb lives or likes go often), a time (e.g. tu build up to sth to prepare for a particular moment or event; a build-up the time before an important event, when people are preparing for it), a person (e.g. to turn on to make excited or interested, especially sexually; a turn-on a person or thing that people find sexually exciting), an amount of something, a situation and etc. The collected data was divided into groups according to productivity. The most common base form of a verb in this derivational pattern is to write (to write in, to write off, to write up, and to write down). The most common particle is up. According to Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary (2001) The particle up is the most common particle in phrasal verbs. The main particle meaning is related with movement upwards. The particle also can have these meanings: an idea that something is increasing (e.g. to grow up), an idea of preparation for doing something (e.g. to warm up), an idea of something prevented, stopped (e.g. hold up) and many other meanings. 4.2. Derivational pattern when particle and verb is squished

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The second derivational pattern that will be investigated is when verb and particle are squished. This pattern contains 66 nouns derived from phrasal verbs. Firstly, the investigation will be about meanings. The first group consist of phrasal verbs that are mono-semantic. This means that a phrasal verb has one meaning. Noun made from a phrasal verb has also one meaning (e.g. to splash down to land in the sea or ocean; a splashdown a landing of spacecraft in the sea/ocean). This group of words that have only one meaning is the biggest one. Another group of words are when a verb is monosemantic, while a noun has several meanings (e.g. to check out (of) to pay your bill and leave a hotel; a checkout 1) the place where you pay for the things that you are buying in a supermarket 2) the time when you leave a hotel at the end of your stay). One more group is reverse to the previous one. In this group phrasal verb is poly-semantic. This means that a phrasal verb has plurality of meanings, meanwhile a noun has only one meaning (e.g. to pay out 1) to pay a large sum of money for sth 2) to pass a length of rope through your hands; a payout a large amount of money that is given to somebody). The collected data of the second derivational pattern was divided into groups according to the similar meanings of phrasal verbs and nouns. In the first group were those words which have very similar meaning. The second group has distant meanings. There are more converted nouns with similar meaning to the phrasal verb (e.g. to mark down to reduce the price of sth; a markdown a reduction in price). But there are such converted nouns that have distant meanings (e.g. to turn around/round if a business, economy, etc turns around or sb turns it around, it starts being successful after it has been unsuccessful for a time; a turnaround the amount of time it takes to upload a ship or plane at the end of one journey and load it again for the next one). From the example we see that meanings are different and have not very much in common. There are only few converted nouns in the second derivational pattern which can denote occasion, time, person etc. In addition to the similarity of meanings, it is worth mentioning that from polysemous phrasal verbs, the converted nouns with similar meanings can be not on the first position. For example, lets take a plysemous phrasal verb to pick up. Overall it has four meanings. The first meaning is 1) to get better, stronger, etc; to improve. The converted noun is a pickup. The meaning that is similar to the first one is only in the third position: 3) an improvement. The first two meanings are not related to the first meaning of phrasal verb.

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The last point that should be investigated in the second derivational pattern is the productivity of a verb and a particle. The most common verbs in this pattern are to turn and to break. The most common particle is out. According to Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary (2001) out is one of the most common particles in phrasal verb. Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary state that The basic meaning of out is movement from side to outside, so it combines with many verbs of movement (2001). The particle has also various meanings depending on the context. The common one is related with leaving (e.g. to check out), searching, observing (e.g. to work out, to try out), stopping an activity (e.g. to wipe out) and many other meanings. 4.3. Derivational pattern when particle stands up before verb and those derivational patterns that are not in great request The third derivational pattern is made when particle stands up before a verb. There are 6 nouns formed by using this pattern: an input, an output, an outlay, an outcast, an outburst and an upkeep. This patter is not in great request. All the meanings of phrasal verbs are related to be meanings of coined nouns. The most common verb in this patter is to put. The most common particle is out. Three main derivational patterns were analyzed. But at the beginning of the analysis, it was written that there are few more ways coining nouns from phrasal verbs. In the first smaller pattern we use a hyphen and suffix ing. There are four derived nouns using this pattern: washing-up, telling-off, summing-up, and dressing-down. As it is was mentioned this pattern is not great request. One more interesting phenomenon is that there are nouns which have two derived forms. There are only four examples: sending-off or send-off, spillover or overspill, bystander or standby and break out or outbreak. But sometimes the meaning between those two derived forms is different (e.g. a sending-off (in football (soccer)) a situation when a referee tells a player to leave a field because they have broken the rules in a serious way; a send-off an occasion when people come together to say goodbye to sb who is leaving). All the collected data were analysed according to the productivity. The most productive verbs are to break (to break out, to break in, to break through, to break away, to break down, to break up) and to turn (to turn around/round, to turn over, to turn out, to turn up, to turn on, to turn off). The most common particles are up, out and down. As it was 12

mentioned previously, the particle up appears mostly in phrasal verbs. It is used in about 15 per cent of phrasal verbs. It is the most prevalent particle. One more common particle is out. According to Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary (2001) the particle is used more than 14 per cent in phrasal verbs. The third common particle of the collected data is down. The particle is used in about 7 per cent of phrasal verbs. According to Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary (2001) the particle down is sometimes opposite of particle up. All three particles have literal meaning resultant with movement. 5. Conclusions

The aim of this work was to classify English phrasal verbs into groups finding their derivational pattern (nouns), also investigating their productivity. The history of phrasal verbs was complex. Nevertheless, phrasal verbs continued to rise and became a productive part of the language. Nowadays they are used everywhere: in Bible, in songs, in formal speech and etc. A division of phrasal verbs into transitive and intransitive, an issue that phrasal verbs are idiomatic are those features that distinguish phrasal verbs from other parts of the speech. Moreover, the creation of nouns form phrasal verbs is one of the most productive ways to form a new word in English. The analysis of each derivational pattern showed that there are three main patterns forming nouns from phrasal verbs. Hyphenation was the most productive pattern. We use hyphen in more than half of the collected data. Squishing verb and particle also was a productive pattern. There are 66 coined nouns using this pattern. Those two patterns are the majority of all the collected data. There are also not productive patterns: when a particle stands up before a verb, also when it is used hyphen and suffix ing, when coined nouns have two derived forms. Besides that, the analysis showed that the most common verbs are to break and to turn. The most common particles: up, out and down. Having done this research, it could be concluded that nouns coined from phrasal verbs are a productive way to form new words in English. Nouns coined from phrasal verbs may be described as a tool to make the language, in this case English, more vivid and colourful. Nouns coined from phrasal verbs also serve as an effective linguistic segment which is used, as it was shown, very often and willingly.

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6. References

1. Biber, D., Conrad, S., Finegan E., Johansson, S., Leech, G. 1999. Grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Longman. 2. Bull, V., Francis, B., Phillips, P. & Webb, S (eds). 2010. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press

3. Carter, R. & McCarthy, M. 2006.Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

4. Ginzburg, R.S., Khidekel, S. S., Knyazeva, G. Y., Sankin, A. A. 1979. A Course in modern English lexicology. Moscow: Vysaja skola.

5. Longman.2000.Longman Phrasal verbs dictionary. Harlow: Longman.

6. Oxford. 2001. Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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7. Appendix: coined nouns from phrasal verbs using various patterns 1. In the first column there are nouns formed using a hyphen; 2. In the second column there are nouns formed squishing them as close compounds; 3. In the third column there are nouns formed when particle stands up before verb; 4. In the forth column there are nouns formed using a hyphen and suffix ing; 5. In the fifth column there are nouns that are formed an can have two derived forms; 6. In the sixth column there are nouns formed with an interesting formation

1.

Nouns formed using a hyphen

Write-up an article in a newspaper or magazine in which somebody writes that they think about a new book, play, product, etc Call-up 1) an order to join the armed forces; 2) the opportunity to play in sports team, especially for your country Break-up 1) the ending of a relationship or an association; 2) the devision of a large organization or country into smaller parts Set-up 1) a way of organizing sth; a system; 2) a situation in which sb tricks you or makes it seems as if you have done sth wrong Follow-up an action or thing that continuous sth that has already started or comes after sth similar that was done earlier Round-up 1) to find and gather together people, animals or things; 2) if a police or soldiers round up a group of people, they find them and arrest or capture them Top-up 1) a payment that you make to increase the amount of money, etc to the level that is needed; 2) an amount of a drink that you add to a cup or glass in order to fill it again

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Turn-up 1) the buttons of the leg of a pair of trousers/pants that has been folded over on the outside; 2) something surprising or unexpected that happens Break-up the end of a relationship or an association Back-up 1) extra help or support that you can get if necessary; 2) (computing) a copy of a file, etc that can be used if the original is lost or damaged Pull-out 1) a part of a magazine, newspaper, etc that can be taken out and kept separately; 2) an act of taking an army away from a particular place; an act of talking an organization out of a system Opt-out 1) (in Britain) the action of a school or hospital that decides to manage its own money and is therefore no longer controlled by local authority or similar organization; 2) the act of choosing not to be involved in an argument Roll-out an occasion when a company introduces or starts use a new product Call-out an occasion when sb is called to do repairs, rescue sb, etc Face-off 1) an argument or a fight; 2) the way of starting play in a game of ice hockey Blast-off the moment when a spacecraft leaves the ground Brush-off rude or unfriendly behaviour that shows that a person is not interested in sb Lift-off the act of spacecraft leaving the ground and rising into the air Show-off a person who tries to impress other people by showing how good he or she is at doing sth

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Tip-off secret information that sb gives, for example, to the police to warn them about an illegal activity that is going to happen Trade-off the act of balancing two things are opposed to each other Turn-off 1) a place where a road leads away another larger or more important road; 2) a person or thing that people not find interesting attractive or sexual exciting Spin-off 1) an unexpected but useful result of an activity that is designed to produce sth else; 2) a book, a film/movie, a television programme or an object that is based on a book, film/movie or television series that has been very successful Sell-out 1) a play, concert, etc for which all the tickets have been sold; 2) a situation in which sb is not loyal to a person or group who trusted them, by not doing sth that they promised to do, or by doing sth that they promised not to do Play-off a match/game, or a series of them, between two players or teams with equal points or scores to decide who the winner is Cut-off a point or limit when you stop sth Cover-up action that is taken to hide a mistake or illegal activity from the public Clean-up the process of removing dirt, pollution, or things that are considered bad or immortal from a place Let-up a period of time during which sth stops or becomes less strong, difficult, etc; a reduction in the strength of sth Link-up a connection formed between two things for example two companies or two broadcasting systems

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Start-up a company that is just beginning to operate, especially an Internet company Screw-up an occasion when you do sth badly or spoil sth Hang-up 1) an emotional problems about sth makes you embarrassed or worried; 2) a problem that delays sth being or achieved mix-up a situation that is full of confusion, especially because sb has made a mistake build-up 1) an increase in the amount of sth over a period of time; 2) the time before an important event, when people are preparing for it; 3) a very positive ana enthusiastic description of sth that is going to happen, that is intended to make people excited about it lock-up 1) a small prison where prisoners are kept for a short time; 2) a small shop that the owner does not live in; a garage that is usually separate from other buildings and that is rented to sb bust-up 1) a bad argument or very angry disagreement; 2) the end of a relationship shake-up a situation in which a lot of changes or made to a company, an organization, etc in order to improve the way in which it works tie-up 1) an agreement between two companies to join together 2) a connection between two or more things; 3) a situation in which sth stops working or moving forward send-up an act of making sb/sth look by copying them a funny way wind-up something that sb says or does in order to deliberately annoying, especially as a joke

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blow-up 1) an enlargement of a photograph, picture or design; 2) an occasion when sb suddenly becomes angry foul-up a problem caused by bad organization or a stupid mistake cock-up a mistake that spoils peoples arrengements; sth that has been spoiult because it was badly organized lay-off 1) an act of making people unemployed because there is no more work left for them to do; 2) a period of time when sb is not working or not doing sth that they normally do regularly rip-off 1) something that is not worth you pay for it; 2) a copy of sth, especially one that is less expensive or not as good as the original thing flare-up 1) a sudden expression of angry or violent feeling; 2) (of an illness) a sudden painful attack, especially after a period without any problems or pain; 3) the fact of a fire suddenly starting to turn again more strongly than before get-up a set of clothes, especially strange or unusual ones snarl-up a situation in which traffic is unable to move slip-up a careless mistake grown-up (used especially by and to children) an adult person warm-up 1) a short practise or a series of gentle exercises that you do to prepare yourself for doing a particular sport or activity; 2) short performance of music, comedy, etc that is intended to prepare the audience for the main show

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hold-up 1) a situation in which sth is prevented from happening for a short time; 2) an act of stealing from a bank, etc. using a gun go-ahead permission for sb to start doing sth get-together an informal meeting; a party walk-through 1) an occasion when you practise a performance, etc without an audience being present; 2) a careful explanation of the details of a process follow-through 1) (in tennis, golf, etc) the final part of stroke after the ball has been hit; 2) the actions that sb takes in order to complete a plan run-through a practise for a performance of a play, show, etc

knock-back - a difficulty or problem that makes you feel less confident that you will be successful in sth that you are doing, especially when sb rejects you or sth that you suggest or ask add-on a thing that is added to sth else come-on an object or an action which is intended to attract sb or to persuade them to do sth turn-on a person or thing that people find extremely sexually exciting carry-on 1) a display of excitement, anger or silly behaviour over sth unimportant; 2) a small bag or case that you carry onto a plane with you power-down a time when machine or system stops working warm-down a series of gentle exercises that you do to help your body relax after doing a

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particular sport or activity lie-down a short rest, especially on a bed let-down something that is disappointing because it is not as good as you expected it to be close-down the stopping of work, especially permanently, in a office, a factory, etc put-down a remark or criticism that is intended to make sb look or fell stupid knock-down 1) (in boxing) an act of falling to the ground after being hit; 2) (in football(soccer)) an act of hitting a high ball down to the ground or to another player write-down (business) a reduction in the value of asserts, etc tie-in a period of such as a book or toy that is connected with a new film/movie, television programme, etc trade-in a method of buying sth by giving a used item as part of the payment for a new one; the used item itself weight-in the occasion when the weight of a boxer, jockey, etc is checked officially cave-in the fact of sth suddenly collapsing lie-in a time when you stay in bed longer than normal in the morning phone-in a radio or television programme in which people can telephone and make comments or ask questions about a particular subject stand-in 1) a person who does sbs job for a short time when they are not available; 2) a person who replaces an actor in some scenes in a film/movie, especially dangerous

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ones check-in 1) the place where you go first when you arrive at an airport, to show your ticket, etc; 2) the act of showing your ticket, etc when you arrive at an airport break-in an entry into a building using force, usually to steal smth buy-in the fact of accepting a policy or change because you agree with it write-in a vote for sb who is not an official candidate in an election, in which you write their name on your ballot paper let-out an event or a statement that allows sb to avoid having to do sth hang-out a place where sb lives or likes go often clear-out a process of getting rid of things or people that you no longer want cop-out a way of avoiding doing sth that you should do, or an excuse for not doing it stake-out a situation in which police watch a building secretly to find evidence of illegal activities sort-out an act of arranging or organizing the contents of sth in a tidy or neat way and removing things you do not want cut-out 1) a shape cut out of paper, wood, etc; 2) a piece of safety equipment that stops an electric current from flowing through sth brew-up an act of making tea balls-up (taboo, slang, especially BrE) something that has been done very badly

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sell-off 1) the sale by the government of an industry or a service to individual people or private companies; 2) the sale of a large number of stocks and shares, after which their value usually falls kick-off 1) the start of a game of football (soccer); 2) the start of an activity pay-off 1) a payment of money to sb so that thwy will not course you any trouble or to make them keep a secret; 2) a payment of money to sb to persuade them to leave their job; 3) an advantage or a reward from you have done write-off 1) a vehicle that has been so badly damaged in an accident that it is not worth spending money to repair it; 2) a period of time during which you do not achieve anything; 3) (of sth)(business) an act of cancelling a debt and accepting that it will never be paid make-up 1) substances used especially by women to make their faces look more attractive, or used by actors to change their appearance; 2) the different qualities that combine to form sbs character or being; 3) the different things, people, etc that combine to form sth; the way in which they combine; 4) a special exam taken by students who missed or failed an earlier one
2. Formed nouns squishing verb and particle

Blackout 1) period when there is no light as result of an electrical power failure; 2) a situation when the government or the police will not allow any news or information on a particular subject to be given to the public; 3) a period of time during a war when all lights must be put out or covered at night, so that they cannot be seen by an enemy attracting by air; 4) a covering for windows that stops light being seen from outside, or light from outside from coming into a room;

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5) temporary loss of consciousness sight or memory

Blowout 1) an occasion when a tyre suddenly burst on a vehicle while it is moving; 2) a large meal at which people eat too much; 3) a large party or social occasion; 4) an easy victory; 5) a sudden escape of oil or gas from an oil well Breakaway 1) an occasion when members of a political party or an organization leave it in order to form a new party, etc; 2) a change from an accepted style Breakdown 1) an occasion when a vehicle or machine stops working; 2) a failure of a relationship, discussion or system; 3) detailed information that you get by studying a set of figures; 4) the breaking of substance into the parts of which it is made; 5) nervous breakdown Breakthrough an important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement Burnout 1) the state of being extremely tired or ill, either physically or mentally, because you have worked too hard; 2) the point at which a rocket has used all of its fuel and has no power Buyout a situation in which a person or group gains control of a company by buying all or most of its shares Castaway a person whose ship has sunk and who has had to swim to lonely place, usually in island Changeover a charge from one system, or method of working to another

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Checkout 1) the place where you pay for the things that you are buying in a supermarket; 2) the time when you leave a hotel at the end of your stay Clampdown sudden action that is taken in order to stop an illegal activity Clawback the act of getting money back from people it has been paid to; the money that is paid back Climbdown an act of admitting that you were wrong or of changing your position in an argument Closeout an occasion when goods are sold cheaply in order to get rid of them quickly Comeback 1) if a person in public life makes a comeback, they start doing sth again which they had stopped doing, or they become popular again; 2) if a thing makes a comeback, it becomes popular and fashionable or successful again; 3) a quick reply to a critical remark; 4) a way of holding sb responsible for sth wrong which has been done to you Crackdown severe action taken to restrict the activities of criminals or of people opposed to the government or sb in authority Crossover the process or result of changing from one area of activity or style of doing sth to another Cutback a reduction in sth Countdown 1) the action of counting seconds backwards to zero, for example, before a spacecraft is launched; 2) a period of time just before sth important happens Drawdown 1) the act of reducing a supply of sth that has been created over a period of

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time; 2)the act of using money that is available to you; the amount used Dropout 1) a person who leaves school or college before they have finished their studies; 2) a person who rejects the ideas and ways of behaving that are accepted by the rest of society Fallback a plan course of action that is ready to be used in an emergency if other things fail Flashback 1) a part of a film/movie/play etc. that shows a scene that happened earlier in time than the main story; 2) a sudden, very clear, strong memory of sth that happened in the past that is so real you feel that you are living through the experience again Getaway 1) an escape from a difficult situation, especially after committing a crime; 2) a short holiday/vacation; a place that is suitable for a holiday/vacation Giveaway 1) something that a company gives free, usually with sth else that is for sale; 2) something that makes you guess the real truth about sth/sb Handout 1) food, money ir clothes that are given to a person who is poor; 2) money that is given to a person or an organization by the government, etc., for example, to encourage commercial activity; 3) a free document that gives information about an event or a matter of public interest, or that states the views of a political party, etc.; 4) a document that is given to students in class or people attending a talk, etc. and that contains a summary of the lesson/talk, a set of exercises, etc. Handover 1) the act of moving power or responsibility from one person or group to another; the period during which this is done; 2) the act of giving a person or thing to sb in authority

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Knockout 1) (in boxing) a blow that makes an opponent fall to the ground and be unable to get up, so that he or she loses the fight; 2) a person or thing that is very attractive or impressive Layout the way in which the parts of sth as the page of a book, a garden or a building are arranged Layover a short stay somewhere between two parts of a journey Leftover 1) food that has not been eaten at the end of a meal; 2) an object, a custom or a way of behaving that remains from an earlier time Lockout a situation when an employer refuses to allow workers into their place of work until they agree to various conditions Lookout 1) a place for watching from, especially for danger or an enemy coming towards you; 2) a person who has the responsibility of watching for sth, especially danger, etc. Makeover the process of improving the appearance of a person or a place, or of changing the impression that sth gives Markdown a reduction in price Markup 1) an increase in the price of sth based on the difference between the cost of producing it and the price it is sold at; 2) the symbols used in computer documents and tell the computer how it is to appear on the computer screen, or how it is to appear when printed Meltdown 1) a serious accident in which the central part of a nuclear reaction melts, causing harmful radiation to escape; 2) (economic) a situation where sth fails or becomes weaker in a sudden or dramatic way

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Payback 1) the money that you receive back or money that you have invested (especially when this is equal to the amount that you invested to start with); the time that it takes to get your money back; 2) the advantage or reward that sb receives for sth they have done; the act of paying sth back Payout a large amount of money that is given to sb Pickup 1) a vehicle with low sides and no roof at the back used, for example, by farmers; 2) a person sb meets for the first time, for example, in a bar, with whom they start a sexual relationship; 3) an improvement; 4) an occasion when sb/sth is collected; 5) the part of a record player or musical instrument that changes electronical signals into sound, or sound into electric signals

Playback the act of playing music, showing a film/movie or listening to a telephone message that has been recorded before; a recording that you listen to or watch again Printout a page or set of pages containing information in printed form from a computer Pushover 1) a thing that is easy to do or win; 2) a person who is easy to persuade or influence Rollover 1) the act of allowing money that is owed to be paid at a later date; 2) a prize of money in a competition or lottery in a particular week, that is added to the prize given in the following week if nobody wins it; 3) the turning over of a vehicle during an accident Runaway a person who has suddenly left or escaped from sb/sth, especially a child who has left home without telling anyone

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Rundown 1) a reduction in the amount, size or activity of sth, especially a business; 2) an explanation or a description of sth Setback a difficult or problem that delays or prevents sth or makes a situation worse Shakedown 1) a situation in which sb tries to force sb else to give them money using violence, threats, etc.; 2) a thorough search of sb/sth; 3) a test of a vehicle to see if there are any problems before it is used generally Shutdown the act of closing a factory or business or stopping a large machine from working, either temporarily or permanently Singalong an informal occasion at which people sing songs together Sleepover a party for children or young people when a group of them spend the night at one house Splashdown a landing of spacecraft in the sea/ocean Stopover a short stay somewhere between two parts of a journey Strikeout (in baseball) a situation in which the player who is supposed to be hitting the ball has to stop because he or she has tried to hit the ball tthree times and failed Takeaway 1) a restaurant that cooks and sells food that you take away and eat somewhere else; 2) the meal that you buy at this type of restaurant Takeover 1) an act of taking control of a company by buying most of its shares; 2) an act of taking control of a country, an area or a political organization by force

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Touchdown 1) the moment when plane or spacecraft lands; 2) (in rugby) the act of scoring points by pushing the ball down on the area of ground behind the other teams goal line; 3) (in American football) an act of scoring points by crossing the other teams goal line while carrying the ball, or receiving the ball when you are over the other teams goal line Turnout 1) the number of people who attend a particular event; 2) the number of people who vote in a particular election Tryout 1) an act of testing how good or effective sb/sth is before deciding whether to use them in the future; 2) a competition or series of tests to find best players for a sport team or an important event Turnaround 1) the amount of time it takes to upload a ship or plane at the end of one journey and load it again for the next one; 2) a piece of work that you have been given and return it; 3) a situation in which sth changes from bad to good; 4) a complete change in sbs opinion, behaviour, etc. Turnover 1) the total amount of goods or services sold by a company during particular period of time; 2) the rate at which employees leave a company nad are replaced by other people; 3) the rate at which goods are sold in a shop/store and replaced by others; 4) a small pie in the shape of a triangle or half a circle, filled with fruit or jam Walkout 1) a sudden strike by workers; 2) the act of suddenly leaving a meeting as a protest against sth Walkover an easy victory in a game or competition Washout an event, etc that is complete failure, especially because of rain Wipeout 1) complete destruction, failure or defeat;

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2) a fall from a surfboard Workout a period of physical exercise that you do to keep fit
3. Formed nouns when particle stands up before verb

Output 1) the amount of sth that a person, a machine ar an organization products; 2) the information, results, etc produced by a computer; 3) the power, energy etc. produced by a piece of equipment; 4) a place where energy, power, information, etc leaves a system Input 1) time, knowledge, ideas, etc. that you put into work, project, etc. in order to make it succeed; the act of making sth in; 2) the act of putting information into a computer or, the information that you put in; 3) a place or means for electricity, data, etc. to enter a machine or system Outlay the money that you have to spend in order to start a new project Upkeep 1) the cost or process of keeping sth in good condition; 2) the cost or process of giving a child or an animal things that they need Outcast a person who is not accepted by other people and who sometimes has to leave their home and friends Outburst 1) a sudden strong expression of an emotion; 2) a sudden increase in a particular activity or attitude
4. Coined nouns using a hyphen and a suffix -ing

Telling-off the act of speaking angrily to sb, especially a child, because they have done sth bad Summing-up 1) a speech that the judge makes near the end of a trial in count, in which he or she reminders the jury about the evidence and the most important points in the case before the jury makes is decision 2) an occasion when sb states the main points if an argument, etc

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Up-bringing the way in which a child is cared for and taught how to behave while it is growing up Dressing-down an occasion when sb speaks angrily to a person because they have done sth wrong Washing-up 1) the act of washing plates, glasses, pans, etc. after a meal; 2) the dirty plates, glasses, pans, etc. that have to be washed after a meal
5. Coined nouns that have two derived forms

Sending-off (in football(soccer)) a situation when a referee tells a player to leave a field because they have broken the rules in a serious way send-off an occasion when people come together to say goodbye to sb who is leaving breakout an escape from prison, usually by group of prisoners outbreak the sudden start of sth unpleasant, especially violence or a disease spillover 1) something that is too large or too much for the place where it starts, and spends to other places; 2) a result or the effects of sth that have spread to other situations or places overspill people who move out of a city because it is too crowded to an area where there is more space bystander a person who sees sth that is happening but is not involved standby a person or thing that can always be used if needed, for example, of sb/sth is not available or if there is an emergency
6. Coined nouns from phrasal verbs with an interesting formation

Hand-me-down a piece of closing that the original owner no longer wants to wear Onlooker a person who watches sth that is happening but is not involved in it

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