Automatic Street Light Control System Using LDR and IC555 Timer

Hafiz Saad Khaliq(11TC03)1, Mohammad Hunain Khan(11TC41)2, Syed Zulfiqar Haider Bukhari(11TC51)3, Syed Noor-ul-Hassan Bukhari(11TC63)4, Ahmad Faheem Alam(11TC10)5,Javed Iqbal(11TC20)6
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University College of Engineering & Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
engr.sadi03@gmail.com1, engr.hunain@gmail.com2 , szhb92@gmail.com3, syednoorulhassanbukhari@gmail.com4, Faheemalam2012@gmail.com5, engr.shahid333@gmail.com6

Abstract This project Automatic Street Light Control System aims at designing and executing the advanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of street lights by using light dependent resistor (LDR). Nowadays, human has become too busy and he is unable to find time even to switch the lights on or off. This can be seen more effectively in the case of street lights. The present system is like, the street lights will be switched on in the evening before the sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light on the roads. But the actual timing for these street lights to be switched on are when there is absolute darkness on the roads. This project gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also the manual operation of lighting system is completely eliminated. In our project we are using LDR, which varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface; this gives an indication for us whether it is a day/night time. This project can be configured by using transistors, CMOS ICs and IC 555. Here, we implement this project by using IC 555. The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip flop element. Derivative provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Also we are using relay. A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls, automobiles and appliances. The relay allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different voltage sources i.e., a small amount of voltage/current on one side can handle a large amount of voltage/current on the other side but there is no chance that these two voltages mix up. We are using Lightemitting diodes (LEDs) in this project instead of a bulb. Lightemitting diodes are elements for light signalization in electronics. By using this project as the basic principle we can design centralized intelligent system for the perfect usage of streetlights in any place. Keywords Light Dependent Resistor(LDR), Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuits (CMOS ICs), Light Emitting Diodes ( LEDs)

darkness. Providing street lighting is one of the most important and expensive responsibilities of a city. Lighting can account for 10-38% of the total energy bill in typical cities worldwide. Street lighting is a particularly critical concern for public authorities in developing countries because of its strategic importance for economic and social stability. Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial resources each year, and poor lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy efficient technologies and design can cut street lighting costs dramatically (often by 25-60%)[1]. The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation, Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the sources of the power are getting diminished due to various reasons. The main aim of this project is Automatic Street power saving system with LDR this is to save the power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So its easy to cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc. we can design intelligent systems for the usage of street lights. This project Automatic Street Light Control System can be implemented by four different ways: by using transistors, by using CMOS ICs and by using IC555 timer [2]. Here, we will implement this project by using 555 timers IC. Other basic components which we used are power supply, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Relay and Light emitting diodes (LEDs) which we are using in place of a light bulb. A. 555 Timer IC The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which was later acquired by Philips. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-inline package. Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP

I. INTRODUCTION treet lighting provides a safe night time environment for all road users including pedestrians. Research indicates that night-time vehicular accidents are significantly reduced by provision of street lighting. It also helps to reduce the fear of crime, and encourages social inclusion by providing an environment in which people feel they can walk in hours of

combining two 555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with Discharge & Threshold connected internally, Trigger is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive). It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5 k resistors used within, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary.

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a one-shot pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse width modulation (PWM) and so on. Astable mode: free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. Bistable mode: in this mode, the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches. 555 timer is very easy to use in the circuits. Now, it has been used in everything from toys to spacecraft. Due to its versatility, availability, and low cost it remains a hobbyist favourite. One of the secret to its success is it a true black box, its symbolized schematic is simple and accurate enough that designs using this simplification as a reference tend to work first time. You dont need to understand every transistor in the base schematic to make it work [4]. B. Power Supply

Figure 1.

Functional Diagram of 555 timer IC

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows: Pin no. 1. 2. Purpose Ground reference voltage, low level (0V) The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below of CTRL voltage. This output is driven to approximately 1.7V below +VCC, or GND. A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR. Provides control access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC). The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than that at CTRL. Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase with output. Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the variation.

3.

4.

5.

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The A.C input i.e., 230V from the main supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating D.C voltage. So in order to get a pure D.C voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any A.C components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant D.C voltage. In this project, we are using bridge rectifier, capacitive filter and potentiometer as a regulator.

6.

7.

8.

Figure 2:

Power Supply

Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a voltage to the CONTROL VOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics of the device. The CONTROL VOLTAGE input can be used to build an astable with a frequency modulated output [3]. The 555 has three operating modes:

C. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a device which has a resistance which varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface. There are two basic circuits using LDR the first is activated by darkness, and the second is activated by light. The two circuits are similar and just require an LDR, some standard resistors, a variable resistor and any small

signal transistor. Light Dependent Resistor contains cadmium sulphide track [5].

DPST Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. DPDT Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil.

Figure 3: Light Dependent Resistor

C.

Relay

A Relay is a kind of automatic switching components with isolation function, which is widely used in remote control, remote measuring, telecom automatic control, integration of machinery and electrification, electric and electronic equipments. Its one of the most important controlling components [6].
Figure 5: Circuit Symbols of relays

In this project, we are using SPDT relay which have a common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total. II. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Automatic Street Light Control System implemented by using four different methods.
Figure 4: SPDT RELAY

can

be

On the basis of the magnetic system and operation, the different types of relays are: Mechanical Relays, Solid State Relays, Neutral Relays, Biased Relays, Polarized Relays, Magnetic Stick Relays or Perm Polarized Relays, Slow Release Relays and Relay for AC. Choosing of suitable relay for specific purposes depends on the physical size and pin arrangement, coil voltage and resistance, switch rating (voltage and current) and switch contact arrangement [7]. The following designations are commonly encountered for switch contact arrangement: SPST Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. SPDT- Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.

The first diagram shows how the circuit can be configured using transistors, this project can be implemented by using CMOS ICs but we dont have explain it while the next circuit explains the same concept being implemented using the 555 timer IC. But we will explain here only the circuit implemented by using 555 timer IC.

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram by using Transistors

The first circuit diagram shows the use of a couple of transistors in association with a few other components like resistors for the construction of proposed design.

goes to relay it triggers and switch changes to normally closed and LEDs which we are using as load glows and show the output. When darkness appears then reverse process occurs. III. FINAL RESULTS The main objective of this project was to reduce the power consumption of street lights by avoiding inefficient lighting which wastes significant financial resources each year. This is done by using Automatic Street Light Control System. So, the ambiance of light is checked and lights are turned ON when it is dark and turned OFF during the day. This project is implemented by using 555 timers IC, LDR and relay. So when light is present LDR detects and circuit is in the OFF state. LEDs which we are used as load dont show any output. But in reverse when darkness appears LDR works in ON state and complete circuit work. LEDs shows output which are attached with the relay. IV. CONCLUSIONS This project is aimed at designing and implementation of an automatic system in the streets. This project can be implemented on large scale. It requires the initial cost only for designing and installation and not for utilization. Hence, such systems are very useful for the government to reduce the utilization of electric power. Therefore, such systems are once implemented on a large scale can bring significant reduction of the power consumption caused by street lights. This initiative will help the government to save this energy and meet the domestic and industrial needs. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We wish to thank our respected teacher Engr. Hafiz Faiz Rasool and friends for their excellent contribution and support for the completion of this project. Specially we are very much thankful to Dr. Mohammad Mukhtar the Vice Chancellor of the university, and Professor Jan Mohammad Keerio the Principal of UCET, for their efforts to facilitate and provide us most suitable environment for research and development. REFERENCES

Figure 7: Circuit Diagram by using 555 timer IC

We explain the circuit diagram implemented by using 555 timers IC. First, we give AC power 220 or 230V to a transformer which gives us 12V because we are using a step down transformer, after that this AC voltage pass through a full-wave bridge rectifier which convert AC voltage to DC voltage. We used rectifier because we need DC voltage not AC to run this project. The output of the full-wave rectifier will be a rippled DC voltage. In order to obtain a constant DC output voltage, a capacitor is connected across the output of the full-wave rectifier. In this project, we are going to switch off the street lights automatically as the day starts. The duration of the day differs from season to season, accordingly our module works based upon the light intensity so as to when to start or stop. For this we are using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) as the light sensor, which communicates with the required information to the 555 timer IC. Here we are using 555 timers IC, LDR and relay. By using the LDR we can operate the lights, so when the light is available then it will be in the OFF state and when it is dark then the light will be in ON state, it means LDR is inversely proportional to light. When the light falls on the LDR its resistance is very high, so it remains in an OFF state and when the darkness appears its resistance is immediately falls and its work in an ON state and communicates with the required information to the 555 timer IC. When the LDR is in the ON state then its output pass to 555 timers IC. In between this we are using a potentiometer which adjusts the light intensity on which lights ON or OFF. When the timer is in the quiescent state, the internal transistor is conducting and represents a short circuit across timing capacitor C. The level of the output terminal in this state is low. In practical circuits voltage at pin2 is kept above the trigger point by a resistor connected to VCC. When a negative going trigger pulse on pin-2 is applied, it causes the potential at this point to fall below 1/3VCC and thus the trigger comparator RESETs the flip-flop. Now, internal transistor is cut-off and thus the output level of the IC goes high. Due to this external transistor work and output goes to relay which is in the normally open state but when the output

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Radhi Priyasree, Rafiya Kauser.H, Vinitha.E, Gangatharan.N , Automatic Street Light Intensity Control and Road Safety Module Using Embedded System,Coimbatore Institute of Information Technology, ISBN 978-1-4675-2248-9, 2012. http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.com/2012/01/how-tomake-light-activated-day-night.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_8/1.html http://www.reuk.co.uk/Light-Dependent-Resistor.html http://www.tianbo-relay.com/relaysInfo.asp M.A.Wazad, N. Nafis, M.T.Islam, A.S.Sayem, Design and Fabrication of Automatic Street Light Control System, Engineering eTransaction (ISSN 1823-6379), Vol- 5, No. 1, June 2010, pp 31.