UNIVERSITATEA BABE-BOLYAI CLUJ-NAPOCA

FACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE
NVMNT LA DISTAN

LIMBA ENGLEZ
ANUL I SEMESTRUL I DE STUDIU NIVEL PRE-INTERMEDIAR

Rodica Medan

Universitatea Babe-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca Facultatea de litere Catedra de limbi strine specializate str. Horea nr. 7, cab. 10

e-mail: Rodica@netcourrier.com

STUDY PACKET CONTENT

UNIT I Present Simple ................................................................................................................. page 4 UNIT II Present Continuous ................................................................................................................. 8 UNIT III Past Simple .......................................................................................................................... 11 UNIT IV Future Simple; Going to ...................................................................................................... 15 UNIT V A Present Perfect Simple ...................................................................................................... 18 UNIT V B Present Perfect Continuous ............................................................................................... 20 UNIT VI The Passive .......................................................................................................................... 23 UNIT VII Comparatives and Superlatives .......................................................................................... 27 UNIT VIII Modal Verbs ..................................................................................................................... 30 UNIT IX Modal Verbs (continued) .................................................................................................... 33 UNIT X Like doing; would like to do ............................................................................................... 35 UNIT XI A First Conditional .............................................................................................................. 38 UNIT XI B Second Conditional .......................................................................................................... 39

Course Description and Examination Requirements This a course in reading and communicating intended for first year students in Psychology (second semester, pre-intermediate level). It builds on previously acquired knowledge (first semester). Special emphasis will be put on communicative skills based on grammar accuracy, reading skills Additionally, writing skills (note-taking, expressing opinions and justifying them, agreeing and

disagreeing etc.) will be presented. Attention will be given to the learning and practicing of elementary strategies necessary for academic reading and writing (to be studied in the 3rd and 4th semesters). The course is intended to increase students' fluency and to encourage a personalized approach of a wide variety of topics.

Study requirements

This course will be based mostly on individual study. Therefore, IN ORDER TO HAVE A SOUND BASIS FOR SELF AND CLASS EVALUATION students are KINDLY required to process the course units and solve the majority of the tasks included BEFORE THE IN-CLASS MEETINGS.

Grades

This term your final grade will reflect your individual progress as follows:

tasks included in the course Grade 1 (minimum 5) in-class written exam Grade 2 (minimum 5) __________________________ Final grade = (Grade 1+ Grade 2): 2

UNIT I
Tessa Saunders works for Knight and Day. Knight and Day is an advertising agency with offices in London and New York. Tessa lives in Wimbledon, a suburb of London. She usually gets up at six thirty. She goes to work on the Underground. It usually takes her about fifty minutes to get to her office. It's near Piccadilly Circus about five minutes away on foot. Tessa earns a good salary, but her job isn't easy. She usually starts work before nine in the morning and never finishes before seven or eight o'clock in the evening. Sometimes she leaves the office after nine or even ten o'clock. She often goes to bed after midnight and doesn't get very much sleep - perhaps five or six hours. Tessa has a friend called Roger Mitchum. She doesn't see him very often. He lives in San Francisco. He works for a company that makes computer software.

Present Simple
Form Positive and negative I We live You dont live They He lives She doesnt live It Question I we Where do you they he Where does she it Short answers Do you like Peter? Yes, I do. Does she speak French? No, she doesnt. Use The Present Simple is used: 1. To express a habit. I get up at 7:30. Dutch people travel a lot. 2. To express a fact which is always true.

near here

live?

Vegetarians dont eat meat. We come from Spain. 3. To express a fact which is true for a long time. I live in Oxford. She works in a bank.

Present Simple and Present Continuous

1. Look at the use of the present simple and present continuous in the following sentences. Do you wear a uniform at work? Why are you wearing that funny hat? I watch TV nearly every night. Sh! Im watching a good film! Annie works in an office. Its Sunday now. She isnt working. Shes reading at home. 2. Look at the wrong sentences, and compare them whit the right sentences. X X X X Where is she coming from? Where does she come from? Are you liking Coke? Do you like Coke? Who do you speak to on the telephone? Who are you speaking to on the telephone? I read a good book at the moment. Im reading a good book at the moment.

Have/have got
Form Positive I We You They He She have ve got has s got I We You They He She Negative dont have havent got doesnt have hasnt got

two sisters.

any money.

Question Do I we you they he she Have have a car? Has I we you they he she

got a car?

Does

Short answer Have you got a camera? Yes, I have./No, I havent. Do you have a camera? Yes, I do./No, I dont. Note We can use the contractions (ve and s) with have got, but not with have. Ive got a sister. I have a sister. Wrong : Ive a sister. Use 1. Have and have got mean the same. Have got is informal. We use it a lot when we speak, but not when we write. Have you got a light? The Prime Minister has a meeting with the President today. 2. Have and have got express possession. Ive got a car. I have a car. Hes got blond hair. He has blond hair. When have + noun means an activity or a habit, have and the do/does/dont/doesnt forms are used. Have got is not used. I have lunch at 1:00. Look at the wrong sentences and compare them with the right sentences. Note X Ive got a shower in the morning. In the past tense, the got forms are I have a shower in the morning. unusual. Had with did and didnt is X What time have you got lunch? much more common. What time do you have lunch? I had a bicycle when I was young. X He has never got milk in his coffee. Did you have a nice weekend? He never has milk in his coffee. I didnt have any money when I was a student.

Reading and communicating Vocabulary

LOVE

Love doesnt only mean romantic love. There are many different kinds of love, different levels of feeling towards people, places and things. Number these words from 1 to 9 in the order you think is the best (1 = positive feelings, 9 = negative feelings).

Be fond of Adore Dislike

Worship Like 1 Idolise

Not like very much Love Hate

Choose five of these words and tell your partner about people, places and things you know, using those five words. Talk about your feelings Write the answers in the first two columns below, and then ask your partner about the people, places and things on his/her list and write his/her answers in the second two columns. Tell each other something about the likes and dislikes that youve written down.

What do you love or really like very much? I really like Im not (perhaps very love) : fond of : A country A town A type of music A type of film Something to eat Something to drink A person of opposite sex A person of the same sex A child An animal

My partner really likes (perhaps love):

My partner isnt very fond of :

Love is sharing an umbrella in a storm. giving him your last chocolate. telling her shes more beautiful than yesterday. Think of some more endings for Love is (you neednt be too serious about this!)

Here are some English proverbs which have the word love in them. They are general comments on love. Work in groups of three or four to make suggestions about their meaning. a) One cannot love and be wise. c) Love me, love my dog. b) Love is blind. d) Love will find a way. Here are some comments made by young children about love. What experiences or observations do you think are behind these comments?

Fiona, 6I love my friends because they play with me. I love my Mummy. I cuddle her. The bad thing about love is that you always have to get married. Alex, 6People who love each other rub noses. I say hello and wave my hand. If I wanted to show a boy I loved him I would give him a game. Id give a girl a dolly. Harriet, 5Love is care. I love my granny and granddad, but older people dont love each other. Ive got an older sister but I dont love her because shes always being nasty. Martin, 6I love Anna but I havent told her. And I love my mummy. She shows she loves me by doing things for me, like washing up. Anna, 6Love is very nice, it makes my feel happy. I love Ben because hes good looking. I dont think Ill get married. I wont love anyone when Im older. Peter, 5I love Abigail. Sometimes I hug her and kiss her. Ive already asked her to marry me and I went down on one knee. Ill marry her when Im 31.

UNIT II
It's half past six on Monday morning. Tessa Saunders works in an advertising agency. She's having breakfast and reading a newspaper. The radio is on. She's listening to some music. Richard Knight is Tessa's boss. He's having a shower. It's half past seven and James Chen is putting on a new suit. James comes from Hong Kong, but he doesn't live there any more. He lives in London now and he has an interview for a job at ten o'clock this morning. It's half past eight now. Richard Knight is driving to work. He isn't going very fast because the traffic is very heavy this morning. It's half past nine now. Tessa is talking to Richard Knight. They're in his office. He's smoking a cigar. James is talking to a policewoman. He's asking the way to Blake Street. It's ten fifteen now. James Chen is in Tessa's office in Blake Street. She's interviewing him. It's eleven o'clock now. James is waiting for a bus. It's cold and it's raining, but he's happy because he's got a job with Knight and Day.

Question forms
1. Questions with question words Questions can begin with a question word: what, where, which, how, who, when, why, whose

Wheres the station? In Backer Street. Why are you laughing? Because you look funny. Whose is this coat? Mine. How does she go to work? By train. Note 1. What, which, and whose can be followed by a noun. What size do you take? Which coat is yours? Whose book is this? 2. Which is generally used when there is a limited choice. Which is your husband? This rule is not always true! What/Which newspaper do you read? 3. How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb. How big is his new car? How fast does it go?

2. Questions with no question word The answer to these questions is yes or no. Are you hot? Yes, I am./No, Im not. Is she working? Yes, she is./No, she isnt. Can you swim? Yes, I can./No, I cant. Form 1. Verbs forms with an auxiliary verb Positive She is reading. Question Is she reading?

Positive

They are watching a film.

Question What are they watching? Positive She can drive.

Question Can she drive? 2. Verb forms with no auxiliary verb In the Present Simple and the Past Simple, there is no auxiliary verb in the positive.

They live in London. He arrived yesterday. Do/does/did is used in the question. Do they live in London? Where does Bill come from? When did he arrive?

Present continuous
Form am is + verb + -ing (present participle) are Positive and negative Question m (am) I working. What am m not He s (is) What is She working. isnt It We re (are) What are You working. arent They Short answer Are you going? Yes, I am./No, Im not. Is Anna working? Yes, she is./No, she isnt. Note We cannot use Im, were, shes, etc. in short answers. Wrong Yes, Im. Yes, shes. Right Yes, I am. Yes, she is. Use The Present Continuous is used: 1. To express an activity happened now. Theyre playing football in the garden. She cant answer the phone because shes washing her hair. 2. To express an activity happened around now, but perhaps not at the moment of speaking: Shes studying Maths at university. Im reading a good book by Henry James. 3. To express a planned future arrangement: Im meeting Miss Boyd at ten oclock tomorrow. Hes starting French lessons next week. What are you doing at the weekend?

I wearing? he she wearing? it we you wearing? they

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Communicating Write a paragraph referring to the academic subjects you are studying this semester.

UNIT III
Tessa got up at six thirty yesterday morning. She didn't feel very well, but she went to work all the same. She went to work on the Underground and got to her office at eight o'clock. At half past nine she had a meeting with her boss, Richard Knight, and at ten o'clock she interviewed a young man, James Chen, for a job. Tessa liked him very much and he got the job. She didn't have very much time for lunch. She was too busy, and she wasn't very hungry anyway, so she had a sandwich and a cup of coffee in a small cafe near the office. At two o'clock she had a meeting with a photographer. She didn't like one of his photographs at all. She thought it was all wrong for the advertisement they were planning. They argued about it, but finally he agreed with her. She left the office around eight yesterday evening. She got home about nine and had dinner alone. Then she watched television for a few minutes, but she didn't like the programme, so she turned it off. She went to bed at half past ten. That's very early for her. She usually goes to bed much later.

Past Simple
Form The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons. Positive The positive of regular verbs ends in ed. There are many common irregular verbs. I He/She/It finished We arrived yesterday. You went They Negative The negative of Present Simple is formed with didnt. He walk ed . He didnt walk . I She didnt arrive yesterday. You (did not) etc. Question The question in the Past Simple is formed with did. She finish ed .

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When did she finish ? she you When did arrive? they etc. Short answer Did you go to work yesterday? Yes, I did. Did it rain last night? No, it didnt. Use The Past Simple is used: 1. To express a finished action in the past. We played tennis last Sunday. John left two minutes ago. Note: The Past Simple is often used with past time expressions: last year, last month, five years ago, yesterday morning, in 1945. 2. To express actions which follow each other in a story. James came into the room. He took off his coat and sat down on the bed. Suddenly, he noticed somebody behind the curtain. He stood up and walked slowly across the room.

Past Continuous
Form was/were (past tense of to be) + verb + -ing (present participle) Positive and negative Question I I She was he was He wasnt (was not) she It it working. what doing? We we were You were you werent (were not) They they Short answer Were you working yesterday? Yes, I was. Was she studying when you arrived? No, she wasnt. Use The Past Continuous is used to express a past activity happening over a period of time. What were you doing at 9:00 last night? I was watching TV. (I started watching before 9:00, and continued after 9:00.)

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Past Simple and Past Continuous

Look at the use of the Past Continuous and the Past Simple in the following sentences: I was doing my homework at 7:00 last night. (I was in the middle of the activity.) I did my homework last night. (I started and finished.) I was doing my homework when Jack arrived. When the teacher arrived, the students were talking. (Doing my homework and talking are long activities. Something happened in the middle to interrupt them.) The teacher arrived. Then they started the lesson. (Here, there are two activities, one followed by another.) The moon was shining through the window. James Bond came into the room and sat down on the bed. (In stories, the Past Continuous is often used to describe the scene. The Past Simple tells the action.)

Reading and communicating

ANGER

In groups of four to six, look at these proverbs. Decide what you think they mean. Do you agree with what they say? Why/Why not? a) b) c) d) e) f) When people are angry, they cannot be in the right. (Chinese proverb) A hungry person is an angry person. Anger is a short madness. People who get angry slowly stay angry longer. Let not the sun go down upon your anger. (Ephesians 4:26) When angry, count to a hundred.

Remember a past event when you felt angry. Then write your answers in the chart below. YOU What made you angry? How did you show your anger? YOUR PARTNER

Now talk to your partner. Ask her/him the same questions, and fill in the chart. Talk to the rest of the class. Tell them about your partner. Listen to all the answers. What makes people angry most often? How do most people show their anger?

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What would you do? Now work in groups of three. Look at these situations. How would you behave in each situation? Would you get angry? How would you show your anger? Or would you try to control yourself? A visitor to your home accidentally breaks your favourite vase. ii) Your child runs across the road without looking at the traffic, and nearly gets run over. iii) Someone pushes in front of you in a queue in a busy shop. iv) Someone bumps into your car when you are waiting at the traffic lights. v) Your favourite television programme is cancelled because a sports programme goes on too long. vi) A friend telephones to say they cant come and see you tonight as planned, because theyve been invited to a party. vii) Your husband/wife/girlfriend/boyfriend forgets your birthday. viii) Someone leans out of their car and makes a rude sign at you, shouting that youre a bad driver. You dont think youve done anything wrong. ix) In the park, someones dog jumps up at you, and cover your coat in mud. x) In a restaurant, the waiter ignores you and begins to serve other table although you were sitting there first. Now talk to the rest of the class. Did they feel the same way as you? Or did they react differently? How did most people react to each situation? A problem to solve Here is a letter taken from the Problem Page of a magazine. a) In groups of four to six, read the letter, and decide what advice you would give. i)

Dear Aunt Clare,

I have a very stronger problem - Im married to a man who never gets angry. At first I thought it was wonderful to be with such a gentle person, but nothing ever makes him cross, and its beginning to upset me. We can never have a proper argument, because he doesnt like arguments. He just shrugs his shoulders and leaves the room if I shout at him. Why do you think hes like this? What can I do to change him? Mary S.

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b) Tell the other groups what your advice would be to Mary S. Have any groups thought of similar advice? Which piece of advice do you think is the best? Class talk Talk about these points with the others in your class. Is anger a good emotion? Is it better to be angry and express your feelings? Or is it better to try to stay calm and hide your feelings? Do you get angry easily? Or rarely? Do you try to stay calm or do you show your anger? Have you ever been angry and regretted it? Or not been angry and regretted it afterwards?

UNIT IV
Yes, that's very interesting, Tessa. Now what do you know about their financial situation? Well, they didn't do too well last year. They lost a lot of money in the first half. But the second half was better. I'd like exact figures. I'll get them if I can. Are they going to make a profit this year? It's difficult to ... I know what you're going to say. It's difficult to know because the year isn't over yet. Just get as much information as possible. I'll do my best. Are they going to bring out any new products this year? Find out about that, too. All right. Anything else? No, not for the moment. Oh ... uh ... by the way, what are your plans for tomorrow evening? Well, I'm going to do an interview at Metro Radio early in the evening. Why? My partner from New York is going to be here. There's something very important we'd like to discuss with you. Oh! In the evening? Yes. Will you have dinner with us?

Will
Form will + infinitive (without to) Will is a modal auxiliary verb. The forms of will are the same for all persons.

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Positive and negative I She ll (will) come. You help you. They wont invite Tom. etc. Short answer Will you help me? Yes, I will.

Question he you When will help me? they etc.

Note No, I wont. is not common because it is impolite. It means I dont want to help you. A polite way of saying no here would be: Im afraid I cant. Use Will is used: 1. To express a future decision or intention made at the moment of speaking. Its Janes birthday. Is it? Ill buy her some flowers. Goodbye. Ill see you tomorrow. Ill take the red. Thank you. 2. To express an offer. Ill carry your suitcase. Well do the washing-up.

Going to
Form am/is/are + going + to + infinitive Positive and negative Question m (am) am I I m not he He is she s (is) She it going to arrive? When isnt going to work. It we are you We re (are) they You arent They Short answer Are they going to get married? Yes, they are./No, they arent. Use Going to is used: 1. To express a future decision, intention, or plan made before the moment of speaking. Were going to move to London. 16

How long are they going to stay in Rome? She isnt going to have a birthday party. 2. Where we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen in the future. Look at those clouds! Its going to rain. Watch out! That box is going to fall. You work so hard. Youre going to be rich and successful.

Will or going to?

Look at the use of will and going to in the following sentences: Im going to make a chicken casserole for dinner. (I decided this morning bought everything for it.) What shall I cook for dinner? Er I know! Ill make chicken casserole! Thats a good idea. (I decided at the moment of speaking.)

Reading and communicating Talk about your feelings

OLD AGE

Work in groups of three or four. Before you talk to the others write as much as you can about how you would like to be and what you would like to do when youre old. Think about your old age from as many different aspects as possible. Id like to .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... Now compare what you have written with the others in your group. If there are other suggestions that you like too, you can add to your list (if you agree with them). Help for old people In Britain, anyone over the age of sixty can have a Senior Citizens Railcard. This allows them to buy train tickets at reduced prices. a) Describe any special help that people over a certain age in your country get (with travel or anything else). b) What, in general, are the attitudes towards old people in your country? They are respected and helped. __ They are neglected by a society that prefers the young, the beautiful and the modern. __ c) What happens to old people in your country when they cant look after themselves any more? They are looked after by their families. __ They spend their old age in special homes for old people. __ Compare your answers. Justify your opinion and give examples. 17

Pros and cons When Im old Im going to ... leave this city and go and live in the country-side because... ... find a voluntary job to do. Id like to help other people. Ive worked all my life - why should I stop? ... travel all over the country... Work with a partner and think of some positive points about these plans, and some difficulties these people might meet. Talk about these points with the others in your class. What differences can you see between what you used to be like in the past and how you are now? What changes do you expect to happen in your future? What do you think you can look forward to when you retire? What might be less pleasant about becoming old?

UNIT V A
You look worried. I am. Why? Well, I'm going to have an interview tomorrow, and I don't know what to say when they ask me the usual question. What question is that? 'Have you ever done this kind of work before?' You see, this company designs hotels, but all my experience has been in restaurant design. Yes, I know. But don't tell them that. Do you mean I should tell them a lie? Say that I have had some experience in designing hotels? No, of course not. Well, what should I say then? Say, 'No, I've never done that kind of thing before, but I have done things that are similar.' But that's not ... Isn't there anything similar about designing restaurants and designing hotels? Well, the two things aren't completely different. I mean, hotels usually include restaurants. You see! There are things in your previous experience that can help you get the job. Hmm. Perhaps you're right.

Present Perfect Simple

Form have/has + verb + -ed (past participle)

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The past participle of regular verbs ends in ed. There are many common irregular verbs. Positive and negative Question I I we ve (have) We Have you You havent worked in a been to the they They factory. United States? he He s (has) Has she She hasnt it It Short answer Have you been to Egypt? Yes, I have./No, I havent Has she ever written poetry? Yes, she has./No, she hasnt.

Note We cannot use Ive, theyve, hes etc. in short answers. Wrong: Yes, Ive. Yes, weve. Right: Yes, I have. Yes, we have. Use The Present Perfect relates past actions and states to the present. The Present Perfect is in a sense a present tense. It looks back from the present into the past, and expresses what has happened before now. Weve met a lot of famous people. (before now) Shes lived here all her life. (up to the present, and probably into the future) Here are two main use of the Present Perfect: 1. To express an action in the past. We are interested in the experience as part of someones life. Ive travelled a lot in Africa. Theyve lived all over the world. Ever and never are common with this use. Have you ever been in a car crash? My mother has never flown in a plan. 2. To express an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present. Ive known Alice for six years. How long have you worked as a teacher? For and since are common with this use. Ive lived here for two years. Ive had a beard since I left the army. Note: In many languages, this use is expressed by a present tense. In a way, this is logical. Peter is a teacher. Peter is a teacher for ten years. But English has a tense which looks back from the present to the past, the Present Perfect. So we say: Peter has been .

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Wrong: Peter is a teacher for ten years. Right: Peter has been a teacher for ten years.

Past Perfect and Past Simple

1. Look at the use of the Present Perfect and the Present Simple in the following sentences. Ive lived in Rome for six months. (I still do.) I lived in London for a year. (Now I live somewhere else, not in London.) Sallys written several books. (Shes still alive.) Shakespeare wrote many plays. (He is dead.) Hes worked in a bank three years. He started working in the bank in 1989 / when he was 20 / three years ago.

3. Look at the wrong sentences and compare them with the right sentences. X X X X Ive broken my leg last year. I broke my leg last year. He works as a musician all his life. He was worked as a musician all his life. When have you been to Greece? When did you go to Greece? How long do you have your car? How long have you had your car?

UNIT V B
Hello. I'm Paula Silverman, and welcome to Media World. We're delighted to have Tessa Saunders with us today from Knight and Day Advertising. Well, first of all, how long have you been working in advertising, Tessa? For five years. Could you tell us about your present job? Well, I'm an account executive. I work very closely with the client. We make decisions about the best advertising strategy for a product. I also work closely with the people who write the advertisements - the copywriters. And how long have you been doing that? Working as an account executive, I mean. For about three years. I have the impression that people don't last very long in advertising - that it's a good business to be in when you're young but not when you're older. Do you agree? Well, it is true that there are a lot of people below the age of thirty in advertising, and many of them earn very good salaries. But there are also a lot of older people in it, too. But isn't it much easier to lose a good job in your business than it is to get one? 20

It isn't as safe as a job in a bank, if that's what you mean.

Present Perfect Simple Use The Present Perfect Simple looks back from the present to the past. In this unit, we see that the Present Perfect is used to express a past action with a result in the present. We are looking at a recent past action, and expressing its effect on the present. Ive lost my wallet. (I havent got it now.) My cars been stolen! (It isnt here now.) Has the postman brought any letters? (Are there any letters on the mat now?)

Note Notice the use of certain adverbs with the use of the Present Perfect. Shes just passed her driving test. (a very short time before) Thanks, but Ive already had a lunch. (some time before) Has the postman been yet? (any time before now) He hasnt got up yet, and its 11:00! (yet is used in questions and negative sentences) Present Perfect Continuous Form has/have + been + verb + -ing (present participle) Positive and negative Question I I We ve (have) we have You havent you They they been working? been working. How long He he s (has) has she She hasnt It it Short answer Have you been running? Yes, I have./No, I havent. Use The Present Perfect Continuous is used: 1. To express an activity which continues to the present. Weve been waiting here for hours! Its been raining for days. 2. To refer to an activity with a result in the present. Im hot because Ive been running. Her shoes are muddy. Shes been digging the garden.

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Note 1. Sometimes there is little or no difference in the meaning between the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous. How long have you worked here? How long have you been working here? 2. Think of the verbs that have the idea of a long time, for example, wait, work, learn, travel, play. These verbs can be found in the Present Perfect Continuous. Ive been playing tennis since I was a boy. Think of the verbs that dont have the idea of a long time, for example, find, start, buy, dye, lose, stop. It is unusual to find these verbs in the Present Perfect Continuous. Ive bought a new dress. My cat has die3. Verbs that express a state (for example: like, love, hate, know) are not found in the d. My radios broken. Present Perfect Continuous. Weve know each other for a long time. How long have you had your car? Wrong: Weve been knowing each other for a long time. 4. The Present Perfect Simple looks at the completed action. This is why, if the sentence gives a number or a quantity, the Present Perfect Simple is used. Ive written three letters today. The Continuous in not possible. Wrong: Ive been writing three letters today.

Reading and communicating

ADULTHOOD

The Sunday Times asked people when they felt they had finally said goodbye to their childhood, and became an adult. Here are some of their answers: Manhood finally struck home on the day I left Army. It had to do with facing up the dull, dreary routine of life. Adulthood with its weekly wage-packets and protecting the crease in ones trouser-knees was all that lay ahead Willis Hall, playwright I was 15 years old and my brother Tim was 10 when we learnt my father only had weeks to live. We were told there had been a number of heart operations for this sort of complaint but no one over the age of 30 had survived. Nothing was ever going to be the same again. Rosie Barnes, Member of Parliament Experience has taught me to behave like an adult when its necessary, which is quite a lot of time. Therefore I work, pay bills, answer letters from lawyers and accountants, and consider how what I do today will affect tomorrow. But I dont think its wise to give up childhood so as much as possible Ive held onto mine. Im 41 and 14 concurrently Marsha Hunt, singer

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I have been pretending to be grown up for some 25 years now. I know precisely the moment it happened: lying in hospital, I turned my head to the side to meet a pair of piercing blue, two-minute-old eyes, totally dependent on me. A slow realisation My God, she thinks I know what Im doing! Ive been playing Mummies and Daddies ever since. Jane Asher, actress Read what each person says about growing up. Then talk about what they say, and write down your answer to the questions in the chart below. Willis Hall Jane Asher Marsha Hunt Rosie Barnes Does he/she feel grown up? When did he/she feel they grew up? Do they think its a good thing to feel? What do they say about it?

Think about these questions: Do you feel grown up? Yes When did you first feel grown up? No When do you think youll feel grown up? Do you think feeling grown up is a good thing? Talk to your partner, and discuss your answers to these questions. Do you feel the same about some things? Talk about the differences you feel, and the reasons for them.

Carry out a class survey, to find out how everyone feels. How many people in the class feel grown up? How many dont? (Do not forget to ask the teacher!) What are the main landmarks people think about when growing up? How many people think its a good thing to feel grown up? How many think its better to feel young?

UNIT VI
How was your flight? Well, there was a delay, but it wasn't very long. Oh. Well, I'm glad you got here safely. Now, let me introduce you to my colleagues. But of course, you already know Hans Landau. Yes, I do. We met when you and he were in London. Yes, of course. And this is Barbara Fischer, our publicity director.

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I'm pleased to meet you. My pleasure. Now, uh ... before we begin the meeting, can we get you some tea or coffee? No, thank you. Later, perhaps. Good. Let's begin then.

The passive
Form am/is/are + verb + -ed (past participle) was/were has/have been The past participle of regular verbs end in ed.

Present
Positive and negative English is spoken all over the world. Renault cars are made in France. My children arent helped with their homework. Coffee isnt grown in England. Question Where is rice grown? Are cars made in your country?

Past
Positive and negative My car was stolen last night. The animals were frightened by a loud noise. He wasnt injured in the accident. The thieves werent seen by anyone. Question How was the window broken? Were the plants watered last night?

Present perfect
Positive and negative Ive been robbed! Diet Coke has been made since 1982. Question How many times have you been hurt playing football? Has my car been repaired? Short answer Are cars made in your country? Yes, they are./No, they arent. Were the plants watered last night? Yes, they were./No, they werent. 24

Has my car been repaired? Yes, it has./No, it hasnt. Note 1. The rules for tense usage in the passive are the same as in the active. Present Simple to express habit: My car is serviced regularly. Past Simple to express a finished action in the past: America was discovered by Columbus. Present Perfect to express an action which began in the past and continues to the present: Diet Coke has been made since 1982. 2. The passive infinitive (to be + verb + -ed) is used after modal auxiliary verbs and other verbs, which are followed by an infinitive. Driving should be banned in city centres. The house is going to be knocked down. Use 1. The object of an active verb becomes the subject of a passive verb. Active: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Passive: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. 2. The passive is not another way of expressing the same sentence in the active. We choose the active or the passive depending in what we are more interested in. Hamlet was written in 1600. (We are more interested in Hamlet.) Shakespeare wrote comedies, histories and tragedies. (We are more interested in Shakespeare.) Note Some verbs, for example, give, have two objects, a person and a thing. She gave me a book for my birthday. In the passive, we often make the person the subject, not the thing. I was given a book for my birthday.

Reading and communicating Talk about your feelings

ANIMALS

In your country, which of these animals would you i) eat? ii) keep as a pet? iii) treat as a wild animal? iv) use as a working animal?

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Fill in your answers below. ANIMAL EAT KEEP AS PET TREAT AS WILD USE AS A WORKING ANIMAL

Cat Dog Horse Deer Rabbit Squirrel Fox Duck Goat Camel Frog Mouse Pros and cons a) Read this article. Pupils Watch Pets Killed Horrified pupils at the George Land School in Hertfordshire have seen their favourite farm animals killed and sold for meat. Parents are worried that their children will be permanently upset by this. One mother said that her 13-year old daughter had been looking after rabbits at the school farm, and had been shocked to find three of them dead. I think its terrible, she said. My daughter was extremely upset when she came home from school. Another mother said that many parents were opposed to the killing, but were frightened to say anything in case their children were expelled from the school. But the headmistress, Mrs. Jill Johnson, defended the farm. She said it was one of several in the area, and that it is supported by local veterinary surgeons. Where town and country meet, there is bound to be a clash of views on life, she added. But its an approved policy in rural schools, and only the children who want to take part in the scheme do so. Theyre not forced to. She agreed that some children become very fond of the animals and are upset when they are killed. However, she hoped those children would speak out and start a discussion about it. The school has an active animal rights group, and many of the girls are vegetarian, she added. Children are told when the animals are to be killed, and can choose whether to watch or not. Children who want to skin the animals can do so. The larger animals are sent to a slaughterhouse, and sold as meat. One mother spoke in favour of the scheme. Mrs. Janette Salter said her 13-year old daughter, Dominique, had a responsible attitude towards animals

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as a result of working on the farm. She has no fear, and if she had to she could kill her own pet rabbit, she said.

b) When you have finished reading the article, decide whether you agree or disagree with what the school is doing. Form two groups: those who agree with the school and those who disagree with it. Make a list of the points in the article which support your view. Add any more points you can think of. Now make a list of all the points for the opposite point of view. Add any more points you can think of. Form small groups of six to eight. Discuss the points you have thought of, for and against what the school is doing. What do you think? Class talk Talk about these points with the others in your class People often say that in Britain, animals are treated better than children. Is this true in your country? Do you think animals are a substitute for children for some people? How do you think animals should be treated? Do you think some people make too much fuss of them? Do you think we should eat them? Use their fur? Keep them as pets? Take care of them? Use them for work? Put them in zoos? Let them go free?

UNIT VII
What are the most important things we can say about the new video camera? Frau Fischer. Would you like to answer that question? First of all, it will be one of the best cameras on the market. But it won't be the most expensive. Just a moment please. I'd like to make some notes. Where's my pen? Here it is. Yes, go on, please. You see, we are using some completely new materials. This means that the camera will also be one of the lightest and smallest on the market. But the quality of the pictures and also the sound is excellent. Oh, no! What's the matter? My pen! I bought it only two days ago. It cost a lot, but it doesn't work! Can I lend you my pen? No, that's all right. I've got another one with me. Thanks all the same.

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What like?
Form what + verb to be + subject + like? s (is) your teacher are his parents What like? was your holiday were the beaches Note We dont use like in the answer. Wrong : Shes like patient. Right: Shes patient. Use What like? means Describe somebody or something. Tell me about them? Like in this question is preposition, not a verb: What is Jim like? Hes intelligent and kind, and hes got a lovely blue eyes. In the following sentences like is a verb: What does Jim like? He likes motorbikes and playing tennis. Note Hows your mother? Shes very well, thank you. Hows your mother? asks about health. It doesnt ask for a description.

Shes very patient. Theyre very kind. Wonderful. We swam a lot. OK, but some were dirty.

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Use 1. Than is often used after a comparative adjective. Im younger than Barbara. Barbara is more intelligent than Sarah. Much can come before the comparative to give emphasis. Shes much nicer than her sister. Is Tokyo much modern than London? 2. The is used before superlative adjectives. Hes the funniest boy in the class. Which is the tallest building in the world? 3. As as shows that something is the same or equal. Jims as tall as Peter. Im as worried as you are. 4. Not as/so as shows that something isnt the same or equal. She isnt as tall as her mother. My car wasnt so expensive as yours.

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 Form Adjectives Short adjectives cheap small big Adjectives that funny early end in y heavy Adjectives with careful two syllables or boring expensive more interesting good Irregular bad adjectives far Comparative cheaper smaller bigger funnier earlier heavier more careful more boring more expensive more interesting better worse further/farther Superlative cheapest smallest biggest funniest earliest heaviest most careful most boring most expensive most interesting best worst furthest/farthest

Reading and communicating

THE PACE OF LIFE

Make these words SLOW (S) or FAST (F) in the boxes below. Use your dictionary if you need to. walk W rapid W stroll W wander W fly W amble W swift W quick W gradual W leisurely W run W relaxed W hasty W gentile W Can you think of any more words to add to the list? Work in groups of four. Compare your words. Add any new words to your list. Look at this list of forms of transport. train boat lorry bicycle car bus hovercraft air balloon

motorbike aeroplane

Concorde helicopter

a) Which form of transport is the fastest? Which is the slowest? With your partner, put them in order of speed by writing numbers 1-12 in the boxes above (1 = fastest; 12 = slowest). b) Which form of transport do you like best? Which would you not enjoy? Why or why not? Talk to your partner. Do you agree? Write down your answers. FAVOURITE FORM OF TRANSPORT WHY? LEAST FAVOURITE FORM OF TRANSPORT WHY?

Me Partner Work in groups of four. Decide which is the best way for you to travel (for example, the fastest, the cheapest, the most comfortable or most interesting) for the following: a) from your home to school/collage/work b) from London to Paris c) from Europe to Australia d) from the East Coast to the West Coast of America

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e) from your home to your favourite place for a holiday f) around the world Now imagine the same journeys with: your eighty-year-old uncle two small children (a baby of six months and a two-year-old) six heavy suitcases People often say that life is getting faster every year. But does faster mean better? Talk to your partner. Do you think FAST or SLOW is better for each of these things? COOKING (What about fast food?) ART (Think about painting and photographs.) COMMUNICATIONS (Think about writing letters and telephoning.) LEARNING A LANGUAGE (What about intensive language courses?) GETTING FIT (Think about crash diets and exercise programmes.)

Talk about these points with the others in your class. Do you think life is faster than when you were young? Is it better? Do you think being able to travel to other places more quickly makes life better today? Do you think being able to communicate quickly with other people makes life better?

UNIT VIII
Good evening, sir. Can I help you? Yes, my name is Mitchum. I have a reservation. Pardon? Can you repeat your name, please? Mitchum. How do you spell that, sir? M ... I ... T ... C ... H ... U ... M. And your first name, please? Roger. Robert? Robert Mitchum? No, Roger. R ... O ... G ... E ... R. I'm sorry. Roger. Not Robert. Um ... yes, here it is ... 1st March ... Roger Mitchum. A single room with a shower for three nights. Is that right? Yes. From the first to the fourth. Can I see your passport, please? Here you are. Thank you. Your room number is three forty-seven, Mr Mitchum. Here's your key. Thank you.

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Can, could and will

Can, could and will are modal auxiliary verbs. They are used with the infinitive. Can I help you? Could you tell me the time? Ill carry your bag. Polite requests Can and could are used for requests. pass the salt, please? Can you turn off the TV, please? Could

Can go home, please? I Could have some stamps, please?

Could is (a little) more formal. Can is (a little) more familiar. Offers Will is used to express an offer of help. Ill bring some wine. Ill make you a cup of tea. John will take you home.

Note 1. In many languages, this use of will is sometimes expressed by a present tense. English use will to express an offer made now about a future action. Wrong: I give you my phone number. I open the door for you. Right: Ill give you my phone number. Ill open the door for you. 2. In this use, the contraction ll is always used. Wrong: I will help you with your homework. Right: Ill help you with your homework.

Reading and communicating

ADDICTION

What differences can you see between a drinking habit and a drug habit? Think of some possible answers to these questions. Do this by yourself.

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Talk about people When do you think a person can have his/her first experience with alcohol or drugs? Where do you think the First experience can take place? Who else do you think can also be involved in this first experience? How easy is it to buy alcohol or drugs? How easy is it to Become addicted? Why is giving up so difficult? Giving advice Heres a letter that was received by the organisation LIBRA. Work in groups of three or four, and make a list of points of advice you would give the writer. Useful expressions for giving advice: It may help you to If I were you Id Well, one solution may be to In your situation I think Id It might be a good idea to Dear Mr. Rowley, I need some help badly. My husband, who lost his job last year and has been unemployed ever since, has become an alcoholic. Dont get me wrong he used to drink before he lost his job, but now it has really become a problem. We often used to go out for a drink in the evening together, but we never had more than one or two and it was always a pleasure. Now he just sit around all day, feels useless (so he says) and starts drinking even before lunch. I find that Im beginning to drink more, too. This is not just to keep him company, but Ive developed the idea that if I drink it, he cant. Before I just used to nag him but that didnt work. What can we do now? Can you help us? Im sure our two children, aged eleven and eight, will soon begin to suffer if they havent already. Mrs. D.M. (Eastbourne) THE ALCOHOLIC THE DRUG ADDICT

When we think about addiction we nearly always-think first of smoking, alcohol and drugs. What do you think might be the problems of a person who: o cant stop working? o cant stop eating?

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o cant stop gambling? What do you think could be the consequences of these habits for the person concerned and for others? If you have ever known anyone who was or is addicted to any of the things mentioned in this until tell the rest of your class something about the person.

UNIT IX
Well, as I said, this is confidential. Very confidential! Yes, I understand. Go on. We're not happy with Bell and Winter, and Nathalie Artaud ... that's the director of the company (and my boss, of course) ... Nathalie Artaud wants to find another agency. I see. Hmm. That's why I wanted to see you today. I wanted to find out if you're interested. I see. Hmm. Well, are you? Interested? Yes, David. I'm very interested. But I think I should talk to my boss before I say anything more. Of course.

Should
Form should + infinitive (without to) The forms of should are the same for all persons. Positive and negative Question I I Should she see a doctor? He should do more exercise. We they shouldnt tell lies. see a doctor? They I Do you etc. he should think we Short answer Should I phone home? Yes, you should. Should I buy a Mercedes Benz? No, you shouldnt. Use Should is used to express what the speaker thinks is right or the best thong to do. It expresses mild obligation, or advice. I should do more work. (This is my option.) You should do more work. (Im telling you what I think.) Do you think we should stop here? (Im asking you for your opinion.) Shouldnt expresses negative advice. You shouldnt sit so close to the TV. Its bad for your eyes.

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Note Should expresses the opinion of the speaker, and it is often introduced by I think or I dont think. I think politicians should listen more. I dont think people should get married until theyre 21.

Reading and communicating A problem to solve

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

Make the punishment fit the crime: A case of murder At the age of forty-two, Kurt Hofmann, a German businessman, was given a very high position in a large company in Zurich, Switzerland. He took the job as head of the marketing department even though he had not had direct experience in this type of work before. He was very ambitious and really wanted this well-paid job. The company gave him the job even though they knew it was a problem position. After about six months it was clear that Mr. Hofmann was under a lot of stress. Work with a partner and number these stress factors 1-10, starting with 1 as the most serious.

his job was beyond him, he just couldnt do it his colleagues, five men in particular, disliked him and told everyone how bad he was at his job his superior didnt help him at all his wife left him his girlfriend refused to move to Zurich

__ __

he had to move away from the town where he had always lived he worked at least twelve hours a day trying to do the job there was no one at work he could trust he was living in a foreign country he was living alone for the first time in his life

__ __

__ __ __

__ __ __

One day this STOP PRESS report was in the evening newspaper:

STOP PRESS
RAZ marketing chief kills four. The head of the marketing department at RAZ, Kurt Hofmann, shot five employees, killing four and seriously injuring one, this morning. He escaped from the RAZ head office and, at the time of going to press, had not been found. He is armed and may be dangerous. He was arrested a couple of weeks later in a hotel a few hundred miles away. When his trial took place months later, lots of comments were made about him.

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Im a handwriting analyst. Samples of his handwriting over the years show definite signs of instability. I work at RAZ. He should be put in prison for the rest of his life every day of it. Mr. Hofmann lived in the flat upstairs. He seemed such a nice man. I cant understand it at all. I feel very sorry for him. Im a psychiatrist. Ive examined Mr. Hofmann and I can definitely say that he is unable to cope with stress. He is not a leader and probably never was. The consequence of that fateful day were: for Mr. Hofmann seventeen years in prison for his immediate superior early retirement with a good pension for four employees death, leaving three widows and seven orphans for one employee unable to work for the rest of his life Work in groups of four to decide: a) if you think seventeen years was a fair sentence. b) if you think any other people were also partly responsible for what Mr. Hofmann did. Give reasons for your decisions.

UNIT X
The software's very good. Our customers like the new software. Sales are increasing. I'm glad to hear that. But there are some problems. Oh, what kind of problems? I'd like to explain them later. Perhaps we can discuss them at dinner this evening? Yes, of course. By the way, where would you like to go this evening? I mean, what kind of food would you like to eat? Well, I'm not sure. What do you suggest? What about sashimi? Would you like that? Sashimi? What's that? I'm afraid I don't know very much about Japanese food. It's raw fish or raw seafood. It's very good! Uh huh. I'd like to try that some other time perhaps. Can you suggest something else? Yes, of course.

Verb Patterns
Here are three possible verb patterns. 1. Verb + infinitive (+ to) They want to buy a new car. He promised to come early. I decide to go by taxi. 35

She forgot to post the letter. 2. Verb + -ing She enjoys playing tennis. I like cooking, but I dont like washing up. He finished reading his book. 3. Verb + -ing or infinitive (+ to) with no change of meaning. It began to rain/raining. I started to learn/learning English two years ago. I continued to work/working in the library.

Like doing and would like to do

Like doing (and love doing) express a general enjoyment. Would like to do (and would love to do) express a preference now or at a specific time. Look at the use of like (love) and would like (love) in the following sentences: I like working as a teacher. (I am a teacher and I enjoy it.) Id like to be a teacher. (When I grow up, I want to be a teacher.) I love dancing. (This one of my hobbies.) Thank you. Id love to dance. (Were at a disco. Im pleased that you asked me.) Short answer Would you like to dance? Yes, I would./Yes, Id love to. Would you like to come for a walk? Yes, I would./No, thank you. Note No, I wouldnt. is not common because it is impolite.

Reading and communicating

WOMEN AND MEN

These statements were made by children. Find four endings for a boy and four for a girl from this list. i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) then Id be able to wear trousers more often. then it would be all right if I cried. then a _____________ would ask me for a date. then I could play football. then I could have long hair. then I wouldnt have to help with the washing up. then I wouldnt have to carry all the heavy things. then Id be able to help dad repair the car. Id like to be a boy because

Id like to be a girl because

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 Fill in this questionnaire by yourself. What sex are you? If you grew up with both parents, which one did you feel closest to? What was your favourite toy when you were a child? What was your favourite subject at school? What subject did you dislike most at school? What was your hobby when you were a child? What did you expect of your future when you were a teenager? F M

Share your opinions about being male or female. Talk about: yourself in relation to societys image of your sex - what is that image? yourself in relation to advertisers image of your sex - do you fit in? what you think must be the best things and the worst things about being a member of the other sex in your country. Have a guess! Here are some statistics about people in America. What do you think the answers to these questions are? You probably dont know the answers for sure, but have a guess! Who live longer men or women? Are there more men or women in America? Which group has the highest percentage of unemployment men or women? Who are there more of male prisoners or female prisoners? Who marry younger men or women? Which group has the highest percentage of smokers men or women? Who is more likely to die of heart and related diseases men or women?

Talk about your feelings Work in groups. Which of these things could you: a) accept completely? b) find unusual but acceptable? c) not be able to accept? d) find unusual and a bit strange?

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UNIT XI A
What about you, by the way? Me? Yes. How's your work going? Uh ... not so well. Oh, really? I'm sorry to hear that. Er ... would ... would you like to talk about it? Um ... I'm not sure if I would. Oh, I see. If you really want to know, it's my boss. Oh ... you mean you don't like him? No, that isn't what I mean. What's the problem, then? It isn't that I don't like him. I hate him! Is it that bad? It's worse than that. I almost quit a few days ago. Quit? Really? So ... what do you think you're going to do now? I don't know ... but I'll tell you one thing. If he talks to me again the way he did a few days ago, I will quit!

A. First Conditional
Form if + Present Simple, will + infinitive (without to) Positive and negative I work hard, I pass my exams. ll If she has enough money, she buy a new car. (will) we dont hurry up, we be late. If youre late wont wait for you. Question What you do you dont go to university? will if Where she go she cant find a job? Short answer Will you go to university if you pass your exams? Yes, I will./No, I wont. If we look after the planet, will we survive? Yes, we will./No, we wont. Note The condition clause (if) can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. Ill pass my exams, if I work hard. If I work hard, Ill pass my exams. Use The First Conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in the future. If my cheque comes, Ill buy us all a meal.

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Youll get wet if you dont take an umbrella. Whatll happen to the environment if we dont look after it? Note English uses a present tense in the conditions clauses, not a future form. Wrong: If it will rain If Ill work hard Right: If it rains If I work hard

Time clauses
Form Conjunction + Present Simple, will + infinitive (without to) Conjunctions of time (e.g. when, as soon as, before, until) are not usually followed by will. The clause refers to the future, but English uses the Present Simple, not will. When your guests arrived, well eat. As soon as I have some news, Ill phone you. Ill do my work after I have a bath. Ill speak to you again before I leave. Well stay here until the rain stops. Note If expresses a possibility that something will happen; when expresses what the speaker sees as certain to happen. If I find my book, Ill send it to you. When I get home, Ill have a bath.

B. Second Conditional
Form if + Past Simple; would + infinitive (without to) Would is a modal auxiliary verb. The forms of would is the same for all persons. Positive and negative I had more money, I buy a CD player. If she knew the answer, she d (would) tell us. we lived in Russia, we soon learn Russian. If I didnt have so many debts, I wouldnt have to work so hard. Question What you do you had a year off? would if Which countries you go to you travelled round the world? Short answer Would you travel round the world? Yes, I would./No, I wouldnt.

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If they had money, would they buy a new car? Yes, they would./No, they wouldnt. Note 1. The condition clause can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. Id help if I had more time. If I had more time, Id help. 2. Were is often used instead of was in the condition clause. If I were you, Id go to bed. If he were cleverer, hed know he was making a mistake.

Use The Second Conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition and its probable result in the present or future. The condition in unreal because it is different from the facts that we know. We can always say: But . If I were Prime Minister, Id increase tax for rich people. (But Im not Prime Minister.) If I lived in a big house, Id have a party. (But I live in a small house.) What would you do if you saw a ghost? (But I dont expect you will see a ghost.)

Reading and communicating OPTIMISM AND PESSIMISM Work with a partner. One of you should think about an optimist who sees the positive side of everything, and the other should think about a pessimist who sees everything negatively. Answer these questions from the optimists and pessimists point of view.

Whats your favourite colour? Which is your favourite month? Which is your favourite season? What sort of films do you like watching? Which foreign language do you like hearing? What are you going to do when you retire? What did you read in the newspaper yesterday?

OPTIMIST

PESIMIST

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Are you an optimist or a pessimist? Do this quiz and find out! 1. If you had just started a new job and immediately found that you didnt like it, would you a) leave after one day? b) leave after a week? c) stay longer to see is things improved? 2. If you ask someone to give you some help, do you a) know they will agree? b) think they may agree? c) feel sure they will disagree? 3. When you get post in the morning, do you expect it to contain a) good news? b) bad news? c) nothing of interest to you? 4. If a relative contacts you after years of silence, do you think they a) want something from you? b) have realised theyve missed you? c) want to tell you someone in the family has died? 5. If your boss suddenly called you in his office one Friday afternoon, would you think a) he was going to offer you a better job? __ b) he was going to tell you to leave? __ c) he wanted to talk to you about __ something very routine? 6. If you went for an interview for a job and didnt get it, would you assume that they a) found someone better than you? __ b) realized you were too good for the job? __ c) just didnt like you as a person? __ 7. A good-looking member of the opposite sex is watching you from the other side of a crowded room at a party, do you a) think you must look attractive, too? __ b) feel that there must be something __ wrong with your clothes? c) tell the friend youre with that the __ stranger is looking at him/her?

__ __ __

__ __ __

__ __ __

__ __ __

Class talk Talk about these points with the others in your class. What things (such as birds singing, for example) make you feel optimistic? What things make you feel pessimistic? What do you sometimes do to cheer yourself up if youre feeling down?

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