Japan Railaways, Hiro

We Desire Screening Methods to Easily Control the Pollution in the Ground
Why Do We Need Screening Methods?

Hiro Sakai
Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan Railways
Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways
What is going on in the geoenvironment in Japan Railways?
Have you ever been to Japan?

Kyoto
Sapporo
Sendai
Hiroshima
Fukuoka
Narita
Tokyo
Osaka
Basically, Japan Railways run electric trains, but they still use JR Hokkaido diesel engines
JR Freight Yamaguchi Line, JR West JR Shikoku
Japan Railways also run electric trains throughout Japan
JR East
JR West JR Central
JR Kyushu
What kinds of issue are coming out from the operation of diesel engines?
-Leaking of light oil used as fuel
The polluted soil should be cleaned-up, but scientific data are needed. Aromatic hydrocarbons might be contained
Fondly called Brown Field Problems
What brown field problems are taking place in railroad operation?
Leakage from fuel tanks pollutes railroad tracks resulting in:

-Bad smell -Unsightly looking, visual contamination -Risk to contaminate groundwater
Which case is much more serious?
Drips gas pumps. Drips from tanks on trains and engines.

We inspected the ground in a car depot

10 m
Engine Run-Round Track
A
Arrival Track No. 1
Arrival Track No. 2
GL-5.5 m
B
GL-5.5 m
C
Arrival Track No. 3
GL-5.5 m
D
Arrival Track No. 4
E
Shunting Track
GL-2.8 m
F
GL-3.5 m
How can we manage pollution?
30,000 km active lines
5 m width for single tracks Estimated 100,000,000 m2
342 car depots Estimated 342,000 m2 1,000 m2 each

What we knew are.

Concentration of mireral oil extracted with hexan / mg g
-1
0
1.5 - 2 m 2.5 - 3 m 5 - 5.5 m 1.5 - 2 m 2 - 2.5 m
0.5
1.5
2.5
A, remote from B, remote from C, close to D, close to E, close to F,close to
Spot
5.1 - 5.5 m 1.5 - 2 m 2.5 - 3 m 4.5 - 5.5 m 1.3 - 1.8 m 2 - 2.5 m 5 - 5.5 m 1 - 1.5 m 1.5 - 2 m 2 - 2.8 m 1.5 - 2 m 3 - 3.5 m
No idea, but hope so.
Bioremediation works??
Japan Railways still thinking.

-Just burn -Bioremediation -Other methods
What we need right now are.

-Information on the reasons why soil polluted with petroleum should be cleaned-up. We know that it is better to take care. But scientific data are needed to convince us.
-If necessary to clean-up, how deep we should do it? -What methods are better in the case with railroad tracks? We run over 200,000 trains a day.
What kinds of issue are coming out from the operation of electric trains?
-Heavy metal contamination
Scattered by friction between contact wires, especially lead and copper, and pantographs Emitted from the surface of brake linings, including lead, because of high-speed operation
Friction at pantographs
But all frictional materials containing heavy metals were already replaced with carbon materials
When giving a brake
Whenever operating trains, generally, there occurs.

-Heavy metal contamination
The surface of wheel tread is shaved by brake shoes in firm contact to scatter small particles of steel on washings, parked vehicles and houses on tracks
Steal amount / mg m-2 day-1
0.4
0.2
0 0 20 40 60 80
Distance from track center / m

-Chromium originating from concrete structures
Concrete containing lime and fly ashes, which enhance material strength, releases chromium ion. The chromium polluted embankments of railroad tracks in the past, but such kind of concrete is no longer in use
Fly Ash Cemen t
Cr(IV)

-Soil pollution by pesticides
Highly toxic pesticides with long life like simazine are no longer used, as they have been replaced with short-life pesticides such as glyphosate and dalapon. They would become free in the ground to cause pollution. Some are also mutagenic effective
Less weeds, but produce polluted
Furthermore, with wood sleepers,.

-Soil pollution under tracks by preservatives for wood sleepers
Creosote oil is used as a preservative for sleepers, which is soaking down into the ground thereunder. Within a radius of 1 m, soil is contaminated. We started using contaminant-free plastic or concrete sleepers for higher durability.
1m
Looking Brown Fields
Questions?
Any questions are absolutely welcome, but you can touch base with me even after the meeting.
Contact Hiro at:
water@rtri.or.jp
Why are screening methods needed for investigation of pollution in the ground?
Japan wants to create a new approach to find benefits in ISO/TC 190 (Soil quality)!
Some standards are too scientific No one needs to hesitate to prepare practical standards Come on to the practical side!
Ea syGo Me i n g n
HIRO
Scientific
If no one used, no meaning to standardize
For your easy understanding, come to remember 9.11. A special WG was instituted on explosives in TC 147 after 9.11
Shortly, to make money. This is because a big market just came out after the tragedy Such kind of standard will bring money by selling instruments under the analytical technique designated thereby By putting standards in practical use, TC 147 became more active, as a result
North Korea would attack Japan!
For instance, .
To simply check the concentrations of pollutants
If you want to drink water in a glass,. Screening Go to a pH meter Full
Enjoy the water! pH Test Paper Go to a pH meter pH Meter
What are screening methods?

To track hot spots in an investigation site
Detectors Hot Spot
Thus,. We Need
Save-Money-Standards!
-Actual money-back is not necessarily needed
-But indirect benefits are needed, at least -Relatively poor performance is still okay
Saving cost and time Simple operation Applicable on-site
Easy-going-standards
are definitely preferable
Even in this case, what is indispensable is
Validation Date
-To show the same or approximately the same values as those given by the methods currently standardized -Higher performance, including lower DLs and higher accuracies, are not necessary. Even if any, not so expected -As you know, if taking something, lose something. This is true.
What are Save-Money-Methods?

There are still a lot of choices for the Save-Money Methods A screening method is one of the choices
No screening methods have been standardized to prepare basic information for planning full investigation
Full inspection at regular-intervals Screening method to find hot spots Land to be inspected Actually polluted Pollutants
With screening methods,.

Time can be saved Cost would be reduced Easier operation expected Easy to find hot spots:
Full investigation areas can be reduced
Easy to plan full investigation around hot spots
Still benefit!
Current state and what are expected with us.

Methods of ISO are rooted in a good scientific basis:
Resulted in reliable data to be used in regulations and assessment
But simplified and fast methods are also required:

For the first indicative investigation and to find hot spots
Standardization is needed:
To improve the quality of screening investigation in the standardization approach to check soil contamination
Not allowed with screening methods,.

Not needed to replace the currently existing methods Screening methods have purposes different from those of the existing methods Provide information helpful in planning full investigation There are so many methods for screening. How do users properly choose one? Some guidelines and standards are needed To avoid misuse and make the purpose clear to the users
Specific methods to be proposed as screening methods

Basically, they should be used in pre-inspection for contaminated-land
-Energy-Dispersive XRF for heavy metals -IR/TA for petroleum
-UV / VIS spectrophotometry for explosives

-Biological methods using enzymes to detect heavy metals
What we want to stress are.

Screening methods work only in specific conditions Describe the limit of screening methods to avoid their misuse or misunderstanding of data The results from screening methods naturally have limits Understand and stress that the result is also specified to the manner of its use
Each screening method with different capacities and performance Suggest how to choose screening methods with filed conditions to reasonably plan screening inspections and appropriately use the data therefrom to give proper reports
How many counties and experts join us? Dont be behind!

Voting results Items
Current stage
Voting 14 19 ---
Yes 11 16 ---
Registered 14 7 countries 16
11 countries
1 2
SC 3/WG 10
Guidance
CD WD ---
XRF ---
33 21 countries and orgs.
Questions?
Any questions are absolutely welcome. Hiro is also at: Our goal there!
water@rtri.or.jp
Japan Railways
Hope you have interest in screening methods.
Application of screening methods to soil samples, including waste

Practical Scientific
Their goal must be the same.Railway But there are different Technical Research Institute Railways ways between reference andJapan screening methods.
Allowable limits of heavy metal concentrations in soil in Japan

Cd, 150ppm Cr (IV), 250ppm Hg, 15ppm Se, 150ppm Pb, 150ppm As, 150ppm F-, 4,000ppm
Cr
F-
B, 4,000ppm CN-, 50ppm

g H
Se
Pb As
Cd
Heavy metals are found at every workshop and car depot at an inspection.
Takatori Workshop in Kobe Relocated to the suburbs in 2000 A lot of kinds of heavy metals were found. 5M USD were paid for the remediation. Asahigawa Engine Depot in Hokkaido Heavy metals were found, especially mercury, where batteries were maintained.
We are not sure how long, wide or deep our railroad tracks are polluted. -Length in service, 30,000 km -Average width for single tracks, 5 m
150,000,000 m2, estimated
-Car depot, 342 -Average area, 1,000 m2

342,000 m2, estimated
Japan Railways Proposal for screening methods is. XRF for heavy metals in soil
To check if the concentrations of heavy metals are over the allowable limits or not To track hot spots with heavy metals at a site
Determination limit, ppm Cd, 5.5 Cr, 36 Pb, 8 Other heavy metals, around 10 ppm Reproducibility, Cd, 1.38 Cr, 0.24 Pb, 0.22
Major dimensions
3g
Time, 5 min
Weight, 8 kg or less
In Japan, a hood is required to protect X-ray.
Sample, 3 g
If necessary, soil samples can be dried in five minutes.
What are the advantages with XRF.
Limit
Pb
Cd
Not needed to extract heavy metals into water

It is not easy to quantitatively prepare water samples.
Can detect several kinds of heavy metals at a time

It will help to track hot spots at a site. To check if the concentrations of heavy metals are over allowable limits or not The DLs are around 1 ppm.
g H
Spot
To make sure of the areas to be taken care of. Heavy Metals

What are the benefits: Field investigation will drastically be simplified on site at a lower cost in a short time at a time
Cd, Cr, Se, Pb, and As can be detected easily at 10 ppm up to 200 ppm at a time.
Pb
Cd
g H
There are two types of XRF detector
X-Ray shielded
Sample Cell Room Soil Sample Sample Cell Solid State Detector X-ray Filter X-ray Tube Display
Preamplifier
X-ray Protected Structure
Amplifier & Analyzer
Software for calibration
Power
Battery
Computer
There are two types of XRF detector
X-Ray not shielded
F-
g H
Cd
Cr
Pb As
Se
Analytical performance of X-ray shielded type XRF
X-ray Protected Structure Solid State Detect or

Preamplifier
Sample Soil Cell Sample Cell Room Sample X-ray Filter X-ray Tube Display Software for calibration
Amplifier & Analyzer
Power
Battery
Computer
Element Cd Pb Se Hg As Cr
Detection limit, ppm 4.0 4.2 1.1 5.0 2.8 14

PracticalsoilscreeningdatabyXRF
For petroleum. IR
For petroleum.
Dexsil (mg/kg)
All Final Field Data 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 5000 10000
Lab (mg/kg) y = 1.6897x + 194.65 R = 0.9716
2
TA
15000
20000
Relative Turbidity for Typical Hydrocarbons

1 0.9 0.8 Relative Turbidity 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Hydrocarbon Concentration (ppm) Diala Diesel Motor Oil Jet A
For heavy metals by immunoassay.
*
For heavy metals by biological methods.
Direct Contact Tests

Soild Phase Microtox
Direct contact?
Sediment test
Ostracodtoxkit
Respiratory activity Seed germination & Root elongation

Phytotoxkit
Worm avoidance
What ISO/TC 190/SC 3/SG 10 wants to do with you are.
Join us!
Czech Rep., NIRS
FAO, looking for simple methods to determine heavy metals on site
Finland, XRF
Germany, CG
Japan, XRF, IR/TA for petroleum The Netherlands, inspection probes Poland, guidelines Korea, detection for explosives UK, immunoassay Japan Railways
Railway Technical Research Institute
Some comments already offered by the members.

In-laboratory methods should also be included with onsite methods, Czech Republic Screening methods needed to save money, FAO Not easy to prepare guidance papers, Germany Large difference in date between on-site and laboratory methods, Germany Reduce the volume of standards, Germany Call an intermediate meeting in Korea, Korea Guidelines needed, The Netherlands Guidelines first, UK
Hiros requests to all the members in SC 3/WG 10 (Screening methods)
Bear in mind HIRO is still easy-going all the time. HIRO wants to make everything simple!
Thick documents and long presentations bore you!
Your PowerPoint files Dress casually in SC 3/WG should be with maximum 10 meetings to make yourself 5 VISUAL slides easy, if you do not mind Prepare your each Give Hiro any your questions, document in two reactions, opinion, and requests by A4-sized pages call or through e-mail at any time Hope all the items be Enjoy standardization work standardized in SC 3/WG with HIRO in SC 3/WG 10! Railway Technical Research Institute 10 within six pages Japan Railways
Welcome to ISO/TC 190/SC 3/WG 10 (Screening methods)!

What is the most important is to enjoy the SC 3/WG 10 meeting with one another! Everything should be negotiable in the WG to make everyone happy. Your quick and positive response will make our work easy.
I Want to Stress Once Again!

ISO/TC 190/SC 3/WG 10 wants to bring us definitely including you ACTUAL BENEFIT. NO MORE PAPER EXCHANGE WITHOUT FRUIT!
No intention, no result No result, no practical use No practical use, no benefit!
Do with us taking actual and effective manners

Questions?
Contact Hiro at:
water@rtri.or.jp
How are screening methods standardized in ISO and CEN?
We
&
Scope.
$
$
$ $
ISO/CD 12404:
This international standard provides guidance on the selection and application of screening methods for assessing soil quality. Information is given on what constitutes an appropriate screening method and the conditions under which they can be used.
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:

The aim of this document is to set up criteria as to when the different kind of screening methods may be applied for (to ?) the analysis of a certain parameter in waste and which steps are required to prove their suitability.
Definition Screening methods

ISO/CD 12404:
A method which is used (often on-site) to quickly obtain data on soil.
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:

A method to quickly obtain data on sample characteristics
We
.
Definition Laboratory reference methods

ISO/CD 12404:
Laboratory-based method which is performed in accordance with national or international standards and is not necessarily comparable with screening methods
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:

Reference method: Analytical method with known performance that is stipulated by law and is commonly standardized
We
Definition On-site verification

ISO/CD 12404:
No definition
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:

Third level of inspection according to the Landfill Directive and the Landfill Decision to ensure that the waste accepted at a landfill is the same as (that) described in the accompanying documents and that it is in accordance with the basic characterization and/or compliance testing
$
Definition Screening
ISO/CD 12404:
No definition but explaining that screening methods can be used to set priorities for a site investigation or facilitate the design of a sampling plan.
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:

A method to quickly obtain data on sample characteristics
Still ideal?
Standard
Guideline Guideline Guideline Guideline
?
Practical!
Definition Principle
ISO/CD 12404:
-Selection of a screening method for sampling and pre-treatment -Performance characteristics for screening methods Validation (primary validation) Verification or daily performance tests (secondary validation) Quality control and quality management -Application and applicability of a selected screening method Screening method requirements Quality assurance Screening method application
CEN/TC 292 WI 00292064:

It defines the whole process from the selection of the screening method, the applicability and fir-for-purpose testing, the fulfilling of the acceptance criteria, the quality control of the applied method to the documentation of measurement results.
Thank you for listening!

Hope my paper work for you and bring us all success in managing pollution taking place to our respective countries.
Questions?
Contact Hiro at:
water@rtri.or.jp

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We Desire Screening Methods to Easily Control the Pollution in the Ground

Why Do We Need Screening Methods?

Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan Railways

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

What is going on in the geoenvironment in Japan Railways?

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

Have you ever been to Japan?

JR Freight Yamaguchi Line, JR West JR Shikoku

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

Japan Railways also run electric trains throughout Japan

Fondly called Brown Field Problems

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

What brown field problems are taking place in railroad operation?

Leakage from fuel tanks pollutes railroad tracks resulting in:

Which case is much more serious?

Drips gas pumps. Drips from tanks on trains and engines.

We inspected the ground in a car depot

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

How can we manage pollution?

30,000 km active lines

5 m width for single tracks Estimated 100,000,000 m2

342 car depots Estimated 342,000 m2 1,000 m2 each

What we knew are.

A, remote from B, remote from C, close to D, close to E, close to F,close to

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

No idea, but hope so.

Japan Railways still thinking.

What we need right now are.

Whenever operating trains, generally, there occurs.

Steal amount / mg m-2 day-1

Distance from track center / m

Whenever operating trains, generally, there occurs.

Fly Ash Cemen t

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

Whenever operating trains, generally, there occurs.

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

Furthermore, with wood sleepers,.

Contact Hiro at:

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

If no one used, no meaning to standardize

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

Enjoy the water! pH Test Paper Go to a pH meter pH Meter

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

What are screening methods?

Detectors Hot Spot

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

Even in this case, what is indispensable is

What are Save-Money-Methods?

With screening methods,.

Current state and what are expected with us.

But simplified and fast methods are also required:

Not allowed with screening methods,.

Specific methods to be proposed as screening methods

-UV / VIS spectrophotometry for explosives

What we want to stress are.

How many counties and experts join us? Dont be behind!

33 21 countries and orgs.

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

Application of screening methods to soil samples, including waste

Allowable limits of heavy metal concentrations in soil in Japan

B, 4,000ppm CN-, 50ppm

Railway Technical Research Institute Japan Railways

-Car depot, 342 -Average area, 1,000 m2

What are the advantages with XRF.