The University of Sydney

School of Mathematics and Statistics

Solutions to Tutorial 11: Complex functions
MATH3068 Analysis Semester 1, 2007
Web Page: http://www.maths.usyd.edu.au:8000/u/UG/SM/MATH3068/
Lecturer: Donald Cartwright
1. By writing z = x+iy, express the function f(z) = z
3
+z
2
in the form f(z) = u(x, y)+iv(x, y), and
verify that the Cauchy Riemann equations
u
x
=
v
y
,
u
y
=
v
x
are satised at every point (x, y).
Solution:
f(z) = z
3
+ z
2
= (x + iy)
3
+ (x + iy)
2
= x
3
3xy
2
+ x
2
y
2
+ i(3x
2
y y
3
+ 2xy).
So u(x, y) = x
3
3xy
2
+ x
2
y
2
and v(x, y) = 3x
2
y y
3
+ 2xy. Therefore,
u
x
= 3x
2
3y
2
+ 2x
u
y
= 6xy 2y
v
y
= 3x
2
3y
2
+ 2x
v
x
= 6xy + 2y
and so the Cauchy Riemann equations are satised.
2. For this exercise, recall the formula e
z
= e
x
(cos y + i sin y), where z = x + iy.
(a) By writing z = x + iy, express sin(z) =
e
iz
e
iz
2i
in the form u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Verify that
the u(x, y) and v(x, y) you nd satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations
u
x
=
v
y
,
u
y
=
v
x
.
Solution: Using the stated formula for e
z
,
sin(x + iy) =
e
i(x+iy)
e
i(x+iy)
2i
=
1
2i
_
e
y+ix
e
yix
_
=
1
2i
_
e
y
(cos x + i sinx) e
y
(cos x i sinx)
_
= sin x
_
e
y
+ e
y
2
_
+ i cos x
_
e
y
e
y
2
_
= sin xcoshy + i cos xsinh y.
So u(x, y) = sin xcoshy and v(x, y) = cos xsinh y. From this, we see that
u
x
= cos xcosh y =
v
y
and
u
y
= sin xsinh y =
v
x
.
(b) Writing sinz = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) as in part (a) helps us understand how w = sin z varies as
z varies. Show for example that the half line x =
1
2
, y 0, is mapped by sin z to the arm
in the rst quadrant of the hyperbola
u
2
sin
2 1
2

v
2
cos
2 1
2
= 1.
Solution: If z =
1
2
+ iy, then the formulas of part (a) tell us that sinz = w = u + iv for
u = sin
1
2
cosh y and v = cos
1
2
sinhy. Since cosh
2
asinh
2
a = 1, we have
u
2
sin
2 1
2

v
2
cos
2 1
2
= 1.
Moreover since coshy > 0, we get u = sin
1
2
coshy > 0, i.e., this must be the branch
of the hyperbola in the right half plane u > 0. Also, for y 0, sinhy 0. Therefore
v = cos
1
2
sinh y 0, i.e., we get only the part of the right hand branch in the rst quadrant
(see the diagram on the next page).
Copyright c 2007 The University of Sydney 1
u
v
Dotted asymptotes are
the lines v = cot(1/2)u
3. In the following parts, various functions f(z) of a complex variable are dened by a formula
f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Determine whether or not they are dierentiable in the complex
sense. When this is the case, express f(z) in terms of z = x + iy.
(a) f(x + iy) = x + y + i2xy
Solution: Write x + y + i2xy = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). We check whether or not the Cauchy-
Riemann equations are satised. Writing u
x
in place of
u
x
, and u
y
in place of
u
y
, these
equations are:
u
x
= v
y
and u
y
= v
x
.
We have u
x
= 1, u
y
= 1, v
x
= 2y and v
y
= 2x, and so the Cauchy-Riemann equations fail
except at (x, y) =
_
1
2
,
1
2
_
. Therefore, f(z) is not dierentiable at any point of C\{
1
2

1
2
i}.
It is dierentiable at the single point z
0
=
1
2

1
2
i, because the partial derivatives u
x
, u
y
, v
x
and v
y
all exist in a disc about z
0
, are continuous at z
0
, and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann
equations there.
(b) f(x + iy) = x
2
y
2
x + i(1 y + 2xy)
Solution: Write x
2
y
2
x+i(1y+2xy) = u(x, y)+iv(x, y). Then u
x
= 2x1, u
y
= 2y,
v
x
= 2y and v
y
= 2x 1. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised everywhere, and
the four partial derivatives are continuous everywhere. So f(z) is dierentiable everywhere.
Since z
2
= x
2
+ 2ixy y
2
, we see that f(z) = z
2
z + i.
(c) f(x + iy) =
x
x
2
+y
2
i
y
x
2
+y
2
Solution: Write
x
x
2
+y
2
i
y
x
2
+y
2
= u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Note that f(z) is undened when
z = 0, i.e., when (x, y) = (0, 0). So the domain of f(z) is D = C\ {0}. When (x, y) = (0, 0),
u
x
=
y
2
x
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
= v
y
and u
y
=
2xy
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
= v
x
.
The partial derivatives are continuous, and the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised at
each point of D. Hence, f(z) is dierentiable at each point of D. In terms of z,
f(z) = f(x + iy) =
x iy
x
2
+ y
2
=
z
z z
=
1
z
.
(d) f(x + iy) = x 3y + i(x + 3y)
Solution: Write x3y +i(x+3y) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y). Then u
x
= 1, u
y
= 3, v
x
= 1 and
v
y
= 3. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised nowhere, and so f(z) is dierentiable
nowhere.
(e) f(x + iy) = e
x
sin y + ie
x
cos y
Solution: Write e
x
sin y + ie
x
cos y = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Then u
x
= e
x
siny, u
y
= e
x
cos y,
v
x
= e
x
cos y and v
y
= e
x
siny. The rst Cauchy-Riemann equation, u
x
= v
y
, is satised
only when sin y = 0. That is, when y = n for any integer n. The second Cauchy-Riemann
equation, u
y
= v
x
, is satised only when cos y = 0. That is, when y =
_
n +
1
2
_
for any
integer n. There is no z = x + iy for which both Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised,
and so f(z) is dierentiable nowhere.
2
4. Verify that each of the following functions u(x, y) is harmonic, i.e., satises

2
u
x
2
+

2
u
y
2
= 0. Use
the Cauchy Riemann equations to nd a function v(x, y) so that f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is
a dierentiable function. Express f(x + iy) in terms of z = x + iy.
(a) u(x, y) = 2x(1 y).
Solution: To check that u(x, y) is harmonic, we calculate
u
x
= 2(1 y),

2
u
x
2
= 0,
u
y
= 2x,

2
u
y
2
= 0,
from which it is clear that u(x, y) is harmonic.
If f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is a dierentiable function, then u(x, y) and v(x, y) must
satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. By the rst Cauchy-Riemann equation,
v
y
=
u
x
= 2(1 y),
and therefore
v(x, y) =
_
2(1 y) dy + C(x) (the constant of integration may depend on x)
= (1 y)
2
+ C(x).
From this and the second Cauchy-Riemann equation, we get
C

(x) =
v
x
=
u
y
= 2x,
and so C(x) = x
2
+ c for a constant c. Hence v(x, y) = (1 y)
2
+ x
2
+ c. So
f(z) = 2x(1 y) + i(x
2
(1 y)
2
+ c)
= i(x
2
+ 2ixy y
2
) + 2(x + iy) + ic
= iz
2
+ 2z + ic.
(b) u(x, y) = e
x
(xcos y y sin y).
Solution: To check that u(x, y) is harmonic, we calculate
u
x
= e
x
(xcos y y sin y + cos y) so that

2
u
x
2
= e
x
(xcos y y siny + 2 cos y),
u
y
= e
x
(xsin y + y cos y + sin y), so that

2
u
y
2
= e
x
(xcos y + y sin y 2 cos y),
from which it is clear that u(x, y) is harmonic.
If f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is a dierentiable function, then u(x, y) and v(x, y) must
satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. By the rst Cauchy-Riemann equation,
v
y
=
u
x
= e
x
(xcos y y sin y + cos y)
and therefore, integrating with respect to y, so that the constant of integration may depend
on x,
v(x, y) =
_
e
x
(xcos y y sin y + cos y) dy + C(x)
= e
x
(xsin y + y cos y) + C(x) (using
_
y sin y dy = y cos y + sin y + a constant).
From this and the second Cauchy-Riemann equation, we get
C

(x) =

x
_
v(x, y) e
x
(xsin y + y cos y)
_
=
v
x
e
x
(xsin y + y cos y + sin y)
=
u
y
e
x
(xsin y + y cos y + sin y)
= e
x
(xsin y + y cos y + siny) e
x
(xsin y + y cos y + siny)
= 0.
3
From this we see that C(x) = c, independent of x. and therefore
v(x, y) = e
x
(xsin y + y cos y) + c
So
f(x+iy) = u(x, y)+iv(x, y) = e
x
(xcos yy sin y)+ie
x
(xsin y+y cos y)+ic = (x+iy)e
x+iy
+ic.
Therefore f(z) = ze
z
+ C, for some constant C (previously called ic).
5. Suppose that f : D C is dierentiable, where D C is open and path-connected. Write
f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) as usual. Show that f(z) is constant on D if any of the following
conditions hold:
(a) u(x, y) is constant on D,
Solution: As u(x, y) is assumed constant, its partial derivatives
u
x
and
u
y
are both zero
throughout D. By the Cauchy-Riemann equations,
v
x
=
u
y
and
v
y
=
u
x
are also zero
throughout D. This implies that v(x, y) is constant, and so f(x +iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is
constant.
The hypothesis that D is path-connected is used to show that v(x, y) is constant, as follows.
Suppose that z
1
= x
1
+iy
1
and z
2
= x
2
+iy
2
are two points of D. All we have to do is show
that v(x
1
, y
1
) = v(x
2
, y
2
). Now by the path-connected hypothesis, there is a dierentiable
function z(t) = x(t) + iy(t), dened for a t b, so that z(a) = z
1
and z(b) = z
2
, and so
that z(t) D for all t. By the chain rule for functions of two variables,
d
dt
v(x(t), y(t)) =
v
x
(x(t), y(t))
dx
dt
+
v
y
(x(t), y(t))
dy
dt
= 0.
So v(x(t), y(t)) is a constant function of t. In particular, v(x
1
, y
1
) = v(x(a), y(a)) =
v(x(b), y(b)) = v(x
2
, y
2
).
(b) v(x, y) is constant on D,
Solution: This is similar to the previous part: As v(x, y) is assumed constant, its partial
derivatives
v
x
and
v
y
are both zero throughout D. By the Cauchy-Riemann equations,
u
x
=
v
y
and
u
y
=
v
x
are also zero throughout D. This implies that u(x, y) is constant,
and so f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is constant.
(c) |f(z)| is constant on D,
Solution: We give two methods of solution, both of which start in the same way: By
hypothesis, there is a number C 0 so that |f(z)| = C for all z D. If C = 0, then
f(z) = 0 throughout D, and we are done. So assume that C > 0.
Method 1: If we dierentiate the equation u(x, y)
2
+ v(x, y)
2
= C
2
with respect to x and
with respect to y, we get
u(x, y)
u
x
(x, y) + v(x, y)
v
x
(x, y) = 0,
u(x, y)
u
y
(x, y) + v(x, y)
v
y
(x, y) = 0.
We write these more succinctly by writing u
x
in place of
u
x
, and u
y
in place of
u
y
, and
leaving out the (x, y)s:
uu
x
+ vv
x
= 0,
uu
y
+ vv
y
= 0.
This says that (at each point (x, y) of D) the matrix equation
_
u
x
v
x
u
y
v
y
__
u
v
_
=
_
0
0
_
is satised. But the vector
_
u
v
_
is not the zero vector
_
0
0
_
because u
2
+ v
2
= C
2
> 0. So
the determinant of the matrix
_
u
x
v
x
u
y
v
y
_
must be 0. That is, u
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
= 0. By the
4
Cauchy-Riemann equations, this says that u
2
x
+ u
2
y
= 0. Hence u
x
= u
y
= 0. Since the is
true at each point of D, we conclude that u(x, y) is constant, by the same reasoning used
in part (b) to show that v(x, y) is constant. So f(z) is constant by part (a).
Method 2: Since |f(z)| = C > 0, squaring both sides we get f(z)f(z) = |f(z)|
2
= C
2
. This
implies that f(z) is never 0, and that
f(z) =
C
2
f(z)
.
But then f(z) is dierentiable on D, by the quotient rule. Hence f(z) is constant on D by
part (d) below.
(d) f(z) is dierentiable on D,
Solution: If f(z) is dierentiable, then g(z) = f(z)+f(z) is dierentiable. But if f(x+iy) =
u(x, y) + iv(x, y), and g(z) = U(x, y) + iV (x, y), then U(x, y) = 2u(x, y) and V (x, y) = 0.
Since V (x, y) is constant, g(z) is constant by part (b). Therefore U(x, y) is constant, and
so u(x, y) =
1
2
U(x, y) is too. Therefore f(z) is constant by part (a).
(e) u(x, y)v(x, y) is constant on D,
Solution: If f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), and f(x + iy)
2
= U(x, y) + iV (x, y), then
U(x, y) = u(x, y)
2
v(x, y)
2
and V (x, y) = 2u(x, y)v(x, y). So V (x, y) is constant by hy-
pothesis, and so by part (b), f(z)
2
is constant. But if f(z)
2
= C for all z D, then
|f(z)|
2
= |C|, and therefore |f(z)| =
_
|C| is constant on D. Hence f(z) is constant on D
by part (c).
(f) u(x, y)
2
v(x, y)
2
is constant on D.
Solution: In the notation of the solution of the previous part, U(x, y) is constant by
hypothesis, and so by part (a), f(z)
2
is constant. So f(z) itself is constant, as in the
previous part.
6. Let a be a xed complex number satisfying |a| < 1. Dene a function f(z) whose domain is
D = {z C : |z| < 1} by
f(z) =
z a
1 az
.
Verify that f(z) is indeed dened on D (i.e. that the denominator is never 0 if z D). By looking
at 1 |f(z)|
2
, verify that |f(z)| < 1 for all z D. Show that any w such that |w| < 1 is equal
to f(z) for some z D, and that there is only one such z (i.e., solve the equation w = f(z) for z
in terms of w, and show that there is only one solution z and that z D). This means that we
can regard f(z) as a function from D to D, and that as such, it is a bijection. Find the formula
for the inverse of f(z).
Solution: If 1 az = 0, then z =
1
a
, and so |z| =
1
|a|
> 1. So 1 az is never 0 for z D. Now
1 |f(z)|
2
= 1

z a
1 az

2
= 1
|z a|
2
|1 az|
2
=
|1 az|
2
|z a|
2
|1 az|
2
=
(1 az)(1 a z) (z a)( z a)
|1 az|
2
=
1 a a z z + a az z
|1 az|
2
=
(1 |a|
2
)(1 |z|
2
)
|1 az|
2
.
This is clearly positive when z D, and so |f(z)|
2
< 1. Hence |f(z)| < 1, which means that
f(z) D.
If w D, let us solve the equation f(z) = w for z in terms of w:
w =
z a
1 az
(1 az)w = z a z(1 + aw) = w + a z =
w + a
1 + aw
.
5
From this, we see that there is exactly one solution z for each given w. If we write g(w) =
w+a
1+ aw
,
then g(w) D for all w D, because the formula for g(w) is just the same as the formula for
f(z), with z replaced by w, and a replaced by a. Since each w D is f(z) for some z D
(namely z = g(w)), we see that f(z) is a surjection. Since f(z
1
) = f(z
2
) (= w, say) implies that
z
1
= g(w) = z
2
, we see that f(z) is a 11 function. So f(z) is a bijection, and its inverse is g(w).
7. A function f : C C is dened by
f(z) =
_
z
5
/|z|
4
if z = 0,
0 if z = 0.
Writing f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y),
(a) show that
u
x
,
u
y
,
v
x
and
v
y
all exist at each point (x, y) R
2
, including (0, 0).
Solution: If x + iy = 0,
f(x + iy) =
x
5
10x
3
y
2
+ 5xy
4
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
+ i
5x
4
y 10x
2
y
3
+ y
5
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
and from this it is clear that u(x, y) and v(x, y) have partial derivatives at each point
(x, y) = (0, 0). A tedious calculation gives the following explicit formulas:
u
x
=
x
6
+ 15x
4
y
2
45x
2
y
4
+ 5y
6
(x
2
+ y
2
)
3
,
u
y
=
8x
3
y(5y
2
3x
2
)
(x
2
+ y
2
)
3
,
and
v
x
=
8xy
3
(5x
2
3y
2
)
(x
2
+ y
2
)
3
,
v
y
=
5x
6
+ 15x
2
y
4
45x
4
y
2
+ y
6
(x
2
+ y
2
)
3
.
To see whether or not u(x, y) and v(x, y) have partial derivatives at (0, 0), we have to use
the denition of these derivatives:
u
x
(0, 0) = lim
x0
u(x, 0) u(0, 0)
x 0
= lim
x0
x 0
x 0
= 1,
u
y
(0, 0) = lim
y0
u(0, y) u(0, 0)
y 0
= lim
x0
0 0
x 0
= 0,
and
v
x
(0, 0) = lim
x0
v(x, 0) v(0, 0)
x 0
= lim
x0
0 0
y 0
= 0,
v
y
(0, 0) = lim
y0
v(0, y) v(0, 0)
y 0
= lim
x0
y 0
y 0
= 1.
(b) u(x, y) and v(x, y) satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at (0, 0), but f(z) is not dieren-
tiable at 0.
Solution: The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised at (0, 0) because
u
x
(0, 0) = 1 =
v
y
(0, 0), and
u
y
(0, 0) = 0 = 0 =
v
x
(0, 0).
However, f(z) is not dierentiable at 0, because if z = re
i
, where r > 0 and R, then
f(z) f(0)
z 0
=
f(z)
z
=
z
4
|z|
4
=
r
4
e
4i
r
4
= e
4i
.
This does not tend to any one limit as z 0. If = 0, for example, this quotient is always 1,
while if = /4, for example, then the quotient is always 1. So f(z) is not dierentiable
at 0.
Remark. The point of this exercise is that you need a bit more than just the Cauchy-
Riemann equations holding at (x
0
, y
0
) for f(z) to be dierentiable at a point z
0
= x
0
+iy
0
.
A sucient extra condition is that the partial derivatives
u
x
,
u
y
,
v
x
and
v
y
are all dened
6
in a disc {(x, y) : (xx
0
)
2
+(yy
0
)
2
< c
2
} about (x
0
, y
0
) and are all continuous at (x
0
, y
0
).
In this example, all these partial derivatives exist everywhere, but they fail to be continuous
at (0, 0). For example,
u
x
(0, y) = 5 for all y = 0, and this does not tend to
u
x
(0, 0) = 1,
and
u
y
(x, x) = 2 for all x = 0, and this does not tend to
u
y
(0, 0) = 0.
The function in this example is continuous everywhere, including at the origin. It satises
the Cauchy-Riemann equations only at the origin. [To see this we factorize u
y
+v
x
, obtaining
xy(x
2
3y
2
)(3x
2
y
2
)/(x
2
+y
2
)
3
, and so the only points other than (0, 0) where the second
Cauchy-Riemann equation holds are (x, 0), (0, y), (x,

3 x), (

3 y, y). But at these

points, it is easy to check that the dierence u
x
v
y
is 4 = 0, and so the rst Cauchy-
Riemann equation does not hold.] By contrast, the function of the next question satises
the Cauchy-Riemann equations everywhere, but is not continuous at 0, and so cannot be
dierentiable there.
8. A function f : C C is dened by
f(z) =
_
e
1/z
4
if z = 0,
0 if z = 0.
Writing f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y),
(a) verify that
u
x
,
u
y
,
v
x
and
v
y
all exist at each point (x, y) R
2
, including (0, 0).
Solution: It would be rather messy to write down u(x, y) and v(x, y) explicitly. By the
Chain Rule, the function is clearly dierentiable (in the complex sense) at each point z
0
= 0.
This implies that u(x, y) and v(x, y) have partial derivatives at all points (x, y) = (0, 0). We
verify that these partial derivatives also exist at (0, 0) by using the denition of partial
derivative. Notice that if z = x R, then f(z) = e
1/x
4
R. Hence u(x, 0) = e
1/x
4
and v(x, 0) = 0. Similarly, if z = iy is purely imaginary, then f(z) = e
1/y
4
R. So
u(0, y) = e
1/y
4
and v(0, y) = 0. Notice that e
t
> t for all t R. Hence e
1/x
4
> 1/x
4
, and
therefore 0 < e
1/x
4
< x
4
. Hence

u(x, 0) u(0, 0)
x 0

=
e
1/x
4
|x|
<
x
4
|x|
= |x|
3
,
So
u(x,0)u(0,0)
x0
tends to 0 as x 0. This means that
u
x
(0, 0) exists and equals 0. Similarly,
u
y
(0, 0),
v
x
(0, 0) and
v
y
(0, 0) all exist and equal 0.
(b) show that u(x, y) and v(x, y) satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at each (x, y) R
2
,
including (0, 0), but f(z) is not dierentiable at 0.
Solution: As f(z) is dierentiable in the complex sense at every point z = 0, as noted above,
the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at all points (x, y) = (0, 0). The Cauchy-Riemann
equations both hold at (0, 0) too, because both sides equal 0 in both cases. However, f(z) is
not dierentiable at 0. In fact, it is not even continuous at 0, because, if z = re
i/4
, where
r > 0, then z
4
= r
4
, and so f(z) = e
1/r
4
as r 0.
Remark. It is a (quite dicult) theorem that if f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is dened on an
open set D, if u(x, y) and v(x, y) satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at each point of D, and
if f(z) is continuous at each point of D, then f(z) is dierentiable (in the complex sense) at each
point of D.
9. (The Cauchy Riemann equations in polar coordinates) Let D C be open and let f : D C be
a function. Let D

denote the set of pairs (r, ), where r > 0 and R, such that re
i
D, and
dene F : D

C by F(r, ) = f(re
i
). Let U(r, ) and V (r, ) be the real and imaginary parts
of F(r, ). Now let r
0
> 0, let
0
R, and suppose that f(z) is dierentiable in the complex sense
at z
0
= r
0
e
i0
. Deduce that at (r
0
,
0
),
F

= ir
F
r
,
and that
U

= r
V
r
and
V

= r
U
r
.
7
These equations are called the Cauchy Riemann equations in polar coordinates. It is a fact (not
part of this exercise) that, conversely, if the partial derivatives
U

,
U
r
,
V

and
V
r
all exist in the
disc about (r
0
,
0
) in the (r, )-plane, and are continuous at (r
0
,
0
), and if the Cauchy Riemann
equations in polar coordinates are satised at (r
0
,
0
), then f(z) is dierentiable at z
0
= r
0
e
i0
.
Solution:
U(r, ) + iV (r, ) = F(r, ) = f(re
i
) = f(r cos +ir sin ) = u(r cos , r sin) + iv(r cos , r sin ).
So
U(r, ) = u(r cos , r sin ) and V (r, ) = v(r cos , r sin ).
By the Chain Rule for functions of two variables,
U
r
(r, ) =
u
x
(r cos , r sin)

r
(r cos ) +
u
y
(r cos , r sin )

r
(r sin)
=
u
x
(r cos , r sin) cos +
u
y
(r cos , r sin ) sin
Similarly,
U

(r, ) =
u
x
(r cos , r sin )

(r cos ) +
u
y
(r cos , r sin )

(r sin )
=
u
x
(r cos , r sin ) (r sin ) +
u
y
(r cos , r sin ) (r cos ).
The same calculation, with u(x, y) replaced by v(x, y), gives
V
r
(r, ) =
v
x
(r cos , r sin) cos +
v
y
(r cos , r sin) sin
and
V

(r, ) =
v
x
(r cos , r sin) (r sin ) +
v
y
(r cos , r sin ) (r cos ).
So (evaluating all the partial derivatives on the right at (r cos , r sin ), and all those on the left
at (r, ):
U

+ r
V
r
=
_
u
x
(r sin ) +
u
y
(r cos )
_
+ r
_
v
x
cos +
v
y
sin
_
=
_
u
x

v
y
_
(r sin ) +
_
u
y
+
v
x
_
(r cos )
and
V

r
U
r
=
_
v
x
(r sin ) +
v
y
(r cos )
_
r
_
u
x
cos +
u
y
sin
_
=
_
u
x

v
y
_
(r cos ) +
_
u
y
+
v
x
_
(r sin )
If f(z) is dierentiable at z
0
= r
0
e
i0
, then the the usual Cauchy-Riemann equations
u
x
=
v
y
and
u
y

v
x
hold at (r
0
cos
0
, r
0
sin
0
). So
U

= r
V
r
and
V

= r
U
r
hold at (r
0
,
0
).
Here is an explanation of the converse statement, which was not part of the question:
If the equations
U

= r
V
r
and
V

= r
U
r
hold at (r
0
,
0
), then
_
r sin r cos
r cos r sin
_
_
u
x

v
y
u
y
+
v
x
_
=
_
0
0
_
.
Since the determinant of the matrix on the left is r
2
sin
2
+ r
2
cos
2
= r
2
> 0, the matrix is
invertible, and so
_
u
x

v
y
u
y
+
v
x
_
=
_
0
0
_
,
8
so that the usual Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at (r
0
cos
0
, r
0
sin
0
).
The above equations expressing
U

,
U
r
,
V

and
V
r
in terms of
u
x
,
u
y
,
v
x
and
v
y
can be
re-written to express
u
x
,
u
y
,
v
x
and
v
y
in terms of
U

,
U
r
,
V

and
V
r
:
u
x
= cos
U
r

1
r
sin
U

u
y
= sin
U
r
+
1
r
cos
U

and
u
x
= cos
U
r

1
r
sin
U

u
y
= sin
U
r
+
1
r
cos
U

.
So if
U

,
U
r
,
V

and
V
r
all exist in a disc about (r
0
,
0
), and if they are all continuous at (r
0
,
0
),
then
u
x
,
u
y
,
v
x
and
v
y
all exist in a disc about (r
0
cos
0
, r
0
sin
0
), and are all continuous
at (r
0
cos
0
, r
0
sin
0
). As we have just seen, if
U

,
U
r
,
V

and
V
r
satisfy the polar coordinates
form of the Cauchy-Riemann equations at (r
0
,
0
), then
u
x
,
u
y
,
v
x
and
v
y
satisfy the usual
Cauchy Riemann equations at (r
0
cos
0
, r
0
sin
0
). So f(z) is dierentiable in the complex sense
at z
0
= r
0
e
i0
.
9