ENGL100 Module

MODULE 1: UNDERSTANDING WORLD ENGLISHES In this module, you are expected to: 1. know the short history and development of World Englishes; 2. appreciate the different varieties of English; and 3. use your knowledge of World Englishes to improve your communication skills.

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TASK 1: Kool Inglish. Analyze the following pictures and answer the questions that follow. Picture 1 Picture 2

Picture 3

Picture 4

Picture 5

Essential Questions 1. What can you say about the pictures? What do they tell you about the use of English?

2. What can the pictures tell us about the use of English as a global language?

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DISCUSSION World Englishes What is world Englishes? According to Bolton (2006), world Englishes is capable of a range of meanings and interpretation (p.186) for some scholars, it could mean global English and international English. In recent years other terms have been adopted like English as an international (auxiliary)language, global Englishes, international Englishes, localized varieties of English, new varieties of English, second varieties of English, world Englishes, and new Englishes. There are also the traditional terms such as English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) (Bolton & Kachru, 2006). Wikipedia defines world Englishes as the indigenized or nationalized varieties of English from those countries colonized by Great Britain or the United States. Kirkpatrick (2007) distinguished varieties of English as native varieties and nativized varieties. The former refers to British, American, and Australian English while the latter refers to those Englishes developed in places where English was not originally spoken and which have been influenced by local languages and cultures (p.6). A Short History of English

Based on history, English was first spoken around the 5th century CE.

It is an Anglo-Frisian dialect which originated from West Germanic language.

This was brought about by the Germanic invaders into Britain.

Sir, does this refer to what is known as Old English?

Yes Old English. It was influenced by the Scandinavian branch of Germanic language family, during its colonization of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries.

ENGL100 Module In the 11th century, Britain was invaded by a group of Normans who spoke Old Norman. The Norman invasion developed an English variety called Anglo-Norman. However, French (Latin) became the language of the upper classes in England, and English remained the language of the Masses. So, English was not always the language of the world.

From the 11th to the 15th century, France and England were at war due to conflicting interests and feelings of resentment. This war is what is now known as the Hundred Years War. This war paved way for the rebirth of English as the principal tongue of England in the 14th century. This is what we call the Middle English period.

The Renaissance period witnessed the move to institute English as the national language of Britain. English was also commonly used for learning and literary activities. By the 18th century, the English language was moving towards improvement of correct usage. There was a strong desire for system and regularity. This resulted in what is known as Modern English. Furthermore, the expansion of the British Empire in the19th century led to the spread of English to the rest of the colonized world.

TASK 2: Essential Questions 1. What you have learned about the history of English? (Give at least three things)

ENGL100 Module 2. What does the history of English show you about the nature or reality of the English language?

The Viral Spread of English The viral growth of English in the 16th and 17th centuries can be attributed mainly to migration and colonization. It is estimated that around 25,000 native speakers of English from England, Scotland and Ireland migrated to North Africa, South Africa and New Zealand. Their prolonged presence and activities in these places led to the development of the varieties of English known today as American English, South African English, and Australasia English. These English varieties have been modified as a result of the changing sociolinguistic contexts of the native speakers. The second varieties of English were developed during the colonization of Asia and Africa. These varieties were known as New Englishes. Slave trade in West Africa was the reason for English to gain official status in Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameron. On the other hand, In East Africa, English became a crucial language of government, education and law because extensive settlements were established in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Even though these countries achieved independence, English was still their official language, and during the second half of the 18th century it was formally introduced to India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan which are part of the sub-continent of South Asia. British influence also extended to other territories like Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong, Papua New Guinea. The following model of Kachrus Three Circles of English presents the extent of the spread of English around the world. Expanding Circle
e.g China, Russia, Brazil

i Outer Circle IIhgmnbh e.g India, Nigeria, Philippines

Inner Circle e.g. USA, UK

Braj B. Kachrus Model of World Englishes (1992)

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The model presented by Kachru has three concentric circles: the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle, and the Expanding Circle. The Inner Circle refers to the traditional cultural and linguistic bases of English (Kachru,1992, p.356). In this circle, English is spoken as the mother tongue or first language of most people from the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, and New Zealand. English is used extensively in all domains such as religion, law, government, media, education, and literature. The Outer Circle represents the institutionalized non-native varieties (English as a Second Language or ESL) in the regions that have passed through extended periods of colonization (Kachru, 1992, p.356). English in the Outer Circle is widely used as official languages in education, government, popular culture and literature. Some countries belonging to the Outer Circle are Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore, etc. It is worth nothing that India has the third-largest English-using population in the world, afterthe United States and Britain< and Nigeria and the Philippines closely follow India (Kachru & Nelson, 1996, p. 78). The Expanding Circle includes regions where the performance varieties of the language are used essentially in English as a Foreign Language or EFL contexts---i.e., varieties that lack official status and are typically restricted in their uses like reading knowledge for scientific and technical purposes (Kachru, 1992, p.356; and Kachru & Nelson, 1996, p. 78). China, Egypt, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, etc. are the countries belonging to the Outer Circle. Finally, if you examine very closely the number of countries whose population use English based on the concentric circles, you will realize how English has become a global reality. Approximately, 66 per cent of the population of the world use English, and this translates to about 3.7 billion English Speakers (Stockwell, 2007). Will you be among the 3.7 billion speakers of English? Will it not make you feel a sense of pride to be among the billion users of English? Then, continue to speak English! The following is a tabular presentation of the status of English in the different countries of the world. Inner Circle (English is used as a Native Language or Mother Tongue) United States of America United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Outer Circle (English is used as a Second Language or Lingua Franca) Bangladesh Ghana India Kenya Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Tanzania Zambia Expanding Circle (English is considered a Foreign Language or lacking Official Status) China Egypt Indonesia Israel Japan Korea Nepal Saudi Arabia Taiwan USSR Zimbabwe

ENGL100 Module TASK 3: Essential Questions 1. What have you learned about the global expansion of English? (Write at least three points.)

2. What does the global spread of English show us about the importance of the English language?

Task 4: Compare and analyze the different versions of the Lords Prayer.
Old English The Lord's Prayer (Old English - Anglo-Saxon) Fder ure u e eart on heofonum; Si in nama gehalgod to becume in rice gewure in willa on eoran swa swa on heofonum. urne gedghwamlican hlaf syle us todg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfa urum gyltendum and ne geld u us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele solice
(http://www.lords-prayerwords.com/lord_old_english_medieval.ht ml)

Middle English The Lourdes Preyere

Modern English The Lord's Prayer

Contemporary English The Lords Prayer

Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; thi kyngdoom come to; be thi wille don, in erthe as in heuene. Yyue to vs this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce, and foryyue to vs oure dettis, as we foryyuen to oure dettouris; and lede vs not in to temptacioun, but delyuere vs fro yuel. Amen.

Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your Kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as in heaven Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power and the glory are yours. Now and for ever. Amen.
(new english version adopted by the Church of England in 1977) http://www.lords-prayerwords.com/

Our Father in heaven, holy be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as in heaven. Give us today our daily bread, forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us. Do not bring to the test but deliver us from evil. Amen. (St. Pauls)

ENGL100 Module Essential Questions: 1. How are the different versions of the Lords Prayer different from each other?

2. What do the different versions of the prayer tell us about the English language?

3. What do the different versions of the prayer tell us about learning a language?

SUMMARY World Englishes or the different Englishes in the world continue to evolve, and the dynamism of the English language is a reason for the development of varieties of English. Such development is influenced by the traditions and cultures of the different countries whose population use English. The phenomenal spread of English across the globe results in the reality of the different Englishes spoken in various countries. English has become a global and international language used by almost two-thirds of the worlds population. If you want to be global in your perspective, then use the English language. Speak English!

ENGL100 Module Name of Student: ________________________ Section:____________________________ Instructor/Professor:______________________ EVALUATION 1 TRUE OR FALSE. On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is true and the word which makes it false if false. (10 pts.) _____________1. Korea is a country where English is considered as a first language. _____________2. Migration and colonization are two factors which contributed to the viral spread of English during the 16th century. _____________3. The linguist Kirkpatrick talked about native varieties and nativized varieties of English. _____________4. Philippine English is an example of a nativized variety of English. _____________5. English is a language that is continually changing. _____________6. During the 11th century, English became the language of the upper class in England. _____________7. English is important because it is an international language. _____________8. Only American English and British English are considered as native varieties of English. _____________9. Philippine English is not an acceptable variety of English. ____________10. English is the same anywhere you go. EVALUATION 2 Total Score:__________________ Date:____________

In a paragraph of no more than five sentences, write the most important thing you have learned about World Englishes and discuss how it will help you communicate more effectively. Write your answer on the space provided below. Your output will be evaluated based on the following: Criteria Topic (Content and relevance to the lesson) Language and Organization of ideas Mechanics (Correct use of punctuation and capitalization) Total Points 4 3 3 10

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MODULE 2: DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH In this module, you are expected to: 1. identify some fundamental differences between American English (AmE) and British English (BrE) in the areas of sound (pronunciation), spelling (orthography) and vocabulary (lexicon); 2. determine which of the two varieties of English is more appropriate in general Philippine setting; 3. use the appropriate variety of English consistently in various communication situations.

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TASK 1. Distinguishing between American and British. Quickly go over the pictures of famous personalities, landmarks, etc representing the two nations and identify to which nation each belongs. Write USA for American and UK for British. Picture 1 _______________ Picture 2 _______________ Picture 3 _______________

Picture 4 _______________

Picture 5 _______________

Picture 6 _______________

Picture 7 _______________

Picture 8 _______________

Picture 9 _______________

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Picture 10______________

Picture 11______________

Picture 12______________

Essential Questions

1. What can this activity tell you about the English language?

2. In your opinion, which of the two countries has affected the Philippines more significantly? Explain why you chose said country.

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DISCUSSION

Two of the most important variants of World Englishes Many would argue that English used in the United States and in the United Kingdom are the two most important variants of World Englishes. The reason for this belief may be due to historical facts. It can be argued that the present-day world status of English is primarily the result of two factors: the expansion of the British colonial power, which peaked towards the end of the 19th century, and the emergence of the United States as the leading economic power of the 20th century. It can also be said that they are most significant in terms of native speaker population and influence on the other World Englishes. The USA is said to have nearly four times as many English mothertongue (EMT) speakers as the next most important EMT nation (the United Kingdom), and these two countries comprise 70 per cent of all EMT speakers in the world (Crystal, 2003). Thus, at the moment it is no doubt that American English and British English are the two most important variants of the World Englishes. AmE and BrE: The inevitable divide The English language was first introduced by British colonization to the Americans in the early 17th century. Similarly, the language spread to other parts of the world as a result of British trade and colonization. Over the past 400 years, the forms of the language used in North America and those used in the British Isles have diverged in many ways. Said divergence led to the growth and development of American English and British English. American English (AmE) is a term that describes a language that is spoken in the United States of America. It is also a broad term that shows the collection of words, and pronunciation patterns which are used in the United States. Similarly, British English (BrE) is used to

distinguish the standard form of English used in Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the varieties used in other parts of the world. These two variations are replete with different words, and to point out differences among all the words would be daunting and not particularly useful. In this module, then, you are introduced only with the areas of sound, spelling and vocabulary. Generally, it is agreed that no one version is

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better than the other; however, there are certainly preferences in use. The most important rule of thumb is to try to use said variant consistently and appropriately. In the Philippine setting it is the standard American English that is used and upon which the Philippine English is based. It is therefore standard American English that is the focus of your ENGL 100: Intensive English Differences between the two Englishes include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary (lexis), spelling, punctuations, idioms, formatting of dates and numbers, and so on. These areas of differences are discussed in the next sub-sections of your module. Pronunciation differences Sayce (1879 as cited in Menchen, 1988) mentioned that language does not consist of letters, but of sounds and that no two persons pronounce exactly alike. Even the best speaker commonly uses more than one style. There are two major standards of spoken English -- British and American English. Interestingly enough "RP" ("Received Pronunciation", which is also known as "Queen's English" or "Oxford English") is spoken only by about 5% of the UK population. This reality points to the many different dialects to be found in the British Isles. If you travel to the UK, you will notice that the differences in pronunciation are stronger and wider than in the US although the latter is the bigger country. This is probably due to the fact that statistically the average US American relocates more often within the US than his British counterpart. A dialect develops when people live closely together for a longer period of time, and the community creates their own unique way of speaking. The focus of this sub-section of the module is on General American (GA) for the US and Received Pronunciation (RP) for the UK. Take note of the following differences: 1. Americans tend to pronounce words like "reduce", "produce", "induce", "seduce" -- mostly verbs that end with "duce" in a more relaxed manner, that is, the syllable -duce is pronounced as /-dus/ (or /-doos/). Whereas, in British English, the same syllable is pronounced as /-us/ (or /-dyoos/). 2. Sometimes letters are omitted in British English such as in the words "secretary", where the "a" is not spoken. 3. Kindness, with the d silent, such as in landlady, handsome, grandmother would attract notice in American English but common to British English. 4. Often, in America, commonly retains a full t; in England it is actually and officially offen.

ENGL100 Module 5. British English (RP) has many words using the flat /a/ which are pronounced with /ae/ in American English (GA) such as, , , , , , , , example, , , , staff, ranch. Words advance after answer Ant Banana Basket Bath Dance Fasten Giraffe Glass Staff Ranch /dvanz/ /aft/ /ans/ /ant/ /bnan/ /baskt/ /ba/ /dans/ /fsn/ /rf/ /glas/ /staf/ /rant/ BrE - RP AmE - GA /dvnz/ /ft/ /ns/ /nt/ /bnn/ /bskt/ /b/ /dns/ /fsn/ /rf/ /gls/ /stf/ /rnt/

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Spelling (Orthography) differences Here are some differences -or vs. -our American color favorite honor colour favourite honour British American analyze criticize memorize -ze vs. -se British analyse criticise memorise

-ll vs. l American enrollment British enrolment American center

-er vs. -re British centre

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fulfill skillful

fulfil skilful

meter theater

metre theatre

-og vs. -ogue American analog catalog dialog British analogue catalogue dialogue encylopedia maneuver medieval

-e vs. -oe or -ae American British encylycopaedia manoeuvre mediaeval

-ck or -k vs. -que American check checkered cheque chequered British

dg vs. -dge (or -g vs. -gu) American aging argument judgment ageing arguement judgement British

-ense vs. -ence American defense license licence British defence draft pajamas plow program tire American jewelry Others British jewellery draught pyjamas plough programme tyre

In British English, words that end in <-l> preceded by a vowel usually double the <-l> when a suffix is added, while in American English the letter is not doubled. The letter will double in the stress is on the second syllable. Base Word counsel American counseling British counselling

ENGL100 Module equal model quarrel signal travel excel propel equaling modeling quarreling signaling traveling excelling propelling equalling modelling quarrelling signalling travelling excelling propelling

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Vocabulary (Lexicon) differences One of the major differences between British and American English lies in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties. Here is a list of some common terms: American fall hood apartment yard baggage trunk truck gas bathrobe overpass French fries freeway British autumn bonnet flat garden luggage boot lorry petrol dressing gown flyover chips motorway American oatmeal pants vacation zipper faucet backpack elevator soda garbage jelly pants underpants British porridge trousers holiday zip tap rucksack lift fizzy drink rubbish jam trousers pants

There are many more examples. However, this is beyond the scope of this module. Idioms A number of English idioms that have essentially the same meaning show lexical differences between the British and the American version.

British

American

not touch something with a bargepole - not touch something with a ten-foot pole

ENGL100 Module sweep under the carpet throw a spanner two pennies' worth, skeleton in the cupboard blow one's trumpet storm in a teacup a drop in the ocean flogging a dead horse -sweep under the rug -throw a (monkey) wrench - two cents' worth -skeleton in the closet -blow (or toot) one's horn -tempest in a teapot -a drop in the bucket -beating a dead horse

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TASK 2. Compare the following pictures and then answer the questions provided below Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3

Essential Questions 1. Which signage can be used in both American and British settings?

2. What does this activity show us about English language use?

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American English and British English are probably the two most important variants of World Englishes. Both are similar than they are different. Some differences noted are in terms of sound, spelling and vocabulary. The two variants are believed to be most significant because most countries follow either the British or American variant of English. However, it must be noted also that no language or regional variety of language is inherently better or worse than the other. A regional variation occurs because of historical, social, cultural, and political reasons. The Philippines being a former colony of America understandably follows American English standards. As such, in the Philippines, American rules and standards on English use are commonly observed. REFERENCES Cambridge advanced learners dictionary. (2008). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crytal, D (2003). The Cambridge Enncylopedia of English language.Second Edition. UK: Cambridge University Press. Leech, G & J.Startvik (1975). A communicatibve grammar of English. Burntmill:Harlow:Longman Group Limited. Menchen, H. (1956). The AmErican English. Mencken, H[enry] L. The American language. 4th ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Menchen, H. (1988). The AmErican English. Mencken, H[enry] L. The American language. 4th ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

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Name of Student: ________________________ Section:____________________________ Instructor/Professor:______________________

Total Score:__________________ Date:____________

EVALUATION 1. Supply the equivalent spelling of the following words. American English flavor 2. 3. chapter mom pretense modeling check 8. tire realize British English 1. humour fibre 4. 5. 6. 7. cheque callipers 9. 10.

EVALUATION 2. If you are writing an American, which words do you think are more appropriate? Underline your choice (10 points) 12 June 2012 Dear (Centre/Center) Personnel I would like to (inquire/enquire) about the amenities provided in your (apartment/flat). Specifically, I would like to ask if there is a/an (lift/elevator) for an old person like me. I would also like to know where the (loo/toilet) is located. Also, is the (neighbourhood/neighborhood) near a (freeway/motorway)? Are there also (bars/pubs) or (theaters/theatres) nearby? I hope you will provide me with the answers to help me in my (judgement/judgment). Best regards Juan Dela Cruz

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MODULE 3: EXPLORING DISTINCT FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE ENGLISH

In this module, you are expected to: 1. discriminate Philippine English from other types of Englishes; 2. appreciate the uniqueness and communicative value of Philippine English; and 3. use Philippine English in various communicative contexts

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TASK 1 Identify which of the words in columns 2 and 3 is referred to by the definition reflected in the first column by encircling the word of your choice. If you think that both choices suit the definition, then encircle the two. Be ready to share your answers with your classmates. DEFINITION A writer of short stories or novels Electricity failure in a certain place To eat your evening meal in a restaurant A type of slipper usually made of rubber A smaller unit of a town or city Bag provided by a restaurant for take home food American-style sliced bread Small house usually made of pieces of wood, metal, or cardboard where some poor people live Obscene or double-meaning jokes CHOICE #1 Fictionist Brownout Dine-in Step-in Barrio Plastic Tasty Barong-barong Green jokes CHOICE #2 Fiction Writer Blackout Dine out Flip-flop Village Doggy bag Loaf bread Shanty Dirty jokes

1. What can you say about the words under choice number 1? Can you find those words in an American or British dictionary?

2. What can you say about the words under choice number 2? Can you find those words in an American or British dictionary?

ENGL100 Module TASK 2. Read the text provided below and answer the reflection questions that follow.
Being proud of our own Filipino-English diction By Rico Hizon (INQUIRER.net First Posted 15:12:00 05/12/2011 Filed Under: Television, Media, Education, Language) (Delivered during Toastmaster International's District 75 Annual Conference in Manila)

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Every single day for the past 10 years on BBC World News, over 350 million people from all over the world wake up to the sound of my voice. What I say can make or break their business. How I say it, however, will affect how they will reactwhether to stay calm or panic. Delivering the news Delivery is key. Apart from having complete, accurate and relevant information, the news must be read clearly to ensure that it is easily understood. And for that, I am grateful for my education from the Philippines. Tubong Maynila po ako! I was born, raised and educated here in Manila. Hindi po ako nag-aral sa Amerika o sa UK. Hindi po ako nag Cambridge o Harvard. I learned to speak well and clearly thanks to the patience of my parents, siblings and my teachers at La Salle Green Hills and De La Salle University. My looks and my diction often leave people wondering about my nationality. On many occasions, I've been asked if I'm a western-educated Chinese, Singaporean, Malaysian or even Indonesian. They wonder because of my eyes, skin color, and the way I speak English. I guess you can say its Pinoy super power. We have the gift of languages. But what sets us apart is how, with any language we use, we are able to speak it clearly. Pan-Asian diction The Filipino diction isclear, simple, neutral, easy to understand. The Filipino enunciates clearly, pronounces every syllable in a pleasant --- even --- and non-threatening tone modulated for every ear to capture its essence.And when we speak English, for instance, it is neither American nor British English. It is a Pan-Asian diction. It does not pretend to sound western but both Asians and non-Asians can easily comprehend what is being said. There are a variety of accents speaking the English language and there is no need for the Filipino to imitate the American, British or whatever accent just to say its proper English. We have our very own, and that is what makes us a cut above the rest. And that's why I am where I am. It's because of the Filipino English diction. People often mistake the American accent for good diction. And yet, there is no real American accent because there is the Southern drawl, the Texas twang, and a host of so many others .It is too, difficult to keep track.But that's beside the point. Someone pointed out, we are Filipinos. We don't have to speak good English. But don't you think it's amazing that we do, despite the fact that we're not? (Think about it) Education During my time, English was the medium of instruction. When I graduated Grade School in 1980, High School in 1984 and University in 1988, majority of students could carry a very decent English conversation, because during my generation we had very good teachers who encouraged us to speak the language fluently. We either spoke in English or we spoke in Tagalog. Mixing them up into Taglish was unacceptable. Even earlier, during my parents' and grandparents' time, the country had citizens that were very good in English regardless of their educational attainment because English was widely and strictly used.

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But today when I look around me and speak with the youth, I think we are dwindling race. English as a second language of Filipinos is fast deteriorating. In fact, it has become a third language after Filipino and the more widely spoken Taglish. Not many can speak at least two or three sentences of straight English. Worse, the diction is twisted to favor a twang often taken as a sign of being sosyal or wealthy. And believe me, nothing could be further from the truth. Media The media has played a major role in the inability of many Filipinos to speak English well. TV programs these days are all in Taglish. Even the news is no exception. What do we do? How do we stop the spread of "Here na me, where na you?" and "Yes, op kors, dats rayt" And it also does not help, that when people text or sms, the language and the writing is inappropriate. And thus their inability to learn correct spelling, impacting their ability to communicate clearly and correctlywhether it be in English or Tagalog. The key lies in recognizing that proficiency in communicating in English is indispensable. Speaking in English is not unpatriotic. We are not less Filipinos for mastering another language. We are only making good use of our gift for languages to forge ahead. English should be the medium of instruction in schools. Spoken in the presence of trained teachers, children will learn to speak fluently and clearly, because when we master one language, whether it be English or Tagalog, we prepare our youth to challenge themselves to stretch and excel in their language skills, and basically, setting the foundation from an educational perspective. There should be more English television programs such as documentaries and talk shows on commercial/terrestrial television with at least one dedicated English newscast. Such shows these days are all on cable channels and are beyond the reach of the less privileged. It is also equally important that we Filipinos read English text more often. Doing so further improves the grasp of the language. Nowadays less Filipinos read and enrich the mind through books, editorials or websites. And because of this, poor reading skills translate into poor writing and poor diction. Indeed, sometimes the answer truly lies in reading between the lines, as well as from cover to cover. Globalization In this age of globalization, it is inevitable that the Filipino will interact with peers and colleagues in the international community. We can rightfully expect to hear even more accents, even more variations of the English language. As such, this should spur our youth to even greater heights, to cement our place in the international scene as the most skilled, in communicating in the English language. You have to give it to the Pinoy, we are still the best English speakers on this side of the planet. So I believe, it is time to stand up, stand out, speak proudly as a Filipino and be heard across the globe loud and clear. I know I did! Live from the Toastmasters International Conference this is Rico Hizon reporting. Proud to be Filipino! Proud of our FilipinoEnglish Diction! Mabuhay ang Pinoy! Mabuhay ang Pilipinas! (Rico Hizon is a Filipino broadcast journalist, with BBC World News. He anchors Asia Business Report and Asia Today which is broadcast to more than 300 million households worldwide. He is the first-ever Filipino news anchor to work for two of the world's most prestigious television news networks - CNBC Asia and BBC World News.)

ENGL100 Module Reflection questions 1. Does the writer believe that Filipinos should imitate American or British accents? Do you agree or disagree with the writers opinion. Explain your answer.

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2. Does the writer believe that speaking English is not unpatriotic? Do you agree or disagree with the writers opinion. Explain your answer.

DISCUSSION The Philippines is known to be the largest English speaking country in Southeast Asia. As such, it not surprising that even high school drop outs are knowledgeable of and can even speak comprehensible English. Pedicab drivers, dirty ice cream vendors, and street children take pride with their ability to communicate in intelligible and understandable English. Many Filipinos believe that it is necessary to learn English for many reasons - it is the language of learned individuals; it gives one advantage during job interviews; or it is a means to appreciate different art forms more fully. Filipinos preference for American English is brought by historical and commercial reasons. Historically, the Philippines is the only country in Southeast Asia colonized by Americans who brought various influences on pop culture, food, world view, and specially education. The Americans even had a military base in the country for some time. With this, Filipinos slowly embraced the American character including language. Commercially, Filipinos are constantly exposed to American movies, songs, and literary pieces. All these phenomena make Filipinos believe that what they are using is American English as well. However, recent studies suggest that

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English being spoken in the Philippines is not purely American English. As Filipinos learn, speak, and exchange critical thoughts in English, words are crafted and are used in very specific ways making Philippine English. Learners tend to be taught in this variety of English in their exposures to various media and such English words become part of their linguistic resource which they use when they are expected to communicate. This variety of English is also used in various domains like the mass media, politics, literature, and other educated domains even buttressing the belief that such words are part of standard Philippine English. McArthur (1998) points that Philippine English has the following characteristics: 1. It follows the rhythm of the local dialects and languages. A Batangueo will sound very different from an Ilonggo or a Kapampangan, or a Cebuano who speaks in English. Words are also syllabicated based on the local language or dialect as well. Note where the stress is placed for the words below:
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Guitarist Interference Evidently Compulsory 1.5 Semester

Also, certain sounds are approximated like /z/ which is more often pronounced as /s/ or /f/ as /p/ or /b/ as /v/. For Bisaya speakers, the sounds /e/ and /o/ are sometimes pronounced as /i/ and /u/, respectively. Word Bags Car Computer American English /bgz/ /kar/ (not ca or carrr) /kampyud/ Philippine English /bags/ /kar/ /kumpyuter/

The differences in enunciation are not planned or intentional but are influenced by a persons first language. Sometimes, such differences move people to discriminate those coming from the provinces as the brand of English in Manila is deemed most acceptable. However, regardless of where one comes from, it is common among Filipino learners to desire to sound more American rather than British or Australian.

2. Filipinos observe certain grammatical rules.

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2.1 Present perfect tense is often used instead of the simple past tense. Filipinos are more likely to utter I have taken the exam last week. rather than I took the exam last week. Examine the examples below: Filipinos will say I have seen him yesterday. We have gone to the mall to buy his latest book. The test they have taken is very difficult. I have seen this movie before. They have gone to the party without me. Rather than I saw him yesterday. We went to the mall to but his latest book. The test they took is very difficult. I saw this movie before. They went to the party without me.

2.2 Continuous present tense is used instead of the simple present tense for habitual actions. Utterances like He is cooking for his children everyday. is common among Filipinos rather than He cooks for his children everyday. Examine the examples below: Filipinos will say I am going to do that. He is driving to school every day. She is receiving emails from her boyfriend every month. They are climbing mountains as part of their organizations activities. Johan is visiting his girlfriend every weekend. Rather than I will do that. He drives to school every day. She receives emails from her boyfriend every month. They climb mountains as part of their organizations activities. Johan visits his girlfriend every weekend.

2.3 Certain utterances are grammatically correct but are direct translations from Filipino. Utterances like What is the name of your father? is more likely to be said rather than Whos your father? Examine the examples below: Filipinos will say Let us all stand up. Can I go out? I am finished with the test. How much is the price of iphone 5? She has chosen to be silent with regards to that issue. Rather than Let us all stand. May I go out? I am done with the test. How much is iphone 5? She has chosen to be silent with regard to that issue.

3. Philippine English vocabulary is influenced by other languages, like in the words veranda for a terrace or a porch, carabao for water buffalo, or siesta for an afternoon nap. There are many words which are believed to be American but are really Philippine English. Moreover,

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certain words are defined differently in Philippine English compared to American English. For example, the word boundary is defined as the money given to a public utility vehicles owner after a days driving in Philippine English which in American English is understood as a geographical border; boundary is actually quota in American English. The following are examples of Philippine English terms, how Filipinos define it, and its definition in American English. Term Salvage Traffic Filipinos define it as To execute someone without trial Used as a noun, verb, or adjective (noun) amount of vehicles moving along roads, or the amount of aircraft, trains or ships moving along a route (Verb) to buy and sell goods illegally (Adjective) Heavy traffic Ex. Sorry, Im late because of traffic. Actual definition or word is To save something from damage or destruction Used as a noun or verb (noun) amount of vehicles moving along roads, or the amount of aircraft, trains or ships moving along a route (Verb) to buy and sell goods illegally Not applicable (Used only as a noun or verb) Ex. Sorry, Im late because of heavy traffic.

With the foregoing reality, language experts still debate whether Philippine English should be taught in schools because there are still some who believe that Philippine English is a lower form of English used by the unschooled. Some still take the premise that the best English to be learned is American (or even British) English. Still, there are those who believe that Philippine English is legitimate taking into consideration that language is alive and evolving. It is posited that the English language is not owned by any race and is not confined by geography. Philippine English is an acceptable brand of English as it is used in varied educated contexts. Salas (n.d.) citing Martin (2008) said that at present, there are more non-native speakers of English compared to the Americans and this brand of English is as prestigious and as legitimate as any other English. It is just important that a Filipino knows how to distinguish Philippine English from other types of Englishes so that the appropriate type may be used depending on context.

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Philippine English is a variety of English that is used by Filipinos. Though some may contest its acceptability, we must always remember that language is alive and evolving. Remember that the preference Filipinos have over American English is rooted on several factors which are essentially historical and commercial in nature. Knowledge of different types of Englishes should not confuse you but must make you realize that language and its use is not just confined by rules but by lived experiences shared by its speakers. That way, communication becomes deeper and meaningful. REFERENCES Lourdes, M. and Bolton, K. (2009). Philippine English: Linguistic and literary perspective. Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong University Press. McArthur, T. (n.d.). Philippine English. Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Retrieved http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-PHILIPPINEENGLISH.html Philippine English. (nd.) retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_English

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Name of Student: ________________________ Section:____________________________ Instructor/Professor:______________________ EVALUATION 1.

Total Score:__________________ Date:____________

TRUE OR FALSE. On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is true and the word which makes it false if false. (7 pts.) _________________1. Philippine English is an acceptable variety of English. _________________2. The word salvage has a unique meaning in Philippine English. _________________3. Rico Hizon believes that speaking English is unpatriotic. _________________4. Philippine English follows the rhythm of Philippine dialects. _________________5. Veranda and siesta are two Philippine English words influenced by other languages. _________________6. The type of English used in the Philippines is generally based on British English. _________________7. There are many words in Philippine English which are borrowed from the Tagalog language. EVALUATION 2. Which of the following expressions would you probably hear from a Philippine English speakers? Write the letter of your choice on the box beside the number. (5 points) A 1 I am finished! 2 My brother is taking philosophy in DLSU-D. 3 Wheres the CR? 4 The alleged drug pusher was salvaged. 5 Whos your doctor? B I am done! My brother is taking up philosophy in DLSU-D. Wheres the toilet? The alleged drug pusher was killed. What is the name of your doctor?

EVALUATION 3. Write a paragraph about Philippine society and culture using the Philippine English words enumerated below. One point for each word used appropriately. (8 points) Required Philippine English words: pansit, tasty, pandan cake, fiesta, siesta, macapuno, merienda, and high blood.

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MODULE 4: REVIEWING BASIC GRAMMAR RULES In this module, you are expected to: 1. review basic grammar rules through a variety of activities; 2. appreciate the importance of knowing basic grammar rules; 3. use the rules as a resource to communicate more effectively; 4. make a short dialogue showing possible solutions to the different environmental problems reflective of the proper use of SV agreement and 5. discuss some other common grammatical errors

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PRE-TASK Below are excerpts from the lyrics of some songs. Sing them if you know the songs. What are the italicized words? What do you notice about those words? LOVE MOVES IN MYSTERIOUS WAYS Love moves in mysterious ways It's always so surprising When love appears over the horizon I'll love you for the rest of my days But still it's a mystery How you ever came to me Which only proves Love moves in mysterious ways. WONDERFUL TONIGHT It's late in the evening; she's wondering what clothes to wear. She puts on her make-up and brushes her long blonde hair. And then she asks me, "Do I look all right?" And I say, "Yes, you look wonderful tonight." We go to a party and everyone turns to see This beautiful lady that's walking around with me. And then she asks me, "Do you feel all right?" And I say, "Yes, I feel wonderful tonight." Essential Questions 1. Do you see a pattern in terms of subject and verb combinations? If you see a pattern, whats the pattern?

2. What generalizations can you make about the subject-verb combinations?

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DISCUSSION One of the most important grammar rules is the subject and verb agreement. The basic principle for subject and verb agreement is: singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs. A detailed review of some of the rules of subject-verb agreement is as follows:

The Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement in Standard English

1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. My husband generally fixes things that break around the house. In the United States, parents control their children only until a certain age after which children become independent. 2. Nouns that have two parts take plural verbs. (trousers, glasses, scissors, binoculars, etc.) The trousers you gave dont fit me. Where are Grandmas glasses? 3. Intervening words between the subject and the verb do not affect the agreement. President Obama, along with his support staff and news reporters, visits many key cities around the world every year The students, together with their adviser, are attending the seminar on RH law.

4. Prepositional phrases between the subject and the verb usually do not affect agreement. The way of life (in small villages far from big cities) is mostly quiet because there are few people Living (in big cities) almost always causes stress because of traffic jams and too many people. 5. The verb in a subordinate clause agrees with the antecedent of the relative pronoun (who, that, which).

ENGL100 Module Israel (who writes the report) is a future police officer. The tools (that were taken from the factory) were donated to the community. Ondoy (which was one of the worst typhoons that hit Luzon in 2009) is still fresh in the hearts of the victims.

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6. When sentences start with the expletive there or here, the subject will always be placed after the verb; care needs to be taken to identify it correctly. There are more than three million farms of all sizes in the Philippines. There is resistance towards the Reproductive Health law from different sectors. Here is the report you were asking me to submit. Here are my computations of the grades of my Accountancy students. 7. Subjects dont always appear before verbs in interrogative sentences. Make sure you accurately identify the subject before deciding the correct form of the verb to use. Are children in the grade school capable of understanding sex education? Does he understand that there are requirements to be complied with before he graduates? 8. A compound subject or a series of subjects joined by and typically requires a plural verb form. Inflation and unemployment are serious economic problems. My sister and my nephew enjoy playing video games together. 9. When infinitives or gerunds are used as subject of a sentence, they take the singular form of the verb, but when they are separated by and, they take the plural form of the verb.

To write essays requires great skill. To play the guitar and to sing are things she loves to do during her leisure time. Drinking alcoholic drinks as a form of bonding with friends is a bad idea. Skiing and sky diving are his hobbies.

ENGL100 Module 10. If the elements of the compound subjects refer to one and the same person or thing, or to things that are closely associated with each other, a singular verb is used. My friend and cousin regularly comes to visit me every month. (but, My friend and my cousin ( = two individuals) are sweethearts. Rice and fish remains to be the staple food of many Filipinos. 11. If one of the words each, every or no comes before the subject, the verb is singular. No smoking, eating, or drinking is allowed in the hall. Every boy or girl is entitled to a free ticket to the show. Each student is required to preregister before the end of the month. 12. Elements of the compound subjects joined by correlatives or, nor, either/or, neither/nor,

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and not only/but also require singular verbs if both subjects are singular, and plural verbs if both subjects are plural. But if the elements differ in number (singular and plural; plural and singular), the verb agrees with the nearer subject. Neither the mayor nor the vice-mayor is liable to the crime. Either the jail wardens or the jail administrators are answerable to the crime of the former Batangas governor. The mother or the father is leaving for the States to witness the wedding of the daughter. Not only the home but also the school has a great responsibility for the future of the children in their care. The procedure or the ingredients are wrong. The technicians nor the building custodian is willing to accept the responsibility for the failure of the project. Neither she nor I am going to the festival. 13. Expressions like each, every, either, neither require singular verbs. If they are used as modifier, the words modified also require singular verbs. Each person has a certain goodness in his heart. Either restaurant is expensive. Neither student was qualified for the scholarship. Every parent is responsible for his children. 14. A number calls for a plural verb; the number calls for a singular verb.

ENGL100 Module A number of interested applicants have queued early at the job fair sponsored by the TV network. The number of contestants to the talent show is amazing.

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15. Units of measurements, amount of money, period of time, distance etc. take a singular verb.

Forty years of government service of their mother makes her family proud. Two thousand four hundred milligrams of fish oil is her daily intake. Fifty thousand pesos is her take-home pay monthly. Ten kilometers is the distance enough to consume 1 liter of gasoline.

16. The expressions one of, many a, not one require singular verbs. Many a child gets amazed at the wonders of technology. One of the issues posed by those against RH law is abortion. Not one senator from the Independent Party was winner in the recent elections. 17. Indefinite pronouns anybody, everybody, everyone, somebody, one, anyone, and anything typically take singular verbs. Anyone ( anybody, everybody, everyone, somebody, one, anyone),is free to join the recollection with proper registration. Somebody has reported the incident to the police. Anything happens for a reason. 18. Indefinite pronouns few, a few, many, several, majority, both, all, and some typically take plural verbs. Few (a few, many, several, majority, some )were able to survive the big flood. Several have expressed desire to volunteer as module writers. Many were considered as nuisance candidates in the recent elections. NOTE: We also use all (not everything) to mean the only thing(s) and therefore takes a singular verb.

ENGL100 Module All that I gave her was my moral support. To have some delicadeza is all that is asked of you. 19. The pronoun it in subject position requires a singular verb. It takes a lot of courage to embark in business. It is necessary that you attend the series of meetings to be part of the working group.

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20. Some collective nouns usually require singular verbs, but when the collective nouns refer to the individuals that comprise it, the plural verb is used. Examples of these collective nouns are audience, company, family, team, herd, staff, committee, etc.

The police (=they) are investigating who are liable for the accident that killed the UP journalist Simbulan. (not The police/A police/ is hasnt.was). Note, however that we say a police officer/ a policeman/ a policewoman. The government (=they) of the present administration want to increase taxes. The crowd (= it or as a unit) unanimously applauds the performers. The family (= it or as a unit) that prays together stays together. 21. Some nouns ending in ics (electronics, economics, gymnastics, physics, mathematics, politics, athletics) are usually singular. Physics, like Mathematics was my hated subject in high school. Gymnastics is one of the sports taken by college students in Physical Education. 22. Some words ending in s can be singular or plural. means a means of communication several means of communication series a drama series three drama series species a species of frog ten species of frog Sending e-mails is one means of fast communication nowadays. Sending e-mails, sending text messages, and video conferencing are several means of easy and fast communication nowadays. 23. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc are treated as singular and take singular verbs. Leading Minds by Howard Gardner is a study of the lives of great leaders. English Skills for College Freshmen is the title of their grammar book. 24. The + adjective (without a noun) to talk about groups of people, take plural verbs.

ENGL100 Module the young (= young people) the homeless the old (= old people) the disabled the rich (= rich people) the blind the poor the employed the powerful the fortunate the deaf the powerless

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The rich are in a position to help the poor and the homeless. The powerful sometimes use their position at the expense of the helpless. 25. Final Rule Remember, only the subject affects the verb! NOTE: Heres the trick: know whether the subject is singular or plural. The next trick is: recognize a singular or plural verb. Remember: Verbs do not form their plural form by adding an -s as nouns do. Verbs ending in -s are singular, and verbs not ending in s are plural.

ENGL100 Module Name of Student: ________________________ Section:____________________________ Instructor/Professor:______________________ Total Score:__________________ Date:____________

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TASK 1. Read each of the following sentences below, and identify the appropriate word to complete the sentence. Write your answer on the blank. (10 pts.) 1. The issues of the RH law __________ (continue, continues) to be very controversial. 2. The class president, along with the other class officers, _______ (are, is) required to attend the convention. 3. Evelyn and Edith, who _______ (run, runs) a copy center in town, (have, has) decided to expand their business. 4. There _______(are, is) several reasons why you should reconsider your decision. 5. The Presidents style of dealing with issues and problems _______ (have, has) always been criticized. 6. Please give me scissors that _______ (are, is) sharp enough to cut this piece of cloth. 7. Bread and butter matched with hot chocolate_______ (are, is) her usual breakfast. 8. The results of the election _______ (are, is) not available after a week. 9. Reading pocketbooks _______ (are, is) her hobby. 10. Pants made of wool _______ (are, is) no longer in fashion nowadays. TASK 2. Give the correct form of the verb in parentheses. (10 pts.) 1. For lazy students, three months for a vacation_______(verb to be) still short. 2. The number of RH bill supporters _______ (have) increased day by day. 3. Many a provinciano _______ (think) life in the city is a paradise. 4. All that she had for breakfast _______ (verb to be, simple past) a slice of buttered bread and a cup of hot coffee. 5. Either the hospital physicians or the chief administrator _______ (go, present continuous) to appear in court. 6. My sister or my brother _______ (e-mail) me every day. 7. Majority of the population _______ (verb to be) aware of the effects of inflation. 8. Some of the performers _______ (verb to be, s. past) at the party after the concert. 9. Both Ched and Mercy _______ (visit, present continuous) their parents in the province. 10. Either the father or the children _______ (verb to be) liable to the accident. TASK 3. Encircle the appropriate verbs in the text provided below. (10 pts.) Each Filipino (has/have) the responsibility to improve his/her society. This (is/are) possible if everyone (is/are) willing to help each other regardless of status in life. However, there (is/are) instances when this (is/are) not the case. Many individuals in public service (favor/favors) the rich and powerful. The poor (is/are) often marginalized. It (is/are) frustrating to know that those who need help the most (is/are) usually the ones denied of basic government services. This should not be the case. As the Philippine Constitution (dictate/dictates), the government should be a government of the people, by the people, for the people regardless of status in life.

ENGL100 Module TASK 4. Spot the Error. Most of the sentences below are grammatically incorrect. Underline the word or group of words which makes the sentence wrong. Correct the error where necessary bearing in mind the subject-verb agreement rules. Number one is done for you. 1. There was a police directing the traffic in the busy street. There was a police officer directing the traffic in the busy street.

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2. Mar Roxas believed that a number of votes in his favor has been uncounted and miscounted. ______________________________________________________________ 3. The blind is able to read by a special gadget. ______________________________________________________________ 3. Many does not have enough means to support their family. ______________________________________________________________ 5. The shoes by the door needs to be placed somewhere else. _____________________________________________________________ 6. Either I get a lot of work done during the day or does nothing at all. _____________________________________________________________ 7. Unemployment, not to mention high taxes, influence votes. _____________________________________________________________ 8. Both the twins is visiting the grandparents in the province. _____________________________________________________________ 9. Twenty million gallons of oil are a lot of oil. _____________________________________________________________ 10. Athletics keep her busy most of the time. _____________________________________________________________ 11. Two gallons of ice cream are needed to pacify the tantrums of my obese nephews. _____________________________________________________________ 12. The family is the basic unit of society. _____________________________________________________________ 13. The rich, more than the poor, has better understanding of the Reproductive Health law. _____________________________________________________________ 14. Writing essays require planning and clear thinking. _____________________________________________________________ 15. Both of the statues on the shelf are broken. _____________________________________________________________ 16. The X-Men star Hugh Jackman. _____________________________________________________________ 17. All the milk in the refrigerator have gone sour. _________________________________________________________ 18. Why is your parents upset at the decision you made? ________________________________________________________ 19. The staff is in disagreement about the findings of the Board. ________________________________________________________ 20. Either a car or a bike are his means of transportation. ________________________________________________________

ENGL100 Module TASK 5. Put in there is or there was, there isnt or there wasnt; it is/isnt or it was/wasnt. Some sentences are in question form (is/isnt there?/was/wasnt there...? and some are negative is /was it, isnt it or wasnt it.) Number 1 is done for you. Bear in mind the correct subject-verb agreement. 1.) The trip took several hours. There was a lot of traffic. 2.) ____________ trouble in our barangay last night. My sister had to call the police.

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3.) What was interesting about the royal wedding? ____________ the kissing at the balcony. 4.) Do you like foreign food? __________ hard for me to get used to it. 5.) __________________ anything interesting on television. I turned it off and I went to bed. 6.) _______________ a perfect day yesterday to go to the beach. _________ sunny. 7.) _____________ an accident? What is the reason for the traffic jam. 8.) Look at the sky. ____________ an impending storm that has been reported in the news? 9.) ____________ a long queue to the cinema on the opening day of the movie of John Lloyd Cruz and Sarah Geronimo tandem. 10.) ____________ five years or more since I had last watched a movie at the theater. 11.) How long __________ to travel from Manila to Boracay by plane? 12.) I wasnt expecting my friends to come over. ______________ a big surprise. 13.) A snatcher got my wallet in my bag. He must have felt very bad. ___________ nothing worth stealing. 14.) _______________ worth trying to convince her? Did you succeed? 15.) ______________ worth seeing the movie. ________________ boring.

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TASK 6. Form groups with 5 members each. Then, choose one problem from the list given below and make a short dialogue or skit observing correct subject-verb agreement. a. b. c. d. e. Dumping sites/landfills in the Philippines Flash floods in the different parts of the world Waste management Endangered species (plants and animals) Problems causing global warming

SUMMARY AND ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE FOCUS The subject-verb agreement rules or SV rules are probably one of the most important set of rules in English grammar. This is partly because most sentences whether written or oral will have a subject and a verb. If the language user does not know the SV rules then there is a big chance that he/she will commit many grammatical errors. There were 25 rules discussed in this module on SV agreement, but the rules may be summarized into one major rule. This rule was discussed in this module as rule number 25. In the widely acclaimed book by William Strunk, he stated this rule as follows: The number of the subject determines the number of the verb. This means if the subject is singular then the verb should also be singular. If the subject is plural, then the verb should also be plural. If a language learner needs to remember at least one rule, this perhaps is the rule which everyone should remember. Other common grammatical errors committed by language learners are on the following: use of nouns and uncount nouns, use of pronouns, use of prepositions, use of verb tenses and aspects, and use of appropriate words in sentences. Some of these errors will be discussed in the other modules. POST-TASK (HOMEWORK). What other grammatical errors do you usually commit? Enumerate at least three and write the rule which you need to remember to avoid committing the same errors again.

ENGL100 Module REFERENCES Murphy, R. (2004). English grammar in use. 3rd ed. UK: Cambridge University Press. Villanueva, P. M. et al. (1979). Competence in communication I. Q.C.: JMC Press. Online references www.englishpage.com www.grammarbook.com

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