b.

Dual converter:

Where full four-quadrant operation and rapid reversal is called for, two converters connected in anti-parallel are used, as shown in the above figure.One converter supplies positive current to the motor, while the other supplies negative current. The bridges are operated so that their d.c. voltages are almost equal thereby ensuring that any d.c. circulating current is small, and a reactor is placed between the bridges to limit the flow of ripple currents which result from the unequal ripple voltages of the two converters. Alternatively, the reactor can be dispensed with by only operating one converter at a time. The changeover from one converter to the other can only take place after the firing pulses have been removed from one converter, and the armature current has decayed to ero. Appropriate ero-current detection circuitry is provided as an integral part of the drive, so that as far as the user is concerned, the two converters behave as if they were a single ideal bidirectional d.c. source. !rospective users need to be aware of the fact that a basic single converter can only provide for operation in one quadrant. "f regenerative braking is required, either field or armature reversing contactors will be needed# and if rapid reversal is essential, a double converter has to be used. All these e$tras naturally push up the purchase price. c. Field current Reversal:

Armature is fed from a fully controlled rectifier and the field is e$cited from a dual converter so that the field current can be reversed. %low of field current in one direction operates the drive in " and "& quadrants and the reversal operates the drive in """ and "" quadrants. The dual converter operates with non-simultaneous control. The speed reversal is done as follows' o The armature rectifier firing angle is set at the highest value to force the armature current to ero and then firing pulses are withdrawn. o The firing angle of the rectifier supplying the field is now set to the highest value. "t operates as an inverter and the field current is forced to ero.

When the field current has nearly settled and the motor back emf has reversed, the firing pulses of the armature rectifier are released so as to set the firing angle at the highest value. o (ow the current control loop ad)ust the firing angle continuously to brake and then accelerate the motor at a constant current to the desired speed in the reverse direction. When variation of speed is required for wide range, field current is also controlled. The field is then fed by either a fully controlled or a half controlled rectifier. "n the above figure, it uses dual converter for the field control. Closed loop Control of DC Drives: o
A+ ,upply .m/ .m ,peed +ontroller "a/ +urrent 2imiter "a +urrent +ontroller %iring +ircuit a

"a "a 0a "a0a &a

&a

1 ef 1/ %ield +ontroller %iring +ircuit f

,peed ,ensor

A+ ,upply

"n order to increase the performance of the *+ drives, closed loop control is required. The closed loop method helps to control the current to a safe limit and also to accelerate and decelerate the drive at ma$imum permissible current and torque during transient operations. The drive shown in the figure employs inner current loop and outer speed loop. This drive can operate below the base speed with fi$ed field current and variable armature voltage and above the base speed with fi$ed armature voltage and variable field current. Thus both the armature and field fed from fully controlled rectifier. ,ince the armature is fed from a fully controlled rectifier, forward braking is not possible# the drive will decelerate due to load torque only. -ecause of inner current control with current limiter, the acceleration takes place at the ma$imum permissible current and torque.

"n semiconductor converter fed drives !" controller is preferred because of its good steady state accuracy. Operation below the base speed' o -ack emf 314 is compared with 1/ which is chosen to be 5.67 to 5.87 of the rated armature voltage. The higher value is used for motors with low armature circuit resistance. %or speeds below base speed, the field controller saturates due to large value of error ef. The firing angle f is maintained at ero, applying rated voltage to the field. o When speed reference is increased from . m9/ to .m:/ ;.m:/<.m9/= due t large speed error, the current limiter saturates and sets the current reference at the ma$imum permissible value. The drive accelerates at the ma$imum available current and torque. When speed reaches .m:/, the current limiter desaturates and the drive settles at speed .m: and the current which gives motor torque equal to the load torque. "f the speed reference is reduced back to . m9/, the current reference is set at ero and the drive decelerates due to load torque. When . m becomes slightly less than .m9/ motor current flows again and finally the drive settles at speed .m9 and current for which more torque balances the load torque.

Operation above base speed' o "f the reference speed set above the base speed, the current reference is set at ma$imum permissible value. The firing angle of the armature rectifier a is reduced to initially increase &a. The motor accelerates, 1 increases, ef decreases, reducing the field current. Thus the motor speed continues to increase and field current continues to decrease until the motor speed becomes equal to the reference speed. ,ince the speed error will now be small, & a will return to a value close to original value. Thus, the speed control above base speed is obtained by field control with the armature voltage maintained near the rated value. "n field control region ;above base speed=, the drive responds very slowly due to large value of the field time constant.

,tarting of "nduction motor' ,tarting arrangement is chosen based on the load requirements and nature of supply. "t may be required to have following features' i. >otor should develop enough starting torque to overcome friction, load torque and inertia of motor-load system, and thus, complete the starting process within a prescribed limit. ,tarting current magnitude should be such that it does not cause over heating of the machine and does not cause a dip in the source voltage beyond a permissible value.

ii.

The method to be employed in starting a given induction motor depends upon the si e of the motor and the type of the motor. The common methods used to start induction motors are' i. *irect-on-line starting ii. ,tator resistance starting iii. Autotransformer starting iv. ,tar-delta starting v. 0otor resistance starting Direct-on-line starting: This method of starting in )ust what the name implies?the motor is started by connecting it directly to @-phase supply. The impedance of the motor at standstill is relatively low and when it is directly connected to the supply system, the starting current will be high ;A to 95 times the full-load current= and at a low power factor. +onsequently, this method of starting is suitable for relatively small ;up to B.7 kW= machines. Stator resistance starting: "n this method, e$ternal resistances are connected in series with each phase of stator winding during starting. This causes voltage drop across the resistances so that voltage available across motor terminals is reduced and hence the starting current. The starting resistances are gradually cut out in steps ;two or more steps= from the stator circuit as the motor picks up speed. When the motor attains rated speed, the resistances are completely cut out and full line voltage is applied to the rotor. This method suffers from two drawbacks. %irst, the reduced voltage applied to the motor during the starting period lowers the starting torque and hence increases the accelerating time. ,econdly, a lot of power is wasted in the starting resistances. Autotransformer starting: This method also aims at connecting the induction motor to a reduced supply at starting and then connecting it to the full voltage as the motor picks up sufficient speed. The tapping on the autotransformer is so set that when it is in the circuit, C7D to 65D of line voltage is applied to the motor. At the instant of starting, the change-over switch is thrown to EstartF position. This puts the autotransformer in the circuit and thus reduced voltage is applied to the circuit. +onsequently, starting current is limited to safe value. When the motor attains about 65D of normal speed, the changeover switch is thrown to ErunF position. This takes out the autotransformer from the circuit and puts the motor to full line voltage. Autotransformer starting has several advantages vi low power loss, low starting current and less radiated

heat. %or large machines ;over :7 G.!.=, this method of starting is often used. This method can be used for both star and delta connected motors. Star-delta starting The stator winding of the motor is designed for delta operation and is connected in star during the starting period. When the machine is up to speed, the connections are changed to delta. The si$ leads of the stator windings are connected to the changeover switch. At the instant of starting, the changeover switch is thrown to E,tartF position which connects the stator windings in star. Therefore, each stator phase gets &H@ volts where & is the line voltage. This reduces the starting current. When the motor picks up speed, the changeover switch is thrown to E0unF position which connects the stator windings in delta. (ow each stator phase gets full line voltage &. The disadvantages of this method are' i. With star-connection during starting, stator phase voltage is 9H@ times the line voltage.+onsequently, starting torque is ;9H @=: or 9H@ times the value it would have with delta connection. This is rather a large reduction in starting torque. ii. The reduction in voltage is fi$ed. This method of starting is used for medium-si e machines ;upto about :7 G.!.=. Rotor resistance starting: ,lip-ring motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting. "n this method, a variable star-connected rheostat is connected in the rotor circuit through slip rings and full voltage is applied to the stator winding. i. At starting, the handle of rheostat is set in the O%% position so that ma$imum resistance is placed in each phase of the rotor circuit. This reduces the starting current and at the same time starting torque is increased. ii. As the motor picks up speed, the handle of rheostat is gradually moved in clockwise direction and cuts out the e$ternal resistance in each phase of the rotor circuit. When the motor attains normal speed, the change-over switch is in the O( position and the whole e$ternal resistance is cut out from the rotor circuit.