Loglc ls more concerned wlLh synLax and semanLlcs as lL ls concerned wlLh Lhe afflrmaLlon of Lhe LruLh !"#$% !'#()* +"$,'-(-# . /0#12"-3 4556
78$93"0 555 !/:;</;= /> ?@= =AB+=>>5C: CD ?@C<;@?
5E ?8" :$310" 'F !$-#1$#" !"#$%"$& ls a collecLlon of senslble slgns LhaL express Lhe acLs and Lhe wlll of human lnLellecL. As such, language enables men Lo llve as a communlLy. o Lxpresslve funcLlon ! speech exLernallzes Lhe lnLernal acLs of humans (e.g. ldeas, lmpresslons, moods) (p.49). o CommunlcaLlve funcLlon ! lL communlcaLes acLs Lo oLhers. Slnce man ls a soclal creaLure, he needs Lo communlcaLe hls LhoughLs Lo oLhers (p.49). '("))"( sLudles Lhe correcL usage of language. !+#$%+,-+., "#/ 01+23,3014 sLudles Lhe dlfferenL aspecLs of language (sLrucLure of language vls-a-vls Lhe person speaklng). !3$+. sLudles language as Lhe expresslon of knowledge.
55E G'0H, $-H !(-#1(,3() /)3, 53(/, 3( -&(), are Lhe baslc unlL of language endowed wlLh meanlng (p.30). o 53(/ ! an arLlculaLe sound LhaL serves as a convenLlonal slgn of a concepL, whlch ln Lurn slgnlfles a Lhlng (p.30-31) " 6(-+.%2"-& ,3%#/ ! enables communlcaLlon. " 73#8&#-+3#"2 9+$# ! dlfferenLlaLe from naLural Slgn " 9+$#+:+&, " .3#.&0- ! a slgn ls a reallLy LhaL polnLs Lo anoLher reallLy. " 9+$#+:+&, " -1+#$ ! (expresslon of language) concepL ln Lhe mlnd v. (meanlng of language) naLure of Lhlngs ln Lhemselves. AspecLs of language ln general: (p.32-33) o 94#-"; ! relaLlon of slgns wlLh oLher slgns (e.g. relaLlon of words ln a senLence Lo form one compleLe LhoughL). 8efers Lo Lhe meanlng of someLhlng. o 9&)"#-+., ! relaLlon of slgn wlLh Lhe Lhlng slgnlfled. 8efers Lo an acLual exlsLence of someLhlng. o <,"$& ! relaLlon of language wlLh Lhe acLs of Lhe speaker. " =223.%-+8& ".-, ! manlfesLaLlons of an lnLernal acL of Lhe wlll (e.g. maklng promlses)
555E ?8" >301)310" $-H 90(-)(9$% 9$03, 'F ,9"")8I :'1-, $-H J"0K, :'1-, ! slgnlfy Lhe sub[ecL and Lhe essence of Lhe sub[ecL (p.34) o >(30&( #3%#, ! lndlvlduallzed naLure. Lx: !oshua = a speclflc man. o 73))3# #3%#, ! general naLure. Lx: sLudenL, pollLlclan o nouns may derlve Lhelr meanlng from Lhe accldenLal properLles of Lhe sub[ecL/slgnlfled ob[ecL. " Lxample: Sunflower = a flower LhaL bends Lowards sun's dlrecLlon. !"#$! &"'()*+," -"$.*)#/ /,00$-*"/ 12342523467 $&&89 &:&: ;*!!$-"$!
<=>?@=>A BC -@DE>FF> $GG> #HIJ>==>K J"0K, ! slgnlfy Lhe acLlons of Lhe slgnlfled (p.33). o >&(,3#"2 ?&(@ ! slgnlfles Lhe acL of Lhe sub[ecL. Lx: he runs, he llves o =#:+#+-+8& ! slgnlfles Lhe acL lLself. Lx: run, llve o A(&"-+#$ -1& ".- ", -13%$1 +- B&(& " ,%@,+,-&#- (&"2+-4 ! Lx: llfe, race /HL")3(M" ! refers Lo accldenLs of Lhe sub[ecL. /HM"0K ! how acLlons are carrled ouL. B0'-'1-, o >&(,3#"2 0(3#3%#, ! refer Lo Lhe subsLance ln Lhe same way LhaL nouns do. o C&2"-+8& 0(3#3%#, ! LhaL, whlch, whose, who o D&)3#,-("-+8& 0(3#3%#, ! Lhls, LhaL B$03()(9%", ! verbal nouns. Lx: belng /03()%", ! quallfy Lhe lndlvldual sub[ecL as regards number. B0"9',(3('-, ! refer Lo relaLlons of reason or of grammar. 5-3"0L")3('-, ! express affecLlons or passlons of Lhe wlll. 7'-L1-)3('-, $-H B0"9',(3('-, ! funcLlons Lo llnk, buL do noL have meanlng on lLs own
5JE ?8" 2"3$98N,()$% ,(#-(F()$-)" 'F %$-#1$#" WhaL ls slgnlfled v. Manner of slgnlfylng (p. 36) Slnce everyLhlng whlch ls ls lnLelllglble, everyLhlng can be deslgnaLed by a name (p. 37) 1hose whlch exceed our capaclLy Lo undersLand, we cannoL undersLand 9"0F")3%NE
JE ?8" )'-3"O31$% 90'9"03(", 'F 3"02, LlngulsLlc Lerms can undergo cerLaln changes ln meanlng dependlng on Lhelr conLexL ln Lhe senLence, or because of oLher words and phrases LhaL accompany Lhem. o oor man!" v. A poor man" (p. 37) 9%003,+-+3 ! Lhe generlc meanlng buL wlLh reference Lo a parLlcular reallLy. o 1he same ob[ecL can appear Lo us under Lwo dlfferenL formallLles: " An ldenLlLy we are capable of dlsLlngulshlng, and " Lxpresslng ln [udgmenLs of ldenLlLy.