Electromechanical Relay

Industrial Electronics
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Electromechanical Relay
a magnetic switch used to control a large flow of current by means of a low voltage, low current circuit. it is a solenoid set up to actuate switch contacts when its coil is energized. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835

Magnetic Relay Physical Structure

Solenoid

is a device that produces mechanical motion from the energization of an electromagnet coil. The movable portion of a solenoid is called an armature.

Electromechanical Relay
Pull-in current
is the minimum amount of coil current needed to actuate a solenoid or relay from its "normal" (deenergized) position.

Electromechanical Relay
Drop-out current
is the maximum coil current below which an energized relay will return to its "normal" state.

Composition of Relay
Coil: Attracts armature because of magnetism. Armature: Lever Arm. Contacts: Normally open (NO) Normally closed (NC)

Relay Parts

Types of Relay Contacts

1. Normally Open (NO) - Normally-open contacts - connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. 2. Normally Closed (NC) - Normallyclosed contacts - disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive.
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Types of Relay Contacts

3. Change-over contacts - control two circuits: one normallyopen contact and one normally-closed contact.

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Types of Relay Contacts

Note: There are two sets of electrically conductive contacts. One pair which are classed as Normally Open (NO) or make contacts and another set which are classed as Normally Closed (NC) or break contacts. These terms "Normally Open, Normally Closed" or "Make and Break Contacts" refer to the normal state of the electrical contacts when the relay coil is "de-energized.
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Relay Mechanical Condition:

Normal De-energized state. Out of the box. No power is applied. Caution: it could be that the usual operation of a device has a relay energized 99% of the time. Most of the time the contacts are not in the normal position.

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Relay Mechanical Condition:

Normally Open Contacts are separated when relay coil is de-energized. Will not pass current. Open circuit. Abbreviated NO.

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Relay Mechanical Condition:

Normally Closed Contacts are touching when relay coil is de-energized. Current may pass through load circuit even though no current passes through the coil. Abbreviated NC.

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Types of Relay Contact

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Relay Advantages
Isolation of control and load. Control is low power circuit. Load is high power circuit.

Remote location of controls.

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Relay Advantages
Easily add safety devices to control. Can see and hear if closed or open.

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Relay Disadvantages
Coil requires significant power to operate and keep energized. Contacts move relatively slow.

Contacts can bounce.

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Relay Disadvantages
Arcing as contacts near each other. Hard to reconfigure. Can be expensive.

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Specific Kinds of Relays

Subminiature Relays a typical mechanical relays designed for switching relatively large currents. It come with either dc or ac coils. DC-actuated relays typically come with excitation-voltage ratings of 6, 12, and 24 V dc, with coil resistances (coil ohms) of about 40, 160, and 650 , respectively.

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Specific Kinds of Relays

Subminiature Relays (contn) AC-actuated relays typically come with excitation-voltage ratings of 110 and 240 V ac, with coil resistances of about 3400 and 13600 , respectively. Switching speeds range from about 10 to 100 ms, and current ratings range from about 2 to 15 A.
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Specific Kinds of Relays

Subminiature Relays

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Specific Kinds of Relays

Miniature relays Similar to subminiature relays, but they are designed for greater sensitivity and lower-level currents. It almost exclusively actuated by dc voltages but may be designed to switch ac currents.
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Specific Kinds of Relays

Miniature relays (contn) It come with excitation voltages of 5, 6, 12, and 24 V dc, with coil resistances from 50 to 3000 .

Miniature Relays

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Specific Kinds of Relays

Reed relays Consist of a pair of reeds (thin, flexible metal strips) that collapse whenever a current is sent through an encapsulating wire coil. Designed for moderate currents (typically 500 mA to 1 A) and moderately fast switching (0.2 to 2 ms).
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Specific Kinds of Relays

Reed relays (contn) Limited in switching arrangements (SPST switching) and has a tendency to be damaged by surges in power.
External Coil

External Coil
Reed Relay
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Specific Kinds of Relays

Solid-state relay A device that can be made to switch states (on and off) by applying external voltages across n-type and p-type semiconductive junctions.

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Specific Kinds of Relays

Solid-state relay (contn) It come with a wide range of current ratings (a few microamps for a lowpowered packages up to 100 A for high power packages) and have extremely fast switching speeds (typically 1 to 100 ns).

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Specific Kinds of Relays

Solid-state relay (contn) Limited to SPST switching and have a tendency to be damaged by sudden surges in power.

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Ladder Diagrams
Ladder diagrams are specialized schematics commonly used to document industrial control logic systems.
It resemble a ladder, with two vertical rails (supply power) and as many "rungs" (horizontal lines) as there are control circuits to represent.
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Ladder Diagrams
Example: A simple ladder diagram showing a lamp that is controlled by a hand switch.

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Common Ladder Symbols

Ladder Inputs:

Normally Open Pushbutton Changeover Pushbutton

Normally Closed Pushbutton

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Common Ladder Symbols

Ladder Inputs:

Inductive Proximity Switch

Capacitive Proximity Switch

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Common Ladder Symbols

Ladder Inputs:

Optical Proximity Switch

Magnetic Proximity Switch

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Common Ladder Symbols

Ladder outputs:

Buzzer

Solenoid Valve

Indicator Light

Motor
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Common Ladder Symbols

Ladder Power Supply:

Electrical Connection 24V

Electrical Connection 0V
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Common Ladder Symbols

Ladder Relay Coils

Relay with Switch-On Delay

Relay with Switch-Off Delay

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Common Ladder Symbols

Ladder Relay Coils

Relay Coil

Relay Counter

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Common Ladder Symbols

Ladder Relay Contacts

or

or

Make Switch

Break Switch
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Common Ladder Symbols

Pneumatic Symbols

Distance Rule

4/2 way valve

Air Compressor

Double Acting Cylinder

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Ladder Logic
Ladder logic or the Ladder programming language is a method of drawing electrical logic schematics. It is now a graphical language very popular for programming

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Ladder Logic
Parallel contacts are logically equivalent to an OR logic.

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Ladder Logic
Series contacts are logically equivalent to an AND logic.

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Ladder Logic
Normally closed (N.C.) contacts are logically equivalent to a NOT logic.

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Ladder Logic
Latching relays exist that require operation of a second coil to reset the contact position. Latching relay is mechanically arranged so that the armature can rest in either of two positions: On (close) or Off (open).
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Relay Latching Operations

There are two coils that pull the armature in opposite directions. The relay can be switched to one position or the other and then left in that state indefinitely.
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Relay Latching Operations

This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes power only for an instant, while it is being switched, and it retains its last setting across a power outage.

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Relay Latching

Step-by-step latching sequence

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Relay Latching

Step-by-step latching sequence

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Relay Latching

Step-by-step latching sequence

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Relay Latching

Step-by-step latching sequence

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