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What is NASA?

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an American government agency that runs the civilian arm of the space program. The aim of this agency is to increase human understanding of the solar system and the universe that contains it, and to improve American aeronautics ability. Under its charter, NASA is supposed to be a peacetime agency that does not perform military functions, although it does cooperate with the military, and many employees have a military background. To achieve this goal, the agency has an annual budget that can be counted in the billions to fund programs and pay tens of thousands of employees.

NASA was founded in 1958, in response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957. The early years of the organization were driven by Cold War competitiveness, and it quickly worked on creating rockets that would allow for manned spaceflight. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans to have set foot on the moon in 1969, an action that was considered a major victory for American aeronautics. Riding on this early success, NASA continued development of aeronautic equipment designed to function outside the Earth's atmosphere. After the moon landing, NASA focused on doing

NASA also continues to work on a program to make space more accessible. When the space shuttle program ended in 2011, 135 flights had been made with astronauts from many nations, including the United States. Two of these flights, the Challenger and Columbia, were lost. The agency plans to resume manned flights in the future, after the development of a new space transportation vehicle. As part of its mission as a peaceful agency, NASA cooperates with agencies within the United States and international aeronautics agencies. A US astronaut can usually be found on board the International Space Station, and astronauts from other nations are invited to participate in NASA events. This fostering of international cooperation will hopefully continue as humans

research around the solar system, sending an assortment of manned flights to the moon to collect material for study, and unmanned drones to other planets to collect data. These flights have collected large amounts of data which are constantly being added to and analyzed. Scientific advancement is a large part of its mission. With the assistance of the agency, scientists have been able to conduct experiments in the zero gravity environment of space, and test hypotheses about the universe.

explore space and the possibility of off-Earth human settlements becomes possible.

Why Does the Same Side of the Moon Always Face the Earth?

The same side of the Moon always faces the Earth. The "dark side" is not actually dark it gets cycles of day and night just like most places on Earth the "far side" is a more correct term. The reason that one side is never visible from the Earth is because it spins once on its axis in precisely the same amount of time it takes to revolve around the Earth. If its rate of rotation were slightly different than its rate of revolution, those on Earth would eventually be exposed to the entire surface of the Moon. These two intervals have been equal for all of recorded history, however, and probably have been for millions of years or longer. This otherwise bizarre phenomenon can be explained in terms of a subtle effect generated by gravitation and friction called tidal locking. Through their mutual gravitational attraction, the Earth and the Moon create tidal bulges on each other, with one bulge facing in the direction of the other body, and one facing away. These bulges generate heat through the friction of rock rubbing against itself, and also change into a greater orbital force for the Moon, which means that it is continually getting further away from the Earth. Over time, they siphon energy away from the rotational momentum of both

bodies, producing a braking effect.

Because the Earth's mass dominates the EarthMoon system, the Moon experiences the greater braking effect. Over time, its rotation has progressively slowed until the rate of rotation matched the rate at which the tidal bulge moves around the body. Today, lunar tidal bulges are located at a constant position with respect to the rotation of the Moon, meaning a sort of equilibrium has been reached. The Earth's rate of rotation also slows over time due to the tidal forces, but the braking effect is much smaller in order to be synchronized perfectly with the Moon, the Earth would need to rotate only once per lunar cycle, or about every 29.5 days. Then the Moon would always be in the same place in the sky, and visible from only one side of the Earth, but this is not the case. In certain planetary systems, like that of dwarf planet Pluto and its satellite Charon, both bodies are tidally locked to one another.

What was the Apollo Program?

The groundwork for the Apollo Program was laid in the Eisenhower Administration, when the United States government recognized that space flight would become a growing issue in the 20th century. As the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union intensified, President John F. Kennedy threw his support behind the Apollo Program in 1961, declaring it a major goal of his administration. While Kennedy did not live to see the Apollo Program's success, he is often widely credited as the driving force behind the inception and funding of the program.

The Apollo Program was a program run by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from 1961-1975. The primary goal of the program was to achieve human spaceflight, and to get humans to the moon and back again. On 20 July, 1969, the goal of the Apollo Program was achieved when Apollo 11 reached the moon and astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin successfully walked on the surface of the moon, leading Armstrong to utter the famous phrase one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.

While the Apollo Program created a striking visual symbol of American space power, it also contributed significantly to advancement of the sciences and technology. Much of the technology developed for the space program trickled down into the civilian world, from specialized fibers used in space suits to flight control technology. The Apollo Program also gathered a great deal of valuable data about the moon, and space.

ambitious and remarkable human accomplishments, illustrating the ingenuity and perseverance of the human race once it seizes upon an idea. Coordinating the Apollo Program required the development of superior rockets, space craft, flight technology, and astronauts, among many other things. Many of the astronauts selected were high-performing members of the military, and the engineers and scientists who worked in the Apollo Program were among the best in their field.

set foot on the moon, although several nations have expressed plans to re-establish manned moon landing programs and to explore the potential of lunar colonies.

Landing humans on the moon and getting them back to Earth again is no small feat. The Apollo Program is widely regarded as one of the most

In addition to Apollo 11 in 1969, missions 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 also landed on the moon. Only two major failures marred the Apollo Program: the launchpad fire which killed the three Apollo 1 astronauts in 1967, and the midflight systems meltdown which nearly brought down Apollo 13 in 1970. Since the Apollo Program ended in 1975, no humans have

What was the Space Race?

The Space Race was a long-lasting competition between the United States and the Soviet Union between the years of 1957 to 1975. It began with the delivery of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, into orbit in October 1957. When exactly it ended is hard to pin down, but the first joint USUSSR mission in July 1975 is often cited. An alternative starting date is the launch of the first intercontinental ballistic missile, R-7 Semyorka, just six weeks before the launch of Sputnik. Many historians consider the Space Race to be an extension of the Cold War. The USSR and US were competing to outdo each other in the mediagenic field of space exploration, in an effort to prove that their system of political organization (Communism vs. Capitalism) was superior. Although the Soviet Union had a very strong start, launching the first satellite and the first human into space, the US eventually triumphed in the long run, landing the first man on the Moon. By the mid-70s, the Soviet Union was entering an economic downturn that would signal its eventual collapse, and this forced it to cut way back on funding its space program.

weapon of choice if the Cold War turned hot would be intercontinental ballistic missiles, suborbital launch units. Opposing countries would have an interest in disabling the spy satellites of the other side, but most of all, both countries wanted to show the world their general superiority.

When Sputnik launched on 4 October 1957, it put the Americans into a state of panic. It quickly became easy to get funding for space-related projects from the US government, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was founded. In 1961, US President John Kennedy said that the United States should put a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. This was achieved in 1969, largely putting an end to the Space Race.

The competition was intimately connected to military superiority as well as general technological superiority. The

What is the Big Bang Theory?

The Big Bang theory is science's best explanation of how the universe was created. The theory asserts that our entire universe was created when a tiny (billions of times smaller than a proton), superdense, super-hot mass exploded and began expanding very rapidly, eventually cooling and forming into the stars and galaxies with which we are familiar. This event is said to have happened approximately 15 billion years ago. Rather than expanding outward into some preexisting vacuum, the event of the Big Bang was space itself expanding - perhaps at speeds greater than light. (While Einstein's theory of relativity forbids anything within space from travelling faster than light, it sets no limitations on how fast the fabric of space itself may expand.) The Big Bang theory was originally developed in the late 1920s by Georges-Henri Lematre, a Belgian Catholic priest and astronomer, an early advocate of solutions to the general relativity field equations which predicted our universe was expanding. (For cosmological theories to be taken seriously, they must pose possible solutions to Einstein's general relativity field equations.) Though the expanding-universe solution to the field equations was derived by the Russian cosmologist Alexander Friedman in 1922,

Lematre was the first to realize that a continuously expanding universe implies that at some point in the past the universe must have been much denser and smaller, even atom-sized.

Since the late 1960s, the Big Bang theory has been the dominant explanation for the birth of our universe. Fred Hoyle's steady state model has been discarded. Most of cosmology since that time has consisted of modifications and extensions of Big Bang theory. Because physicists have not yet formulated a consistent theory that explains how gravity operates on extremely small scales (like those present at the instant of the Big Bang), cosmologists are unable to

The Big Bang theory is supported primarily by two major lines of evidence - first, the fact that all galaxies are rapidly moving away from each other (confirmed by Edwin Hubble in 1929), and secondly, the presence of the cosmic microwave background radiation, or the "echo" of the Big Bang. The cosmic microwave background radiation was not discovered until 1965, and up to this point, scientists were divided between the Big Bang theory and its rival, Fred Hoyle's steady state model, which asserted that the universe was expanding, but staying basically the same because new matter was continuously being created.

formulate theories as to what happened before about 10^-43 seconds after the Big Bang. Our universe may have originated as a point like entity with nearly-infinite density, or perhaps something else. Our mathematics, instruments, and scientific methodologies may need to be substantially improved before any further progress is made.