What is a composite?

o A composite is anything made using more than one type of material o Structure of a composite Usually a continuous phase and a discontinuous phase are present

Composite Beams Introduction to Composite Materials

Discontinuous phase is usually harder, stronger, and more expensive Called the reinforcing material Continuous phase is usually weaker than discontinuous if used alone Called the matrix of the composite Based on this, who can name a common composite and identify the matrix and the reinforcing material? Most common is steel reinforced concrete where the concrete is the matrix and steel is the reinforcing material Fi erglass o !easons for using composites Allows you to create a material with properties that are superior to those of the individual materials Can exploit the good points of the individual materials and make up for any shortcomings y using the other materials appropriately Examples of Composites and Their Use o Car on fi er reinforced polymer wrap on concrete

Examples of Composite Materials i!er"Wrapped Concrete Column

Concrete column alone would fail at "##,### l $ith CF!% wrap, the column withstood &,###,### l which was the capacity of the testing machine Can e used to repair concrete columns that have een damaged o UM! Smart Composite 'ridge

Examples of Composite Materials UM# $mart Composite Bridge

Used onded tu es in construction 'uilt up layer( y(layer %a! &rocedure o $e will e working with composite eams made from aluminum and stainless steel sections olted together Make sure you set up the eam with the stainless steel side up o )ou will need to take several measurements and record them on your data sheet Draw on oard

o *here are two strain gages attached to the composite eam +ne is on the top surface and the other is on the ottom surface 'oth measure axial strain o %lace the weight hanger on the eam if using the lathe ed )ou can select any ar itrary location to place the load o Connect the strain gages to the indicators and follow the steps from our previous la ,ero the amp Set the gage factor 'alance the load o -oad the eam in .# l increments from # to .## l !ecord the axial strains at each .# l increment of load Calculations o Start your calculations y converting your strain values to stresses using ss = Ess ss al = Eal al *hese formulas are from /ooke0s law for uniaxial loading o 1ext, use 2xcel to plot normal stress vs3 load for oth strain gages on the same graph

From linear regression find the slopes of the two lines o Use your slopes to find the experimental location of the neutral axis Convert your slopes ack into strains per unit load ss . ss = P Ess P

al . al = P Eal P Use the following formula to find the location of the experimental neutral axis

y exp =

hss + hal .+
ss al
P P

*his follows from the fact that strain increases linearly with distance from the neutral axis o Allows the use of similar triangles Composite 'eam *heory o $e will use composite eam theory to calculate theoretical values to compare the experimental values against Can0t directly apply eam theory to a composite eam $hat assumption of eam theory do we violate if we apply it directly to a composite eam4 Due to the fact that the eam is made of more than one material 'eam isn0t homogeneous $e get around this y transforming the eam cross section into an e5uivalent cross section made from one material Creates a homogeneous eam that allows use of the usual eam formulas o Cross Section *ransformation *ransform the cross section to eing made of only one of the two materials 2asiest if you convert the material with the higher 2 into an e5uivalent amount of the other material Find the ratio of the modulus of elasticities of the two materials E o n = ss Eal Multiply the width of the stainless steel y n to find the transformed width

Creates an e5uivalent cross section composed entirely of aluminum *he height of the stainless steel section does 1+* change o *his ensures the strain and radius of curvature are continuous from one section to the other o *heoretical 1eutral Axis -ocation Solve for this using the transformed cross section and the usual method of finding the centroid y applying yi Ai y th = Ai Make sure all the dimensions you use in this e5uation come from the transformed cross section *he location found for the transformed cross section is the same location of the 1A as for the actual composite eam o Moment of 6nertia A out 1eutral Axis *his should also e calculated using the transformed cross section dimensions o *heoretical Stresses per unit -oad *hese are found y looking at a F'D of the eam at the section where the strain gages are located

RA =

L7 P L

-g

M g = M B R A L g = #

M B = R A Lg =

PL g L7 L

Lg L7 y th al L = P I NA L L n g 7 hss + hal y th L ss = P I NA

%a! #eport o *he report for this la should e a memo worth .## points o Make sure you attach your initialed data sheet and sample hand calculations o 2xperimental !esults 6nclude a ta le showing the original data collected in la 6nclude the graph created in 2xcel and show the linear regression lines along with their e5uations Calculate the following experimental values -ocation of neutral axis 8 y exp 9 Stress per unit load for each material Calculate the following theoretical values -ocation of neutral axis y th

( )

Stress per unit load for each material

Create a ta le with the following information ss y P 2xperimental *heoretical : Difference

al P

o Discussion of !esults Compare your experimental and theoretical values using : error Discuss how well the composite eam theory predicted your experimental values Descri e any reasons for why your results don0t exactly match the theory !esearch and discuss two different composites *ell what materials are used to create the composite Descri e how the materials are ;oined together and the enefits gained y using them as a composite &resentation o 2ach group will write their experimental values for y , ss , and al on the oard3 P P