Sie sind auf Seite 1von 6

ASSIGNMENT

GURU ANGAD DEV VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF DAIRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DAIRY ENGINEERING

Submitted To

Dr. GOPIKA TALWAR


Assistant Prof. (Dairy Engineering)

Submitted by

Dadi. Bhaskar
M. Tech (DT)
L-2013-DT-03-M

ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER

INTRODUCTION
Rotational viscometers are a common tool in the food industry. A metal cylinder probe is caused to rotate in the sample. The torque required to rotate the cylinder at a given speed is measured. The more viscous the sample, the more torque required to rotate the cylinder. Rotational viscometers are relatively simple to use and can measure a wide range of viscosity values. This latter feature is possible as rotational viscometers usually come with a variety of interchangeable probes: thin probes with small surface areas for viscous materials; larger probes with increased surface area for less viscous liquids. Most can also operate at a variety of rotational speeds, and therefore shear rates.

PRINCIPLE
The viscosity is determined by measuring the resistance of a spindle rotating in the sample. The torque required to rotate the cylinder at a given speed is measured. The more viscous the sample, the more torque required to rotate the cylinder.

PARTS
Basically viscometer consists of two parts-a head unit with a motor and a spindle that driven by the motor.

APPLICATION
Rotational viscometers can be used for the accurate measurement of viscosity for both Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids. Examples like milk, water, mineral oils, paints, gels, inks, ketchup, sausages, etc Rotational viscometer

TYPES OF ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER


Rotational viscometers use the idea that the torque required to turn an object in a fluid is a function of the viscosity of that fluid. They measure the torque required to rotate a disk or bob in a fluid at a known speed. 'Cup and bob' viscometers work by defining the exact volume of a sample which is to be sheared within a test cell; the torque required to achieve a certain rotational speed is measured and plotted. There are two classical

geometries in "cup and bob" viscometers, known as either the "Couette" or "Searle" systems - distinguished by whether the cup or bob rotates. The rotating cup is preferred in some cases because it reduces the onset of Taylor vortices, but is more difficult to measure accurately. 'Cone and Plate' viscometers use a cone of very shallow angle in bare contact with a flat plate. With this system the shear rate beneath the plate is constant to a modest degree of precision and de-convolution of a flow curve; a graph of shear stress (torque) against shear rate (angular velocity) yields the viscosity in straightforw

Electromagnetically Spinning Sphere Viscometer


The EMS Viscometer is a rotational viscometer. The EMS Viscometer measures the viscosity of liquids through observation of the rotation of a sphere which is driven by electromagnetic interaction: Two magnets attached to a rotor create a rotating magnetic field. The sample to be measured is in a small test tube . Inside the tube is an aluminium sphere . The tube is located in a temperature controlled chamber and set such that the sphere is situated in the centre of the two magnets. The rotating magnetic field induces eddy currents in the sphere. The resulting Lorentz interaction between the magnetic field and these eddy currents generate torque that rotates the sphere. The rotational speed of the sphere depends on the rotational velocity of the magnetic field, the magnitude of the magnetic field and the viscosity of the sample around the sphere. The motion of the sphere is monitored by a video camera located below the cell. The torque applied to the sphere is proportional to the difference in the angular velocity of the magnetic field B and the one of the sphere S. There is thus a linear relationship between (BS)/S and the viscosity of the liquid. The main characteristics of rotational viscometers

is suitable to measure fluids with viscosities in the range of 0.3 to 1,000,000 mPas. can automatically evaluate the temperature dependency of the viscosity in the range of 10-200C within a very short time. is capable of performing determinations of the rheological behaviour of liquids by determining the share rate dependency of the viscosity. provides a better absolute accuracy and repeatability of the results than classical Rotational Viscometers. The EMS Viscometer measures the viscosity of liquids through observation of the rotation of a sphere which is driven by electromagnetic interaction.The

EMS technology distinguishes itself from other rotational viscometers by three main characteristics: All parts of the viscometer which come in direct contact with the sample are disposable and inexpensive. The measurements are performed in a sealed sample vessel. The system requires only very small sample quantities (0.3 mL).

Advantages of EMS Viscometer The EMS technology offers many substantial benefits compared to other Rotational and Capillary Viscometers: No cleaning required: The EMS viscometer is the ideal solution for viscosity measurements of samples like adhesives or to perform studies of viscosity changes of polymer solutions during polymerization. Suitable to perform measurements in a controlled atmosphere: This allows to monitor the viscosity during chemical reactions which must be performed under inert gas or overpressure. No measuring errors due to evaporation: With the EMS Viscometer it is possible to monitor the viscosity of samples during a long period of time and/or at elevated temperatures without measuring errors caused by evaporation. The perfect solution for samples which are only available in small quantities: The EMS viscometer can not only perform viscosity measurements with as little as 0.3 mL of sample - it is even possible to determine the concentration dependency of the viscosity by diluting the same sample up to 26 times. Time-saving: The EMS viscometer requires much less time per measurement than any other rotational viscometer. This is due to three things: Easy sample preparation fast temperature control of the small sample container no cleaning required after measurement.

Classical Rotational Viscometers (Rheometers)


The measuring principle of Rotational Viscometers is based on the fact that the torque required to turn an object in a fluid depends on the rotational speed of the object and the viscosity of the fluid. In Rotational Viscometers the liquid whose viscosity is to be measured fills the space between two vertical coaxial cylinders (cup and bob ) or between a cone and a plate.

There are two classical geometries in cup and bob viscometers: Couette systems (A): The outer cylinder (cup) rotates at a constant rate, the resulting torque on the inner cylinder (bob) is measured (e.g. with a torsion wire). Searle systems (B): A rotational speed for the inner cylinder (bob) is preset and the torque required to maintain this speed measured. In Cone and Plate Viscometers the liquid is fills the gap between the cone and plate . The torque required to maintain a preset rotational speed of the cone is measured. Rotational Viscometers are suitable to examine the rheological behaviour of liquids by determining the share rate dependency of the viscosity.

Simple Rotational Viscometers ("Brookfield Type")


The so called Brookfield Type Viscometer is the least expensive commercial rotational viscometer. The measuring principle is simple: The measuring tool a so called spindle is immersed in the sample to be measured. The spindle rotates at a fixed speed and the resulting torque is measured with a calibrated torsion spring the higher the viscosity of the sample the higher the torque. Conversion factors are required to calculate the viscosity from the measured torque. These factors are normally pre-calibrated for specific spindle and container geometries. The type of spindle must be selected according to the viscosity range of the sample. Brookfield Type Viscometers are cheap, robust and fairly simple to use. For this reason they are widely used in routine quality control. For many applications Brookfield Type Viscometers are not suitable as they offer limited capabilities and precision: An accurate temperature control of the sample is difficult to achieve. The measurements are performed in an open container. When performing measurements over a longer period of time or/at elevated temperatures, volatile components of the sample can evaporate. Due to friction in the mechanical support of the spindle, very low viscosities cannot be measured with a good repeatability of the results. Classical Rotational Viscometers cannot accurately measure very low viscosities. This is due to friction in the mechanical support of the rotor.

Rotational Viscometer

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen