Index

Index
PREAMBLE ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4 4.4.1 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 BODY TEMPERATURE, COMFORT, HOURS AT FULL UTILISATION _____________________________________ 4 Comfort ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Hours at full utilisation for providing cooling ____________________________________________________________________ 5 BASES _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 Air-conditioning, cooling and tempering _________________________________________________________________________ 7 Passive and active cooling ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 Passive cooling__________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 Active cooling ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 Heat cooling sources__________________________________________________________________________________________________10 Ground probes _________________________________________________________________________________________________________10 Ground collectors______________________________________________________________________________________________________11 Groundwater ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________12 Air ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12 Distribution systems __________________________________________________________________________________________________12 Area heating (underfloor) ___________________________________________________________________________________________13 Area heating (ceiling) ________________________________________________________________________________________________13 Fan convectors and ceiling cassettes ______________________________________________________________________________14 H-X DIAGRAM AND DEW POINT TEMPERATURE ______________________________________________________14 COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS __________________________________________________________17 Sizing ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17 Operating modes WPF________________________________________________________________________________________________17 Heating mode WPF____________________________________________________________________________________________________17 Passive cooling operation with WPF_______________________________________________________________________________18 Operating modes WPC cool__________________________________________________________________________________________18 Heating mode WPC cool______________________________________________________________________________________________18 Passive cooling operation with WPC cool ________________________________________________________________________18 Active cooling operation WPF and WPC___________________________________________________________________________18 Minimum flow rate for active cooling _____________________________________________________________________________19 Valve positions _________________________________________________________________________________________________________19 Passive cooling_________________________________________________________________________________________________________19 Active cooling __________________________________________________________________________________________________________19 Cooling and DHW demand___________________________________________________________________________________________20 Hydraulics WPF ________________________________________________________________________________________________________21 Hydraulics WPF with WPAC 1 _______________________________________________________________________________________22 Hydraulics WPC cool __________________________________________________________________________________________________23 Hydraulics WPF with WPAC 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________24 COOLNG WITH WATER|WATER HEAT PUMPS __________________________________________________________25 Sizing ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________25 Operating modes ______________________________________________________________________________________________________25 Heating operation _____________________________________________________________________________________________________25 Passive cooling operation ___________________________________________________________________________________________26 Active cooling operation _____________________________________________________________________________________________26 COOLING WITH AIR|WATER HEAT PUMPS______________________________________________________________27 SETTING PARAMETERS OF AND CONTROL WITH THE WPMI _________________________________________28 Standard settings ______________________________________________________________________________________________________29 Set room temperature ________________________________________________________________________________________________29 Flow temperature _____________________________________________________________________________________________________29 Flow temperature hysteresis________________________________________________________________________________________29 Dynamic (active cooling only)_______________________________________________________________________________________30 Control characteristics of the passive cooling ___________________________________________________________________30 1

Index

7.6.1 7.7 7.7.1 8 9 9.1 9.2 10 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.5.1 12 13 14 15

Source pump ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________30 Control characteristics of the active cooling _____________________________________________________________________31 Compressor _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________32 BRINE RESISTANCE _______________________________________________________________________________________33 WIRING CHANGEOVER COOLING MODE ________________________________________________________________34 Wiring diagram ________________________________________________________________________________________________________34 Distribution strip/zone valve ________________________________________________________________________________________37 COMPARISON COOLING WITH DIFFERENT HEAT PUMPS _____________________________________________40 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS AND COST CONSIDERATIONS _______________________________________________41 VRF systems, air-conditioning systems with direct evaporation_____________________________________________41 Free cooling ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________41 Air duct __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________41 Water wall ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________41 Cost consideration_____________________________________________________________________________________________________42 Recommendations ____________________________________________________________________________________________________43 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION FORM ___________________________________________________________________44 CHECK LIST ________________________________________________________________________________________________45 BIBLIOGRAPHY ____________________________________________________________________________________________46 KEYWORD INDEX _________________________________________________________________________________________47

PREAMBLE

PREAMBLE
This manual is designed to provide an overview on the subject of cooling buildings with heat pumps. It is designed for the trade and design engineers and represents a supplement to the technical folder "Heat pumps". In part I, the essential basics are explained, together with the influencing magnitudes of ambient climate and comfort, as well as listing the differences between air-conditioning, cooling and tempering. Furthermore, there will be a brief introduction relating to the h-x diagram and the dew point. The essential characteristics of passive and active cooling are explained, and diverse possible heat sources and distribution systems are introduced. The main part of this manual describes cooling with the various Stiebel Eltron heat pumps and their corresponding WPMi control unit. This overview provides information regarding possible application areas, sizing and design/engineering. Important control variables, setting parameters and the respective hydraulic diagrams are also illustrated. The manual closes with an introduction of alternative systems for ambient cooling and costing samples. The cost consideration includes a comparison of the different cooling systems by way of an example: Active and passive cooling, room air-conditioning units and VRF airconditioning systems.

BODY TEMPERATURE, COMFORT, HOURS AT FULL UTILISATION

BODY TEMPERATURE, COMFORT, HOURS AT FULL UTILISATION

It is important for human beings to maintain a constant body temperature. For this to happen, there must be balance between internal heat production and heat transfer to the ambience. Internal heat production is primarily the result of the so-called activity level. Seated activities, such as writing and reading, for example, represent activity level I. On average, humans generate heat at 100 W. This exerts an influence on the heat added to the ambient climate in much the same way as an installed device or a piece of lighting equipment.
Table 1 Heat production subject to activity in accordance with DIN 1946-2 Activity level I II Basic metabolic rate Seated activity, such as writing or reading Light work whilst standing up, such as laboratory work, typing III IV Moderately heavy physical activity Heavy physical activity >250 >140 200 111 150 83 Activity Heat production per person [W] 79 100 Specific heat production [W/m] 44 56

The heat transfer to ambience is subject to the climatic conditions of the surroundings and the level of clothing. In the latter case, transfer is effected through radiation, convection, conduction and water vapour diffusion. /2/ To maintain the heat balance, humans possess an effective temperature control system. For example, an increase in blood circulation and dissipation of sweat can substantially increase heat transfer to the ambience. /2/ Humans are able to store chemical energy, for example in the form of fat deposits. However, humans have hardly any thermal storage capacity. Heat is produced constantly and transferred to the ambience. 1.1 Comfort

The conditions at which humans perceive their thermal ambience as pleasant, in other words when there is an equilibrium between the internal heat production and heat transfer, is described as comfortable. Thermal comfort is a subjective perception variable that depends on the ambience and the individual person.

BODY TEMPERATURE, COMFORT, HOURS AT FULL UTILISATION

Human comfort decreases with ambient temperatures that are too low or too high. Excessive temperatures can also severely reduce human output/capacity. Consequently, living and working environments should provide a comfortable climate. The following terms are summarised under the comfort influencing variables:
-

Activity level Clothing Air temperature Temperature of the surface areas enclosing the ambient space Relative humidity Air velocity Air purity

These different variables have lead to the assessment and evaluation of the ambient climate being generally based on the comfort field developed by Leusden and Freymark, see diagram 1. /2/ /4/ The following comfort diagram by Leusden and Freymark illustrates the relationship between two factors: Relative humidity and ambient temperature. For example, one person may not discern any substantial loss in comfort at an ambient temperature of 22 C and a relative humidity between 30 % and 70 %. He/she would perceive both air conditions as equally pleasant.
Figure 1 Comfort field according to Leusden and Freymark

1.2

Hours at full utilisation for providing cooling

Buildings that require a higher cooling demand include offices, buildings for wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, theatres, cinemas, as well as hotels and apartments. Generally, with cooling, the internal temperature should only be reduced by approx. 3 to 6 K below the outside temperature. Where higher temperature differentials persist there would be a risk of catching a cold, as summer clothing would generally not be suitable for such ambient conditions. For the annual hours at full utilisation in cooling operation, see the following tables.

BODY TEMPERATURE, COMFORT, HOURS AT FULL UTILISATION

Table 2 Hours at full utilisation /7/ Type of building Office building Hospitals Department stores Trade fairs Theatre/Cinema Hotels Apartments Hours at full utilisation [h/p.a.] cooling operation 300 - 400 800 600 - 800 500 - 600 200 - 300 400 - 500 100 - 200

BASES

BASES

The increasing demand for comfort has resulted in an increasing number of apartments being equipped with cooling systems. At low energy consumption, these provide excellent ambient comfort in most cases. 2.1 Air-conditioning, cooling and tempering

Air-conditioning of rooms means that the air temperature, as well as the relative humidity, is regulated. Controlling the relative humidity requires a humidifying/de-humidifying system, where the air is regulated to the required parameters using a cooler, a humidifier and a heater. Conventionally, this is only done in centralised air-conditioning systems, where air acts as heat transfer medium. Systems for the cooling of rooms to a specified temperature level generally only require the air to be dehumidified. For this, fan convectors and ceiling cassettes with condensate drain are used, where the water contained in the air condenses on the cooling surfaces. Tempering describes the lowering or raising of the ambient temperature by a few Kelvin. However, this does not result in any dehumidification. That is possible with heat transfer above the dew point temperatures, for example via wall or underfloor heating systems or cooling ceilings. In apartment buildings and smaller commercial operations, cooling and tempering are the conventional method for increasing comfort levels. Heat pumps enable both heating and cooling. In heating mode, heat pumps extract the heat stored in the environment (underground, air, groundwater or surface water) and raise that energy by means of a compressor to a higher temperature level that makes it useful for DHW heating or for heating the building. In cooling mode, the heat transfer operates in reverse. Heat is extracted from the building and transferred to the environment. 2.2 Passive and active cooling

When cooling a building with heat pumps, we differentiate between passive and active cooling. The main difference between these methods is the operation with (active) or without (passive) a compressor. In addition, refrigerant distribution systems are generally filled with antifreeze. Where there is no risk of frost with passive cooling, water flows through the refrigerant distribution systems, i.e. area heating, cooling ceiling or fan convectors. With active cooling, the heating circuit contains a water:glycol mixture (brine). Passive cooling is only possible when the heat source temperature lies below the required cooling temperature. This can be assumed to be approx. 18 C for underfloor heating systems and 7 to 13 C with fan convectors.

BASES

Active cooling is required when the heat source temperature lies above the required cooling temperature.
Table 3 Main characteristics of passive and active cooling Passive cooling Compressor OFF Water in the distribution system Heat source temperature lower than the required cooling temperature Active cooling Compressor ON Water:glycol mixture (brine) in the distribution system

Passive cooling is also referred to as quiet or natural cooling; active cooling as dynamic cooling. 2.2.1 Passive cooling

With passive cooling, heat is transferred from the cool source via heat exchanger to the area heating system or the fan convectors. The flow temperature is approx. 15 to 20 C, and the possible cooling capacity is limited to approx. 25 to 50 W/m. With area cooling, the cooling water temperature must be above the dew point temperature. Otherwise condensate may form on the heat exchanger surfaces. Only pipes and fittings made from corrosion-resistant materials may be used. All supply lines entering the house must be insulated in a vapour diffusion-proof manner to prevent the formation of condensate. 2.2.2 Active cooling

The active cooling operates according to a principle similar to air-conditioning systems, where the heat from within a building is extracted via the active refrigerant circuit and is then transferred to low temperature "heat sink". Active cooling can be brought about by two different means: Method 1: Swapping the connections of the heating and heat source circuit at the heat pump evaporator and condenser via suitable hydraulic equipment. The heating circuit is routed to the heat pump evaporator and the source circuit to the heat pump condenser. The heat pump compressor will be started, i.e. it is "active". The heat pump can be changed over between heating and cooling via corresponding diverter valves. In practical applications, this can only be brought about with brine|water heat pumps. Method 2: Reversing the refrigerant circuit (reversible heat pumps). The refrigerant circuit can be reversed. For this, the flow direction of the refrigerant is crucial. The position of a 4-2-way valve determines the order of the components through which the flow

BASES

is routed. By changing the valve position, the evaporator and condenser functions are swapped, and the operating mode changed between generating heat and cooling.

Figure 2 Operating mode of a brine|water heat pump with passive and active cooling function

Possible cooling distribution systems are fan convectors and ceiling cassettes. Cooling ceilings and area heating systems are unsuitable for active cooling due to the low flow temperatures. For example, cooling ceilings should not be operated with flow temperatures below 15 C. The cooling capacity will not be rated at more than 60 W per m heat transfer surface due to considerations of personal comfort. 2.2.2.1 Comparison between active cooling using hydraulic changeover and a reversible heat pump The advantages and disadvantages of these two types of active cooling with heat pumps are compared in the following table.

BASES

Table 4 Advantages and disadvantages - Hydraulic changeover and reversible heat pump Cooling via hydraulic changeover Advantages
-

Reversible heat pump

-

Passive cooling is also possible, higher efficiency Simultaneous cooling and DHW heating possible Marginally better efficiency in the refrigerant circuit Standard device can be used; optional retrofitting (do not forget the thermal insulation of existing pipe runs!)

Lower pressure drop in the heating circuit Lower investment outlay

Disadvantages

More material required (four diverter valves); consequently more susceptible Higher pressure drop in the heating circuit Significantly higher installation effort and space requirement

Only active cooling is possible Either cooling or DHW heating

2.3

Heat cooling sources

Groundwater and ground probes are likely heat sources/heat sinks for passive cooling. Sources for active cooling are ground probes, ground collectors and, to a limited extent, groundwater. When cooling with reversible heat pumps, air or groundwater can be used as heat source/sink.
Table 5 Conventional natural heat sink systems for cooling with heat pumps [4] Passive cooling Ground probe Groundwater 8 12 C 8 12 C Active cooling Ground probe Ground collector Outside air -20 - +35 C 8 12 C 0 15 C

2.3.1

Ground probes

Passive cooling with ground probes utilises the constant temperature (approx. 10 C) of the ground at greater depths. The cooling capacity is sufficient for conventional residential buildings and the assumption of a few cooling days per annum. Where high cooling loads are present, the temperature underground gradually rises, resulting in a drop of the available cooling capacity. Ground probes are suitable for passive and active cooling. For passive cooling, the probes will be sized for 80% of the cooling extract capacity. For cooling operation it is recommended to drill for shorter probes (max. 100 m). Subject to application, size the probe for the heating or cooling case. In particular with high internal cooling loads that may, for example, result from the presence of many occupants in the
10

BASES

building, the cooling demand may be greater than the heating energy demand. Cooling with ground probes in summer also regenerates the heat source for winter.
Table 6 Average temperatures underground Drilling depth Average temperatures underground [C] [m] Exposed site 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 9.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.8 16.5 Urban area 9.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5 17.5 18.5 19.5 Height 3.2 8.0 8.7 9.5 10.2 11.0 11.7 12.5 13.2

2.3.2

Ground collectors

Ground collectors have only a limited use for passive cooling. Active cooling is possible. With passive cooling, the ground heats up quickly reducing the temperature differential between the ground temperature and the room temperature to an unacceptable level. In addition, the ground temperature near the surface is substantially dependent on the outside temperature. Should the temperature there exceed 15 C, passive cooling could no longer be achieved (see Figure 3). The collector is well suited to active cooling, as in cooling mode; the ground has a substantially lower temperature than the ambient air, thereby enabling the limit temperatures (10 - 60 C) to be maintained without difficulties. Furthermore, the CoP is higher than with systems using air as heat sink. The drying out of the ground would be one disadvantage when using ground collectors for active cooling. The collector will be sized only for the heating operation.

11

BASES

Figure 3 Temperature progression underground

2.3.3

Groundwater

Both passive and active cooling are possible with groundwater as heat source. Observe that the groundwater returned underground must not exceed a temperature of 20 C. A water analysis should also verify that the water is compatible with the heat exchanger material. The average groundwater temperature in cooling mode is approx. 10 to 15 C. Active cooling is generally not required because of the low and stable temperature. 2.3.4 Air

With a reversible air|water heat pump, the outside air can be used as heat sink. For this, the cooled air is transferred to the rooms to be cooled via fan convectors. There are no further requirements of the source side. The heat source temperature determines the limits.
Table 7 Application limits reversible air|water heat pump Outside air temp. Min. Heating Cooling 20 C 15 C Max. 35 C 40 C Flow temp. Min. 18 C 7 C Max. 60 C 20 C

2.4

Distribution systems

The cooling operation is possible via an area (underfloor heating system, ceiling) or via fan convectors (with condensate drain). Heat is dissipated via an additional heat exchanger that, in cooling mode, receives a flow of brine via a three-way valve. In heating mode, this is generally supplied constantly in series with the condenser whilst the pump is running.
12

BASES

Apart from selecting the distribution system it requires careful consideration which rooms actually require cooling in summer. It is, for example, conventional not to include the bathroom, toilet and kitchen into the cooling cycle. Rooms requiring cooling include: Working, living and bedrooms. 2.4.1 Area heating (underfloor)

The cooling capacity for cooling with area heating systems can be up to 25 W/m. However, this may be significantly higher if the area heating system is subject to direct solar irradiation. The cooling capacity is limited since, according to DIN 1946-2, a room temperature should not exceed 21 C at 0.1 m height when operating an underfloor heating system in cooling mode. /6/ When sizing the underfloor heating system for cooling, select a smaller pipe spacing than would be conventional for heating purposes. The following applies to both heating and cooling cases: The better the thermal insulation of the building the higher the pipe spacing can be with identical flow temperatures. The following summarises a number of climatic, economic and architectural benefits of area cooling:
-

High comfort level No draughts Quiet operation Low investment outlay Low operating costs Unrestricted interior design

Monitoring the relative humidity is beneficial, to prevent the formation of condensate on the cooling surfaces. Check with the respective parquet manufacturer, whether this kind of floor surface is compatible with a cooling operation.

Figure 4 Method of laying an underfloor heating system

2.4.2

Area heating (ceiling)

No minimum air temperatures need to be taken into consideration. Consequently, the cooling capacity of a cooling ceiling can be substantially higher than that of an underfloor heating system used for cooling. As a result, specific cooling capacities between 40 and 100 W/m are
13

H-X DIAGRAM AND DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

possible, whereby the flow temperature represents the limiting variable. The minimum flow temperature for cooling ceilings is 15 C (manufacturer's details).

Figure 5 System image, cooling ceilings

2.4.3

Fan convectors and ceiling cassettes

The cooling capacity of fan convectors and ceiling cassettes is subject to the size of the building, the air flow rate and the cooling water temperature. The larger and more powerful the device, the higher its cooling capacity, but also the air flow rate and the air velocity. To prevent the comfort limits specified by the DIN 1946 being exceeded, the cooling capacity should be between 30 and 60 W per m heat transfer surface of the fan convector. The pipelines for the fan convectors and ceiling cassettes must be installed vapour diffusionproof. Pipelines embedded into walls cannot be used for connection to fan convectors as they are not vapour diffusion-proof.

Figure 5 Fan convector and ceiling cassette

The distribution system for active cooling with fan convectors or ceiling cassettes is filled with water:glycol mixture (brine). Consequently, the resistance of the individual components to brine must be checked out. Brine can only be topped up as ready-mixed solution. Please note: It is prohibited that the heating circuit is filled with potassium carbonate.

H-X DIAGRAM AND DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

Mollier best depicts the change in condition non-cooled rooms/cooled rooms in the so-called h-x diagram. In the following simplified diagram, temperature, relative humidity and absolute humidity are depicted.
14

H-X DIAGRAM AND DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

It is assumed that the non-cooled room has a temperature of 26 C and a relative humidity of 65 % (point 1). If the room is cooled by, for example 4 K by passive or active cooling (cooling to above the dew point = above the saturation line), draw a vertical line down from point 1 to the 22 C isothermal line1 (point 2). Now the temperature of the cooled room is 22 C with a relative humidity of 80 %. This demonstrates clearly that the relative humidity increases when the room is cooled. If the cooling reaches below the saturation line, a different condition occurs and condensate is produced.

Figure 6 Change of condition room cooling /3/

Isothermal lines: Lines of constant temperature 15

H-X DIAGRAM AND DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

The dew point temperature subject to the air temperature and relative humidity can also be checked in the h-x diagram. The dew point temperature for condition 2 can be checked on the Y-axis, if the vertical line from point 1 to point 2 is extended to the saturation line. In that case it is 18.4 C. Working with the following table enables a precise and more convenient determination of the dew point temperature.
Table 8 Dew point temperature

16

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

4.1

Sizing

The ground probes are sized according to the heat pump heating output. The resulting cooling capacity is illustrated in the following table. Where higher cooling capacities are required, install a correspondingly greater number of probes.
Table 9 Sizing table ground probe Heat pump type Heating output (0/35) [kW] Refrigeration capacity [kW] Ground probe 32 x 2.9 No. WPC 5 cool WPC 7 cool WPC 10 cool WPC 13 cool WPF 5 WPF 7 WPF 10 WPF 13 WPF 16 5.8 7.8 9.9 13.4 5.8 7.8 9.9 13.4 16.1 4.5 6.0 7.7 10.3 4.5 6.0 7.7 10.3 12.5 1 pce. 1 pce. 2 pce. 2 pce. 1 pce. 1 pce. 2 pce. 2 pce. 3 pce. Ground probe
2

Cooling capacity [kW]

32 x 2.9 Depth [m] 82 109 70 94 82 109 70 94 84

3.2 4.2 5.4 7.2 3.2 4.2 5.4 7.2 9.6

4.2 4.2.1

WPF operating modes Heating mode WPF

Environmental energy is extracted from the ground via the heat exchanger on the heat source side. The absorbed energy together with the energy used to drive the compressor is transferred to the heating water by the heat exchanger on the heating water side. The domestic hot water is heated via the indirect coil integrated into the DHW cylinder.
2

Condition: Approx. 55 W/m extraction capacity. 17

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

4.2.2

Passive cooling operation with WPF

The brine circulates in cooling mode via the additional heat exchanger. Consequently, heat is transferred from the hotter to the colder medium. The heating water of the area heating system or the cooling ceiling cooled by this method flows through the floor/ceiling of the rooms to be cooled and thereby lowers the area temperature of the floor/ceiling. The compressor will only be started if DHW is required. The water at the higher temperature level flows directly into the indirect coil of the DHW cylinder. The cooling operation remains switched off during DHW heating. 4.3 4.3.1 WPC cool operating modes Heating mode WPC cool

Environmental heat is extracted from the ground via the heat exchanger on the heat source side. Any energy extracted is transferred, together with the energy drawn by the compressor drive, to the heating water by the heat exchanger on the heating water side. The DHW is heated via the internal indirect coil inside the DHW cylinder. The DHW cylinder is integrated into the WPC cool. 4.3.2 Passive cooling operation with WPC cool

The brine circulates in cooling mode via the additional heat exchanger. Heat is transferred from the hot to the cold medium. The heating water of the area heating system or cooling ceiling cooled by this process flows through the floor/ceiling of the rooms to be cooled, thereby lowering the temperature of the floor/ceiling. The compressor will only be started if DHW is required. The water at the higher temperature flows directly into the indirect coil of the DHW cylinder. The cooling operation remains switched off during DHW heating. 4.4 Active cooling operation WPF and WPC

Active cooling requires the cooling module WPAC 1 (with integral brine circulation pump) or WPAC 2 (without integral brine circulation pump). The modules are comprised of the following: Four 3-2-way valves switch the circulation over between heating, passive and active cooling subject to demand. Cooling with the WPAC is controlled in two stages from passive to active cooling. 1. Stage: Cooling through running source pump. 2. Stage: Cooling though running source pump and running compressor. Stage 2 will be added if, after cooling at stage 1 for 30 minutes, the actual flow temperature is still higher than the required flow temperature.
18

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

Figure 6 WPAC 1 layout for WPF (l.h.) and WPAC 2 for WPC (r.h.)

The WPMi heat pump manager controls the system. Active cooling is currently only possible with fan convectors or ceiling cassettes. 4.4.1 Minimum flow rate for active cooling

The minimum flow rate on the side to be cooled corresponds to the minimum flow rate in heating mode. The minimum flow rate on the source side in cooling mode must be halved, relative to the minimum flow rate on the source side in heating mode.
& & The following applies: Cooling side (inside the building): V min,cooling = V min,heating & & Source side: V min, cooling = 0,5 Vmin, heating

4.5 4.5.1

Valve positions Passive cooling

During passive cooling, brine is routed via changing the valve positions so that the brine cooled by the ground flows directly into the fan convector. The evaporator must receive a volume flow on account of the pipework, without the compressor running. The return from the fan convectors is routed through the condenser back outside again into the ground probes. 4.5.2 Active cooling

With active cooling, the valves are positioned so that the heating water leaving the fan convector is routed through the evaporator and the brine circuit of the ground probes through the condenser. The heating water leaving the fan convector must be routed through the evaporator to extract the heat from the heat transfer medium. The compressor will be running. The source pump is adequate for cooling operation up to the brine|water heat pump WPF 13. For heat pumps with a higher output range, a second, additional source pump or a low loss header is required.
19

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

4.5.3

Cooling and DHW demand

For active cooling, we need to differentiate between the two possible cooling stages. The cooling output is immediately switched off in case of DHW demand, and DHW heating is activated if the system is in cooling mode stage 1 (source pump ON, compressor OFF). In cooling mode stage 2 (source pump ON, compressor ON), cooling and DHW heating can operate in parallel. The cooling output is, in that case, only switched off if the required flow temperature and the set room temperature are achieved.

Figure 7 Operating mode of a brine|water heat pump with passive and active cooling function

20

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

4.6

Hydraulics WPF

Legend: TA = Temperature sensor outside TA = Temperature sensor flow TA = Temperature sensor return TW = Temperature sensor DHW FEK = remote control with room temperature and humidity sensor

Figure 8 Hydraulic diagram - Heating with WPF without WPAC 1

Figure 9 Hydraulic diagram - Passive cooling with WPF without WPAC 1

21

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

4.7

Hydraulics WPF with WPAC 1

Legend: TA = Temperature sensor outside TM = Temperature sensor mixer TR = Temperature sensor return TW = Temperature sensor DHW FE7 = Remote control with room temperature sensor FEK = Remote control with room temperature and humidity sensor

Figure 10 Hydraulic diagram - Heating with WPF and WPAC 1

Figure 11 Hydraulic diagram - Passive cooling with WPF and WPAC 1

Figure 12 Hydraulic diagram - Active cooling with WPF and WPAC 1

22

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

4.8

Hydraulics WPC cool

Figure 13 Hydraulic diagram - Heating and cooling with WPC cool without WPAC 2

Key: TA = Temperature sensor outside FEK = Remote control with room temperature and humidity sensor

23

COOLING WITH BRINE|WATER HEAT PUMPS

4.9

Hydraulics WPF with WPAC 2

Key: TA = Temperature sensor outside TM = Temperature sensor mixer TR = Temperature sensor return TW = Temperature sensor DHW FE7 = Remote control with room temperature sensor FEK = Remote control with room temperature and humidity sensor

Figure 14 Hydraulic diagram - Heating with WPC and WPAC 2

Figure 15 Hydraulic diagram - Passive cooling with WPC and WPAC 2

Figure 16 Hydraulic diagram - Active cooling with WPC and WPAC 2

24

COOLNG WITH WATER|WATER HEAT PUMPS

COOLNG WITH WATER|WATER HEAT PUMPS

5.1

Sizing

The volume of groundwater that can be utilised to remove heat is determined in accordance with the volume of groundwater required by the heat pump. The temperature differential between the groundwater and the cooling water is approx. 5 K. The average groundwater temperature in cooling mode is approx. 15 C.
Table 9 Sizing table groundwater Heat pump type Cooling output Groundwater volume WPW 7 WPW 10 WPW 13 WPW 18 WPW 22 M 5.9 kW 8.2 kW 10.2 kW 14.1 kW 18.2 kW
3

1.5 m/h 2.1 m/h 2.6 m/h 3.4 m/h 4.4 m/h

5.2 5.2.1

Operating modes Heating operation

Heat is extracted from the groundwater via the heat pump heat exchanger on the heat source side. Any energy extracted is transferred, together with the energy drawn by the compressor drive, to the heating water by the heat exchanger on the heating water side. The heating water is routed via the buffer cylinder into the underfloor heating system and the indirect coil in the DHW cylinder.

The system will be sized for heating operation. If required, a higher cooling capacity can be achieved with a

larger well pump. 25

COOLNG WITH WATER|WATER HEAT PUMPS

5.2.2

Passive cooling operation

The cool groundwater is routed through the additional heat exchanger when cooling is required. Heat is transferred from the hotter to the colder medium. The heating water of the area heating system or cooling ceiling cooled by this process flows through the floor/ceiling of the rooms to be cooled, thereby lowering the temperature of the floor/ceiling. The cooled heating water can also be routed through a fan convector or ceiling cassettes. The compressor will only be started if DHW is required. The water at the higher temperature flows directly into the indirect coil of the DHW cylinder. The cooling operation is switched off during DHW heating. 5.2.3 Active cooling operation

Theoretically at least, active cooling is possible with a reversible water|water heat pump. Active cooling using hydraulic changeover is not feasible.

26

COOLING WITH AIR|WATER HEAT PUMPS

COOLING WITH AIR|WATER HEAT PUMPS

Information regarding the sizing, operating modes and the hydraulic layout for active cooling with reversible air|water heat pumps will be available mid 2007.

27

SETTING PARAMETERS OF AND CONTROL WITH THE WPMi

SETTING PARAMETERS OF AND CONTROL WITH THE WPMi

The cooling operation can only be regulated with the heat pump manager WPMi. The WPMi is fitted as standard to the following heat pumps: WPC, WPC cool, WPF with integral controller and WPW with integral controller. Currently, the WPM II offers no cooling function. In addition, the operation requires the analog remote control unit with room temperature sensor FE 7 or the digital remote control unit FEK with room temperature sensor and humidity sensor. A separate remote control unit is required for each circuit in systems with two heating circuits. Cooling via heating surfaces is only possible with the FEK.

Figure 17 FE 7 and FEK (from left to right)

For cooling, the heat pump manager WPMi must be in Summer mode. The changeover from heating mode to summer mode is subject to the outside temperature. Three adjustable parameters are available for the summer mode. Summer mode 1 for lightly built constructions. In this mode, the average outside temperature is calculated over a period of 24 hours. In this mode, the average outside temperature is calculated over a period of 48 hours. In this mode, the average outside temperature is calculated over a period of 72 hours. The heat pump automatically changes over to summer mode if the average outside temperature is higher than 20 C. The freely selectable standard setting was factory-set to summer mode 1 and a changeover at 20 C. The outside temperature from which the changeover from heating to summer mode occurs, can be reduced by up to 1 C. For this, the outside temperature must be higher than the selected value. The heat pump manager is in summer mode, if the heat pump stops and restarts again straight away after the outside temperature value has been changed. This enables a check during commissioning whether the changeover from winter to summer mode functions correctly.

28

SETTING PARAMETERS OF AND CONTROL WITH THE WPMi

7.1

Standard settings

Control unit setting parameters for cooling:

-

Set room temperature Flow temperature Flow temperature hysteresis (in this case a "+ hysteresis") Dynamic

Table 10 Standard setting and setting ranges for the WPMi Standard setting Set room temperature Flow temperature Flow temperature hysteresis Dynamic 25 C 15 C 5K 10 Setting range 20 C - 30 C 10 C 25 C +1 K +5 K 1 - 10

7.2

Set room temperature

For cooling, the set room temperature should be changed subject to the outside temperature. Generally, with cooling, the internal temperatures should only be approx. 3 to 6 K below the outside temperature (relative to a setting range of 22 - 26 C). 7.3 Flow temperature

Apart from the set room temperature, the customer can also change the flow temperature. Recommendation:
-

Floor tiles, flow temperature 20 C, Carpet, flow temperature 15 C,

A lower flow temperature must be selected for fitted carpets, as the heat transfer coefficient of carpeted floors is lower than that of tiles. 7.4 Flow temperature hysteresis

The control circuit requires a hysteresis to prevent a counter-action when minute control deviations occur. The hysteresis specifies the possible deviation from the set value. For a system with slow responses, the recommended setting of the hysteresis subject to the heat transfer coefficient is: Small hysteresis (2 K), and large hysteresis (5 K) for a system with quicker responses. The heat transfer coefficient describes the resistance of a material to thermal conduction and is therefore a measure for the speed of the heat transfer, in this example of heating water to the floor surface.

29

SETTING PARAMETERS OF AND CONTROL WITH THE WPMi

Table 11 Recommended values for flow temperature and flow temperature hysteresis Flow temp. [C] Parquet Laminate Natural stone Carpet Cork Marble Clay 15 15 20 20 2 1 5 4 15 15 20 Hysteresis [K] 2 2 4

7.5

Dynamic (active cooling only)

The dynamic parameter enables a choice to be made as to how quickly the compressor is started in case of active cooling. Values between 1 and 10 can be selected. Quick reacting system The dynamic, set to 1, switches the compressor ON as soon as the source pump has been running for 10 minutes and the current flow temperature is higher than the selected flow temperature plus the flow temperature hysteresis plus 0.5 K (hysteresis for the dynamic of value 1). Slow reacting system The dynamic set to 10 switches the compressor ON after the source pump has been running for 30 minutes and the current flow temperature is higher than the selected flow temperature plus the flow temperature hysteresis plus 2 K (hysteresis for the dynamic of value 10). Interpolation is applied between the values 1 and 10. 7.6 Control characteristics of the passive cooling

The cooling mode is started when the actual room temperature is 25 C. The heating circuit pump and the control unit cooling output are switched ON. For the first 60 seconds, only the heating circuit pump is enabled. 7.6.1 Source pump

The source pumps starts when the control variable is smaller than the actual flow temperature. The control variable is different for each distribution system.

30

SETTING PARAMETERS OF AND CONTROL WITH THE WPMi

7.6.1.1 Fan convectors For fan convectors, the control variable is equal to the selected flow temperature. The following applies: Control variable = selected flow temperature 7.6.1.2 Heating surfaces The dew point of the heating surfaces is also monitored. Control variable = selected flow temperature if the selected flow temperature + hysteresis > dew point temperature + 2 K (see example case 1) Control variable = dew point temperature + 2 K if the selected flow temperature + hysteresis < dew point temperature + 2 K (see example case 2) Here is an example by way of an explanation: The user has selected a flow temperature of 15 C plus a flow temperature hysteresis of 5 K. As a result a flow temperature of 20 C is calculated. Case 1: Relative humidity in the room: 75 % The dew point temperature at 20 C and a relative humidity of 75 % is 15.4 C (see Table 8); 15.4 C + 2 K = 16.4 C 16.4 C < 20 C: Control variable = selected flow temperature + hysteresis = 20 C Case 2: Relative humidity in the room: 90 % This results in a dew point temperature at 20 C and 90 % relative humidity of 18.3 C. 18.3 C + 2 K = 20.3 C 20.3 C > 20 C: Control variable = dew point temperature + 2 K + hysteresis = 18.3 C + 2 K + 5 K = 25.3 C Independent of the flow temperature, the source pump must run for at least 5 minutes. This ensures that at least once, only cool water enters the cooling system to achieve a cooling effect at all. At a flow temperature < 15 C, the source pump switches OFF subject to the standard settings. If, during this minimum runtime of 5 minutes, DHW heating is demanded, the cooling mode immediately switches over to DHW heating. 7.7 Control characteristics of the active cooling

The active cooling is controlled in the same way as passive cooling and is only supplemented by starting of the compressor and a simultaneous changeover of the valves.

31

SETTING PARAMETERS OF AND CONTROL WITH THE WPMi

7.7.1

Compressor

If, after 30 minutes of passive cooling (the source pump has been running for 30 minutes), the actual flow temperature is still higher than the control variable plus hysteresis, the compressor starts and the valves change over. The compressor switches OFF if the room temperature is lower than the set room temperature 2 K. In this case, the 2 K is a fixed control hysteresis that should not be confused with the flow temperature hysteresis.

32

BRINE RESISTANCE

BRINE RESISTANCE

With active cooling, fill the distribution system with a water:glycol mixture (brine). Therefore ensure that the individual components concerned are resistant to brine. Brine must only be topped up with a ready-mixed solution. If the system is run with brine expect a 1.5-fold pressure drop. If the correct glycol:water concentration was filled into the system and the brine contains corrosion inhibitors (25 to 33 %), then the following components from the Stiebel Eltron product range are brine resistant:
-

Pumps Valves Expansion vessels Safety valves

Overflow valves, the seals of which are made from PTFE, are suitable for water:glycol mixtures without restrictions. When selecting the pump, ensure that only cast pumps (condensate forming between the casing and the stator) or rotary pumps are used. The expansion vessel on the brine side may possibly be sized larger in brine|water heat pumps in cooling mode on account of the temperature differentials.
Table 12 Possible temperature differentials during heating and cooling Temperature differentials Heating Passive cooling Active cooling 5 15 C 5 25 C 5 50 C

33

WIRING CHANGEOVER COOLING MODE

9
9.1

WIRING CHANGEOVER COOLING MODE

Wiring diagram

Figure 18 Hydraulic diagram WPF

Figure 19 Connection diagram WPF

34

WIRING CHANGEOVER COOLING MODE

Figure 20 Hydraulic diagram WPC cool

Figure 21 Connection diagram WPC cool

35

WIRING CHANGEOVER COOLING MODE

Figure 22 Hydraulic diagram - Cooling WPF with WPAC 1

Figure 23 Connection diagram - WPF with WPAC 1

36

WIRING CHANGEOVER COOLING MODE

9.2

Distribution strip/zone valve

For the changeover from heating to cooling mode with area heating systems and the associated opening of actuator valves in the heating circuits in the rooms to be cooled, special distribution strips are available. Such distribution strips enable the connection of room temperature controllers and actuators in the individual rooms. In addition, they are equipped with an input for changing over between cooling and heating mode.

Figure 24 Distribution strip heating/cooling

The following overviews explain how the wiring of the rooms that require cooling and those that do not should be carried out.

37

WIRING CHANGEOVER COOLING MODE

Figure 25 Connection diagram for the wiring of the distribution strip with room thermostat 1 2 3 K H L N Room thermostat, heating only Room thermostat, heating and cooling Valves, room 1 Cooling Heating Phase Neutral conductor

38

WIRING CHANGEOVER COOLING MODE

Figure 26 Example of a connection diagram for the wiring of the distribution strip 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SP cool distributor strip Room 1, heating and cooling Room 2, heating and cooling Room 3, heating only Single room thermostat (on site) FEK digital remote control Heating circuit distributor WPMi heat pump manager

39

COMPARISON COOLING WITH DIFFERENT HEAT PUMPS

10 COMPARISON COOLING WITH DIFFERENT HEAT PUMPS

The advantages and disadvantages of the heat pump types for use in passive and active cooling are compared in the following table.
Table 13 Overview of the advantages and disadvantages Brine|Water heat pump Advantages
-

Water|Water heat pump

-

Reversible Air|Water heat pump

-

Passive and active cooling are possible Low flow temperature possible (active cooling)

Passive cooling adequate due to constant heat source temperature

Low installation costs for the heat source Flow temperatures up to 7 C possible

Constant flow temperature Low operating costs as only the well pump operates (in passive cooling)

Low operating costs as only the brine circulation pump operates (in passive cooling)
-

Disadvantages

High installation costs for the heat source Flow temperature subject to the ground probe temperature (in passive cooling)

High installation costs for the heat source Check the heat exchanger compatibility with groundwater

Cooling only possible from outside temperatures of 15 C

Only active cooling is possible High operating costs as pumps and compressor operate

In summary it can be said that, with a brine|water heat pump passive and active cooling is feasibly. With a water|water heat pump, passive cooling may frequently be adequate. With reversible air|water heat pumps, only active cooling is technically feasible.

40

ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS AND COST CONSIDERATIONS

11 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS AND COST CONSIDERATIONS

11.1 VRF systems, air-conditioning systems with direct evaporation Split air-conditioning units are an alternative to the extraction of cooling loads. In such equipment, condensate is created when cooling the air; this must be drained away. One disadvantage is the additional installation effort (internal and external equipment, wall outlets), which is not required for cooling with an existing area heating system. 11.2 Free cooling Free cooling represents an alternative that requires no mechanical drive for cooling the buildings. This can be easily realised if the room to be cooled is equipped with ventilation openings in opposing walls (windows, ventilation flaps). This enables effective night ventilation by cross venting. The cooling capacity is hampered by the low temperature differential between day and night temperatures, particularly on hot days. The specific cooling capacity is approx. 1.5 to 2.5 W/(m/h). /5/ Free ventilation is easily achieved with domestic ventilation systems. 11.3 Air duct Apart from fan convectors or area heating systems there is the possibility of utilising air ducts in existing domestic ventilation systems as an alternative distribution system for cooling purposes. For this, a corresponding heat exchanger can be integrated into the central ventilation unit. One problem, however, is that pure cooling raises the relative humidity, resulting in the temperature falling below the dew point and consequently in condensation. Cooling/tempering is therefore unacceptable for hygienic reasons. However, air-conditioning with dehumidification would be feasible. A classic office air-conditioning system, where the offices are air-conditioned with treated air, contains several banks for treating the air. There are units for humidifying and dehumidifying the air as well as those for boosting the heating. In other words, these units do not provide a simple cooling of the air. Also, these units are serviced regularly. 11.4 Water wall Water walls represent a simple option for reducing the room temperature in summer. If the circulating water is cooled below the dew point, condensate is created on the water surface, making the water wall suitable for dehumidification and cooling.

41

ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS AND COST CONSIDERATIONS

11.5 Cost consideration Today, buildings are almost always cooled with split air-conditioning units, chillers or VRF systems (variable refrigerant flow). The alternative, i.e. the use of heat pumps for cooling purposes, has come to be considered recently as heat pumps have found increasing favour as heating system. The heat pump has become a favourite heating system since oil and gas prices have constantly risen in cost. The additional use for cooling or tempering is attractive because of the low level of addition costs for the cooling systems and the very low costs for generating the cooling capacity. The combined use for cooling and heating improves the efficiency of heat pumps with ground probes in heating mode, as the ground probe significantly regenerates the ground in summer. The following cost consideration compares three typical application examples for cooling; these are also shown in Table 14. Example 1: Residential building 150 m (cooling load 6 kW, 4 rooms, 150 hours at full cooling utilisation) Example 2: Office building 300 m (cooling load 25 kW, 15 rooms, 400 hours at full cooling utilisation) Example 3: Shop 500 m (cooling 45 kW, 700 hours full cooling utilisation) Cooling foodstuffs with active or passive cooling is not feasible due to the limits of use, off periods and control equipment.

42

ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS AND COST CONSIDERATIONS

Table 14

Cost comparison for different cooling systems using the examples of a residential building, an office building and a shop /1/
Heat pump Passive cooling Active cooling 5.0 Room airconditioning units 3.0 VRF-controlled air-conditioning systems 3.8

Performance factors in cooling mode 15.0 utilisation) Additional investment, cooling Energy costs Annual cooling costs Additional investment, cooling Energy costs Annual cooling costs Additional investment, cooling Energy costs Annual cooling costs -

Example: Residential building 150 m (cooling load 6 kW, 4 rooms, 150 hours at full cooling 2.000 9.0/p.a. 268.0/p.a. 4.000 100.0/p.a. 618.0/p.a. 5.000 315.0/p.a. 962.5/p.a. 7.000 19.8/p.a. 926.3/p.a. 25.000 220.0/p.a. 3457.5/p.a. 27.000 693.0/p.a. 4189.5/p.a. Unusual 9.000 45.0/p.a. 1210.5/p.a. 30.000 500.0/p.a. 4385.0/p.a. 45.000 395.0/p.a. 6222.5/p.a. 40.000 1243.0/p.a. 6423.0/p.a. Unusual

Example: Office building 300 m (cooling load 25 kW, 15 rooms, 400 hours at full cooling utilisation)

Example: Shop 500 m (cooling 45 kW, 700 hours full cooling utilisation)

Assumptions for the cost consideration The investment outlay for the devices is based on manufacturer's details plus conventional installation costs. For the additional costs in connection with the cooling with heat pumps it is assumed that a heat pump heating systems with ground probes is already installed. The electricity tariff for active cooling with heat pump is 0.11/kWh. The electricity tariff for passive cooling with heat pump and cooling with room air-conditioning units and VRF systems is 0.15/kWh. The annuity with an annuity factor of 12.95 % is based on an amortisation period of 10 years with an interest rate of 5 %.

11.5.1 Recommendations Given the energy and annual cooling costs, as well as the different cooling loads, we recommend the use primarily of passive cooling in detached houses. In office buildings, passive and active cooling and in small businesses primarily the active cooling is recommended.

Only the pump operation for the brine and heating circuit are taken into account, as the compressor operation is not required.

43

COOLING LOAD CALCULATION FORM

Table 15 Overview application options passive/active cooling Passive cooling Detached house Office building Active cooling Office building Small business

12 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION FORM

The cooling load activation form enables an estimate of the cooling load for one room respectively to be made. The following influencing factors are taken into consideration:
-

Cooling load due to solar irradiation through windows, skylights and doors Cooling load due to external and internal walls and floors Cooling load due to the ceiling Cooling load due to electrical devices Cooling load due to occupants

44

CHECK LIST

13 CHECK LIST
-

What is the purpose of the heat pump? What heat source is to be used with the heat pump? What is the required cooling capacity? Carry out a cooling load calculation. What cooling source is available? Check the compatibility of the heat exchanger when cooling with a water|water heat pump. All lines and fittings must be made from corrosion resistant material. Are all components resistant to brine? Are all pipe runs insulated in a vapour diffusion-proof manner? Must application limits be taken into consideration? The brine increases the pressure drop. This must be taken into account when sizing the pumps; allow for a 1.5-fold pressure drop. Topping up with brine only as ready-mixed solution. The expansion vessel on the brine side may need to be sized larger for cooling since the temperature differentials are greater. Use only a circulation pumps that are resistant to brine and condensate. Minimum flow rates, active cooling: On the cooling side: The same minimum flow rate as for heating; on the source side: the minimum flow rate as for heating.
& & The following applies: Cooling side (inside the building): V min, cooling = Vmin, heating & & Source side: V min, cooling = 0,5 Vmin, heating

45

BIBLIOGRAPHY

14 BIBLIOGRAPHY
/1/ Brugmann, Krone; Technische, energetische und wirtschaftliche Bewertung passiver und

aktiver Khlsysteme mit Sole/Wasser-Wrmepumpen, published 4th Forum Wrmepumpen

2006, Berlin /2/ Handbuch der Klimatechnik, vol. 1 Grundlagen, publisher C.F. Mller GmbH, Karlsruhe 1989, chapter 3 Physiologische Grundlagen p. 62 /3/ h-x diagram, http://www.bosy-online.de/hx-diag.pdf (11/06) /4/ Leusden, Freymark, Behaglichkeitsfeld; Der Gesundheitsingenieur, No. 72, 1951 /5/ Pfluger, Rainer; Technologien zur energieeffizienten Raumkhlung: passiv-hybrid-aktiv,

Energieeffiziente Raumkhlung, Protokollband 31

/6/ Recknagel, Sprenger, Schramek; Taschenbuch fr Heizung und Klimatechnik, 2005/2006 72nd issue, Oldenbourg Industrieverlag Munich 2005, p. 1134 3.2.3-7 Kombinierter Khl- und Heizboden /7/ Sponsel, Christian, Hilligweg, Arnd; Wirtschaftlichkeit von Eisspeichern, TGA Fachplaner 4-2003

46

KEYWORD INDEX

15 KEYWORD INDEX
Active cooling, 8 Air, 12 Air-conditioning, cooling and tempering, 7 Area heating (ceiling), 13 Area heating (underfloor), 13 Brine resistance, 34 Ceiling cassettes, 14 Comfort, 4 Comparison of cooling with different heat pumps, 40 Cooling load calculation form, 44 Cooling via hydraulic changeover, 10 Cooling with air|water heat pumps, 28 Cooling with brine|water heat pumps, 17 Cooling with water|water heat pumps, 26 Distribution strip/zone valve, 38 Dynamic, 31 Fan convectors, 14 Ground collectors, 11 Ground probes, 10 Groundwater, 12 Hours at full utilisation for providing cooling, 5 h-x diagram and dew point temperature, 14 Hydraulics WPC cool, 24 Hydraulics WPF, 22 Hydraulics WPF with WPAC 1, 23 Hydraulics WPF with WPAC 2, 25 Operating modes WPC cool, 18 Operating modes WPF, 17 Passive cooling, 8 Reversible heat pump, 10 WPMi, 29

47