TEST PAPER-2 CLASS - XI BIOLOGY (Excretory Products and the r e! " nat on# $A%S&ER S' Ans 01.

Ans 02. Ans 0 . Ans 0". (a) Ammonotelism (b) Ureotelism (c) Uricotelism Epithelial cells of Bowmans capsule are called podocytes. !odium chloride and urea. #idneys do not play any si$nificant role in elimination of ammonia % (i) Ammonia is readily soluble in water and diffuses across the body surfaces. (ii) Ammonia is e&creted as ammonium ions throu$h $ill surface. (he amount of filtrate formed by )idneys per minute is )nown as *lomerular filtration rate. (*+,). -n a healthy indi.idual/ *+, is appro&. 12'ml 0 minute i.e. 110 liters per day. (adpole is ammonotelic/ because e&cretion of ammonia re3uires a lar$e .olume of water/ which the tadpole has in its surroundin$. An adult fro$ is ureotelic because elimination of urea re3uires a moderate .olume of water that is much less compared to ammonia. -t is called )rebs 5rnitnine cycle.

Ans 0'.

Ans 02.

Ans 04.

Ans 01.

6ialysis machine is also )nown as artificial )idney. -t filters blood when the )idneys fail. -n dialysis small solute moleclues diffuse throu$h a semi permeable membrane as a substitute for $lomerulus. -t has a cellophane membrane where the blood of a patient is made to flow on one side of the membrane and the surroundin$ fluid on other side. (he wastes from the blood mo.e into the surroundin$ fluid thou$h cellophane membrane. -t is needed when )idney fails to wor) and urine is not formed. Urine formation in.ol.es three main processes % (i) *lomerular filtration % A protein % free fluid is filtered from blood of $lomerular capillaries into the lumen of Bowmans capsule. (he filtration occurs throu$h three layers/ which form the filtration membrane8 they are 9 (i) Endothelium of $lomerular capillaries (ii) Epithelium of Bowmans capsule. (iii) Basement membrane between the two layers. (he epithelial cells or podocytes of the Bowmans capsule are arran$ed in an intricate manner/ to lea.e some filtration slits. (he blood is filtered so finely that the composition of filtrate is .ery similar to plasma e&cept for the plasma proteins. (he $lomerular filtrate rate is about (2'ml 0 min) (ii) ,eabsorption : ;early 70< of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the renal tubule of the epithelial cells of the linin$ of renal tubule. =ertain substances li)e $lucose/ amino acids/ ;a> ions/ #> ions and =a2> ions are reabsorbed acti.ely. ?ater is reabsorbed passi.ely by osmosis. =ertain other substance li)e =l: ions are absorbed passi.ely. (iii) (ubular secretion % -t is the process by which certain substances 0 ions li)e #> and ammonia are directly secreted into the lumen of the nephron. (he step is important in urine formation/ as it helps to maintain the ionic balance and

Ans 07.

@A of the body fluids.