PROBLEM 3.

10
KNOWN: Construction and dimensions of a device to measure the temperature dependence of a liquids thermal conductivity. FIND: (a) Overall height of the apparatus using bakelite, (b) Overall height of the apparatus using aerogel, (c) Required heater area and electrical power to minimize heat losses for bakelite and aerogel. SCHEMATIC:
Stainless Steel Liquid layer 1 Sandwich Liquid layer 2 Sandwich H Liquid layer 3 Sandwich Liquid layer 4 Sandwich Liquid layer 5 Stainless Steel tl = 2 mm

kss = 15 W/mK kl = 0.8 W/mK Tl = 2C tss = 1 mm Stainless Steel Low Thermal Conductivity Stainless Steel Sandwich structure

tlcm

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional heat transfer. PROPERTIES: Table A.3, bakelite (300 K): k = 1.4 W/mK. ANALYSIS: The heat flux through the device is constant and is evaluated using Eq. 3.5
Tl 0.8 W/m K 2C = = 800 W/m 2 tl 2 10-3 m For each stainless steel sheet, T qt ss 800 W/m 2 1 10-3 m q = k ss ss or Tss = = = 0.053C t ss k ss 15 W/m K The temperature difference from top to bottom is q = k l

Ttot = Tss N 2 + Tl N + Tlcm (N - 1)

or
Tlcm = 1 1 Ttot - Tss N 2 - Tl N ] = [100C - 0.053C 10 - 2C 5] = 22.4C [ (N - 1) 4

For the low thermal conductivity material, q = k lcm

Tlcm t lcm

or t lcm =

k lcm Tlcm . q

(a) For bakelite, 1.4 W/m K 22.4C t lcm = = 39.2 10-3 m 2 800 W/m

Continued

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PROBLEM 3.10 (Cont.)

The total height is
H = 2Nt ss + Nt l + (N - 1)t lcm = 2 5 1 10-3 m + 5 2 10-3 m + (5 - 1) 39.2 10-3 m

= 177 10-3 m = 177 mm (b) For aerogel, t lcm = 0.0065 W/m K 22.4C 800 W/m
2

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= 182 10-6 m = 182 m

The total height is H = 2N t ss + Nt l + (N - 1)t lcm

= 2 5 1 10-3 m + 5 2 10-3 m + (5 - 1) 182 10-6 m = 20.7 10-3 m = 20.7 mm (c) For side area, As = 4HL and heater area, Ah = L2. The heater-to-side area ratio is L2 L 10 = = or L = 40 H 4HL 4H

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For bakelite, L = 40 177 mm = 7.1 m and

q = qA h = 800 W/m 2 (7.1m)2 = 40.3 103 W = 40.3 kW For aerogel, L = 40 20.7 mm = 830 mm = 0.83 m and q = qA h = 800 W/m 2 (0.83 m) 2 = 550 W

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COMMENTS: (1) It may be expected that the small device utilizing the aerogel low thermal conductivity material will reach steady-state faster than the large device using the bakelite plates. (2) The stainless steel sheets are isothermal to within 0.053 degrees Celsius. Precise placement of the thermocouple beads on the stainless steel sheets is not required. (3) The device constructed of bakelite is large. The device constructed of the nanostructured aerogel material reasonably sized.

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