Isom1 Tyra Isom Professor Harcourt Long Research Paper WRT 1010 Section 22 5 November 2013 Animal Testing

Every year, an estimated 30 million animals are used in biomedical experiments and research projects. Such as rats, mice, guinea pigs, dogs, monkeys, rabbits and so many more. Although advocates believe animal testing is necessary for development of countless new medical techniques and technologies. However, the experiments conducted on animals are cruel and painful, and nearly every animal tested is killed following the procedure. Do you think animal testing has a legitimate place in modern science, or is it unethical? When it comes to animal testing, animals are mostly used at cosmetic industries to ensure the safety of humans when using hypoallergenic products. The products or ingredients are applied to the animal, including eyes, nose, and mouth, to determine whether they cause allergic or other reactions. Repeatedly force-feeding studies that last weeks or months, to look for signs of general illness or specific health hazards. And, widely condemned lethal dose tests, where animals are forced to swallow large amounts of a test chemical to determine what dose causes death (Collins). Although the FDA supports animal testing of cosmetic products, it does not require it for cosmetics to receive approval. In the European Union, meanwhile, a total ban on cosmetics-related animal-testing will begin to be enforced in 2009 (Lange 1). In the medical industry, animals are widely seen as useful subjects for medical experimentation because they are so genetically similar to human beings. Without animal testing,

Isom2 researchers would have a very difficult time ascertaining the safety of drugs and most new medical procedures, advocates say. Historically, animal testing has had a major impact on the fields of medicine and health care, supporters assert. Chemical, pharmaceutical, and medical research laboratories use live animals to test everything from shampoo to surgical procedures. Obvious and subtle differences between humans and animals in terms of our physiology, anatomy, and metabolism make it difficult to apply data derived from animal studies to human conditions. Acetaminophen, for example, is poisonous to cats but is a therapeutic in humans; penicillin is toxic in guinea pigs but has been an invaluable tool in human medicine; morphine causes hyper-excitement in cats but has a calming effect in human patients; and oral contraceptives prolong blood-clotting times in dogs but increase a humans risk of developing blood clots (aavs). There are alternatives to some experiments so scientists and others wouldnt have to use animals but implementing an alternative can take years. They could try replacing a procedure that uses animals with a procedure that doesn't use animals, reduce the number of animals used in a procedure, to refine a procedure to alleviate or minimize potential of animal pain. These alternatives are not only humane; they also tend to be more cost-effective, rapid, and reliable than traditional animal tests. Scientists use animals in biological and medical research more as a matter of tradition, not because animal research has proved particularly successful or better than other modes of experimentation. In addition to being humane, the alternatives to animal tests are efficient and reliable. Successful alternatives include the use of human volunteers, cell and tissue cultures, synthetic membranes, statistics, scanning technologies, and computer models.

Isom3 In my opinion, animal testing is cruel and demeaning to animals especially when the product or ingredient is put in their eye or nose. Animals endure chemicals being dripped into their eyes, injected into their bodies, forced up their nostrils or forced down their throats. They are addicted to drugs, forced to inhale/ingest toxic substances, subjected to maternal deprivation, deafened, blinded, burned, stapled, and infected with disease viruses (aavs). These treatments are exempt from anti-cruelty statutes, and worse yet, undercover investigations have exposed violations of animal welfare policies and cases of extreme negligence at labs and universities. Skin sensitization using 32 guinea pigs or 16 mice to test substances applied to the surface of the skin or injected under the skin of a guinea pig, applied to the ear of a mouse. Her skin may show signs of redness, ulcers, scaling, inflammation, and itchiness which tests for allergic reaction on skin (11 Facts about Animal Testing). Eye irritation/ corrosion using 1-3 rabbits, the test substance are applied to a rabbits eye(s). His eye(s) may show signs of redness, bleeding, ulcers, blindness, and/or other signs of damage. Tests for skin irritation (reversible skin damage) and skin corrosion (severe and irreversible skin damage) (11 Facts about Animal Testing). Acute oral toxicity using 7rats to test if a substance is forced down a rats throat using a feeding tube. She may experience diarrhea, convulsions, bleeding from the mouth, seizures, paralysis, and/or death. This determines the amount of a substance that causes half of the exposed animals to die within 14 days of exposure when the substance is swallowed (11 Facts about Animal Testing). Acute dermal toxicity using 20 rabbits, rats, or guinea pigs. The test substance is applied to the shaved skin of the rat, guinea pig, or rabbit and covered with a patch to keep her from licking or otherwise removing the substance. This determines the amount of a

Isom4 substance that causes half of the exposed animals to die within 14 days of exposure when the substance is applied to the skin for 24 hours (11 Facts about Animal Testing). Toxic kinetics uses 4 to 7 rats. When a rat is exposed to a substance either by being fed the substance through their food or water, being force-fed the substance, having it rubbed on their skin, or being forced to inhale the substance. He may be exposed once or multiple times depending on the substance. Blood is drawn at daily intervals to determine the peak concentration of substance in the blood. He is then killed at a specific timepoint; different animals are killed at different times to obtain a record of how the substance moves through their body over time. Measures the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of a substance throughout the tissues and organs following exposure. Genotoxicity/ mutagenicity use 12 to 500 rats or mice. There are several different tests for genetic alterations that use mice or rats. In a common test, a mouse or rat is force-fed the substance on a daily basis for at least 14 days. Samples of his bone marrow and/or blood are taken to look for genetic changes. Tests for the beginning stages of cancer. Carcinogenicity or combined carcinogenicity/ chronic toxicity use 400 mice or rats. A mouse is exposed to a substance either by being fed the substance through their food or water, being force-fed the substance, having it rubbed on their skin, or being forced to inhale the substance. After two years of daily exposure, she is killed so her tissues can be examined for signs of cancer (or other signs of toxicity). Tests for cancer and other longterm effects of exposure (11 Facts about Animal Testing). Repeat dose (28 day) and sub chronic (90 day) toxicity uses 40 rats (28 day) or 80 rats (90 day). Tests for changes in the cells or organs caused by repeat exposure.

Isom5 A rat is force-fed a substance, is forced to breathe in a substance, or has a substance applied to their skin daily for 28 or 90 days. At the end of the exposure period he is killed and his organs are examined (11 Facts about Animal Testing). Reproductive/ developmental screen uses 675 rats. Male and female adult rats are exposed to the test substance, usually by force-feeding, for two to four weeks and then mated. The pregnant mother is then exposed daily throughout pregnancy and for four days after her pups are born. Four days after birth, she and her pups are killed and their tissues examined. Tests for effects on fertility, ability to reproduce, and birth defects (11 Facts about Animal Testing). In conclusion, when it comes to animal testing the results may or may not be accurate information. So animal testing is not always right and it doesnt have the correct information. Animals should not be tested because of the cruelty done to them. An alternate should be made for animals to protect humans.

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Work Cited "Infobase Learning - Login." Infobase Learning - Login. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Collins, S. Francis. Animal Experiment: Overview. Animals used for Experimentation. National Institute of Health. 2013. AAVS, Research Problems. Animal Research. The American Anti-Vivisection Society, 2010. Web. 17 Sept. 2013. Cosmetics Tests That Use Animals. The Humane Society of the United States. 2013. Print Lange, E. Karen. On the Way Back: The Recovery of Six Resilient Animal Species.Web. All Animals magazine. November-December 2013: 1-5. Print. "11 Facts about Animal Testing." Do Something. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. PETA. 2004. Animal Experiments: Overview. [online] Available at: http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-usedexperimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/ [Accessed: 26 Nov 2013].