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MET 335 Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Loss Coefficients and Equivalent Lengths of Valves

11/18/2013

Name:







Title: Loss Coefficients and Equivalent Lengths of Valves

Purpose:
1. The student shall understand how to determine the loss coefficient and equivalent
length of a gate valve, partially open, from an apparatus consisting of several
diameters and lengths of pipe.

Objectives:
1. Determine the loss coefficient,
L
C , and the equivalent length,
D
L
, of a "
4
3
gate
valve at a single partial opening.
2. Determine which representation, (
L
C or
D
L
), is more constant over a range of
Reynolds Numbers.

3. Determine how much the valve is open using accepted values from the textbook.

Theory:


Description of Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of an assembly containing several diameters and lengths of pipe
with associated valves and fittings including a venturi for measuring flow rate. The
assembly may be used to determine friction loss in a pipe or fitting. The valve to be
tested is in the third pipe up from the bottom (D
p
= .785). The water circuit is closed
and includes a storage tank and pump. Proper lineup of valves will basically isolate the
valve to be tested, allowing for flowrate measurement by the venturi. (The venturi inlet
diameter is 1.025 inch, throat, .625 inch.)


Experimental Procedure:
1. Line up valves (wide open) to allow the same flow to go through the valve to be
tested and the venturi. Also, open the pump bypass valve directly back to storage.
2. Hook up one manometer across the venturi and one across the valve to be tested.
3. If there appears to be air bubbles in the manometers, open bleed valves at the top
of the manometer and start the pump and close in on the discharge to tank valve
until all air is pushed out the top of the manometer. Close the bleed valves, stop the
pump and crack bleed valves allowing manometer levels to come to just below zero.
Close bleeds.
4. The instructor will set the valve to be tested in the desired position. DO NOT ADJUST
IT.
5. Open discharge to tank valve wide and make sure that the bypass valve is wide
open. Start the pump.




6. Close in on the bypass and note the manometer deflection across the valve to be
tested. Close in on the valve until the manometer deflection across the valve
reaches a maximum. (This will be when either the bypass is completely closed or the
deflection reaches the bounds of the manometer.
7. With the bypass valve in this position, record the two manometer deflections,
venturimeter (uH
V
) and valve ((uH
L
).
8. Reduce the flow through the valve and venturi by about 1/10 of the first venturi
manometer reading, by opening the bypass valve slightly. Record the two readings.
9. Repeat step 8 until the bypass valve is wide open. If at least eight readings have not
been recorded, close in on one of the valves upstream of the one to be tested until
at least eight total readings are recorded.

Observation
For Venture,
D1 =1.025 in = 2.6 cm
D2 =0.625 in = 1.6 cm
Room Temperature/Pressure: *20 C/1 bar


Valve Pressure Drop

VENTURI MANOMETER
Valve
Position
H1 vent in
H
2
O
H2 valve in
H
2
O
1 9.5 36
2 9 33.5
3 8 29.75
4 7 25
5 6 22.75
6 5 20
7 4 15.5
8 3 11.5
9 2 7.0
10 1 2.75



*If the room temperature/pressure is not obtained during the experiment, use 70
o
F/30
in H
g







Results:
1. Calculation of flow rate
Change in H = 9.5 in = 24.13 cm, Cv = 0.95
So in this condition,

4
1
2
2
1
) ( 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

A
=
D
D
H g
A C Q
V
V

2. Dp =0.785 in = 2 cm

2.85 m/s

3.

)

4. Reynolds Number (Re) for each flow:

Re =
v
D V
N
P
R
=

=64241.52

5.
6
10 5

= c

Case 1:
Friction factor is 0.022
Similarly for other values of Reynolds number values are written.

6. Calculation of the valve equivalent length (L/D)
f
C
D
L
L
= = 2.19/0.022 = 99.1



















7. Values for the rest of the data
Valve
Position
H1
vent
in
H
2
O
H2
valve
in
H
2
O
Q (lit/s) Vp
(m/s)
CL
Renolds
Number
Friction
factor
(From
moody
chart) L/D
1 9.5 36
0.897647 2.858748 2.195 64241.5 0.022 99.78399
2 9 33.5
0.873705 2.782501 2.156 62528.1 0.0225 95.83506
3 8 29.75
0.823737 2.623367 2.154 58952.1 0.025 86.1711
4 7 25
0.770536 2.453935 2.069 55144.6 0.023 89.95365
5 6 22.75
0.713377 2.271902 2.197 51054 0.023 95.50079
6 5 20
0.651221 2.073954 2.317 46605.7 0.024 96.55025
7 4 15.5
0.58247 1.855 2.245 41685.4 0.0245 91.62422
8 3 11.5
0.504434 1.606478 2.221 36100.6 0.025 88.82623
9 2 7
0.411869 1.311683 2.028 29476 0.026 77.9829
10 1 2.75
0.291235 0.9275 1.593 20842.7 0.027 59.00293


8. Variation of
L
C and ( )
D
L
with Reynolds Number during the experiment. Which
appears to be the more constant over the range of Reynolds Numbers tested




0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
CL Vs Re
CL Vs Re




Both have nearly the similar pattern.

9. Average value of L/D = 88.1
So using the table below, one can estimate the fraction of opening

Gate Valve Position Equivalent Length (L/D)

Wide Open 8
open 35
open 160
open 900

The opening is nearly equal to the 60% (in between and ).

10. Discussion
The experiment shows the clear properties of flow in a pipe and through vent and
venture. The expected behavior is observed with mean L/D ratio as 88.1.

Possibilities of the error
Errors could have crept in because of one of the following or combination of more than one reason:
- The flow is not fully developed in between the regions where the manometer readings are taken.
- The header tank is not in the overflow condition causing a variation in the available head for
flow.
- The effect of temperature is not taken into account for choosing the viscosity value of water
while calculating Reynolds Number.
- Water manometer is used for the turbulent flows.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
L/D Vs Re
L/D Vs Re