THE

w-PHASE

IN ZIRCONIUM

BASE

ALLOYS*

B. A. HATT

and J. A. ROBERTS?

The metastable o-phase in zirconium base alloys has been found to be truly hexagonal with c/cl -= 0.622 h 0.002. The orientation relationships with respect to the parent p-phase (b.c.c.) are

The interpretation of X-ray data from high solute content alloys quenched from the p-phase indicates that the w formed during quenching is heavily faulted. The o structure in this state is designated diffuse satisfactorily accounts for the observed diffraction effects w. A model for the @ + o transformationwhich This is based on the gliding of { 112)~ planes in (111 )b directions in a distinct sequenoe. The is developed. magnitude of the glide component is realistically altered to account for intensity differences in the diffractions from diffuse o and bulk w. LA PHASE w DANS LES ALLIAGES DE ZIRCONIUM avec un

On a montre que la phase metastable w dans des alliages de zirconium Btait hexagonale rapport c/u = 0,622 + 0,002. Les relations dorientation avec la phase ,5 (b.c.c.) sont

(0001)~ 11 (lll)p
(ario), 11 (iOl),.
Linterpretation dessais aux rayons X a partir dalliages riches en elements en solution trempes a partir de la phase B, indique que la phase w form&e au tours de la trempe contient de nombreuses fautes dempilement. La structure o dans cet &tat est indiquee comme phase w diffuse. Un modele pour la transformation /? + o qui satisfait lensemble des effets de diffraction observes, a 6ti: developpe. 11 est base SUP le glissement des plans {112}p dans des directions (111)~ suivant une sequence definie. La grandeur de la composante du glissement peut &tre alteree, ce qui explique les differences dintensite 101-s de la diffraction de la phase diffuse w ou de la phase w massive. DIE o-PHASE IN LEGIERUNGEN rlUF ZIRKON-BASIS

Die metastabile o-Phase van Legierungen auf Zirkon-Basis erwies sich als echt hexagonal mit c/n = 0,622 or 0 002. Die Orientierungsbeziehungen in Bezug auf die P-Phase (kubisch-raumzentriert; aus ihr entsteht die w-Phase) sind (OOOl), i: (111)~ (2iTO), /i (iOl)fi.

Die Deutung der Rontgenmessungen an Legierungen mit hohem Zusatzgehalt, die van der P-Phase abgeschreckt wurden, zeigt, da6 die beim Abschrecken gebildete o-Phase sehr fehlerhaft ist. Die wStruktur wird in diesem Zustand als diffus bezeichnet. Es wird ein Model1 fur die Umwandlung /l - o Es basiert darauf, da13 {112},entwickelt, das die beobachteten Beugungseffekte zur Geniige erklart. Ebenen in bestimmter Reihenfolge in (111)~.Richtungen gleiten. Die GrGSe der Gleitkomponente wird der Wirklichkeit so angepa& da13 die Intensitatsdifferenzen der Interferenzen van diffuser und massiver o-Phase erkliirt werden.

INTRODUCTION

stages

of

ageing.

This interpretation

leads to the for the formaOF THE

The quenched high temperature

/?-phase of certain

advancement
1. THE

of a possible mechanism
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE METASTABLE o-PHASE

titanium and zirconium alloys transforms via an intermedia,te phase, designated CO,on ageing to the equilibrium phase may equilibrium. state. Under certain conditions the oa be obtained in a state of metastable

tion of the ru-phase.

The first part of this paper concerns

Previous

workers

have

made

crystallographic

detailed crystallographic study of the metastable Wphase in a Zr-7 at.% vanadium alloy. The second part of the paper is devoted to the interpretation of the diffuse co diffractions observed in high solute content alloys in the as-quenched condition and in the early

studies of the m-phase as it occurs in titanium base alloys. Austin and Doig(l) suggest that the cu_phaseis b.c.c. with side three times that of the basic /I b.c.c. cell. Silcock et CL@) and Bagaryatskii et ~2.~ independently proposed a hexagonal structure based on the hexagonal (rhombohedral) unit cell, which is an alterThe crystal native unit cell for a b.c.c. lattice.
structure

* Received October 13, 1959. t Fulmer Research Institute Limited,

ACTA METALLURGICA, VOL.

Stoke Poges, Bucks. 1960 575

of the w-phase in zirconium base alloys to be

8, AUGUST

576

ACTA

METALLURGICA,

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1960

presented here is based on that of Silcock and Bagaryat&ii and their interpretat.ion for a b.c.c. lattice are related. bohedral hexagonal is briefly described. Figure l(a) shows how the three possible unit cells The b.e.c. lattice is outlined by the tine lines, the heavy lines show the rhomcell and the hatched cell. lines the base of the of the atoms cell which Fig. l(b) is a projection

differ in that the atoms near the plane z = 4 lie in the plane for Silcocks structure but alternately 0.02 above and below in Bagar~atskiis the four hexagonal pretations hexagonal ments. occur structure. c/a = 0.613 and that have developed to the interIt can be shown that provided orientations

same extent, then both the cubic and hexagonal of w will show cubic Laue symmetry. structures provide by detailed intensity method

on to a flllla

plane showing the hexagonal

Thus it is only possible to distinguish between the cubic and measurewill of disby in However which if c/a # 0.613 extra diffractions an alternative

is oriented with respect to the ,8 cell with

(Oool)h,x / / (lll)b.c.c.

(2TTo)hex / 1(ioi)b.c.c.

thus there are four orientations

of the hexagonal

cell,

criminating

between the two structures. workc4) on polycrystalline material

each with a (0001) hex parallel to a (lll),,,~,, 8. The cell parameters are related as follows: a hex Chex = & id3 ab.c.c. ab.c.c.

of the

Preliminary D-base

the present authors showed that the o ~~ra~tions cell with c/a > 0.613 and this interpretation verified in detail by the single crystal described.

alloys could be best expIained on a hexagonal has been studies to be

. **
i(%f&. Both

e/a = &(3/2)

= 0,613. cell are (O,O,O); chose the above new Single graphs crystals with were oriented coincident coincident from with Laue the photo-

The atomic positions in the hexagonal Silcock and Bagaryatskii

(OOl),

oscillation

hexagonal

cell with c/a * atomic positions:

0.613 and proposed

axes and (loo),

with the incident

X-ray

Since (u is oriented with respect to @, a beam. specimen which is fully transformed to u) still shows cubic Laue s~rmrnetr~ and can thus be oriented in terms of the original /3. Oscillation photographs chromatic MoKrx radiation with and Weissenberg the (loo), beam. if m were oscil-

(O,O,O): Ct($>t,Bf (O,O,O); &(-&$,0.52) respectively for the w-phase. These two structures

were taken with filtered CuKa and mono-

lating from 0 to 40 to the direct X-ray The diffractions cubic or hexagonal line material straight layer lines as would Since Debye-Scherrer be expected

recorded in this way did not lie on with the ideal value of e/a = 0.613. photographs from polycrystalcell with state, with a hexagonal

had indicated diffractions

~/a > 0.613 and equal to 0.622 in the metastable the single crystal of a hexagonal three indices times were compared those which would be obtained

from four orientations The diffractions These cubic indices

cell with c/a = 0.622. the ,!Y lattice parameter.

were first indexed on a b.c.c. cell with lattice parameter were then transformed to t,he hexagonal to hexagonal

corresponding

orient~atiolls with

(OOOl), ;; (ill),
FIG. 1. (a) Three possible unit cells for a body-caked cubic structure. ---b.c.c. lattice Rhombohedral lattice --i-j-i-/ Base of hexagonal lattice (b) A projection of the atoms in a b.c.c. structure onto

(ziio~, ij (ioi ja
c, = @,J%! ap by the matrix

and a,=1/2a 0 i.-----+ Hexagonal

Atom at 000 000

x Atom at 34% %f& + Atom at 384 ff& The atoms numbered are common to both (a) and (b).

HATT

AND

ROBERTS:

w-PHASE

IN

Zr ALLOYS

577

cells with c/a fi with

0.622 and oriented (OOOl), /I (ill), (2iiO),

with respect to

/ 1 (TOl),.
P2 values for the atomic

Table 1 also positions

gives

the

(O,O,O); i (g&B). Apart from angular factors measurements indicates observed movements these values are proporNo detailed calculated agreeidea of the by Bagaryfor the

tional to the intensities of the diffractions. intensity inspection ment

FIG. 2. Oscillation photograph of a single crystal of Zr-7 at. % V with filtered CuKcr radiation. The crvstal oscillated- about (OOl)b with the (100)~ oscillated 0 -+ 46 to the direct X-ray beam. The crystal was water quenched after 2 hr at 920% and then aged 30 min at 400C.

have been made but visual the intensities Some give satisfactory

that

from these atomic with permissible

positions

intensities.

in the c direction of the atoms as visualized

in the positions

&(I,+,*)

atskii can be seen from Table 2, where the intensities of the zero layer diffractions atomic to following positions (O,O,O); original (12,0,0), have been calculated *($,Q,0.52). Hence

These hexagonal indices

indices were then retransformed to cubic axes, parallel cell by

(cubic indices) which consists of the when c/a = 0.622 (11.92, (11.92, (11.92, (11.92, 0.08, 0.08) 0.08, 0.08) 0.08, 0.08) 0.08, 0.08) positions (O,O,O); to This of the

corresponding

to the

two diffractions 2(a), Table 2,

B axes, but related to the hexagonal a, = 45 a B

e, = 0.622 u~ # +l/3 where aIs is the lattice parameter and the transformation ,-----+ matrix is Cubic 1 1.97 1.97 1.97

as

2(b),

Table 2,

of a new cubic cell

will have zero intensity &($,$,+) intensity adjacent fraction although split. 0.44 for atomic positions

for atomic

but will have an intensity is greater is recorded than

proportional

(O,O,O); f(g,$,0.52) half the intensity

(4223) diffraction.

A very weak single difon some films and is not correintensity

i
2 The difference between

2
1

near this position

it has not the above

It is thought to indicate

that this weak diffraction rumpling

sponds to a very small amount of p. Thus there is no evidence of the atoms near the plane z = 4. The X-ray examination of aged Zr-Nb alloys

the two sets of cubic indices

indicates the change in the positions of the diffractions resulting from c/a changing from 0.613 (ideal) to 0.622. On oscillation photographs about

of single crystal specimens in the range 8-20 at.% Nb cc)-phase has an identical above for the Zr-7 on

(001 ),, the axial

revealed that the metastable at. y0 V alloy.

ratio change shows as small deviations of the diffractions from the straight layer line positions, and the separation of superimposed diffractions. Fig. 2 is a film taken with CuKa of a Zr-7.0 at.94 V specimen aged 8 hr at 400C and consisting of -98 per cent co. Table 1 gives the analysis of this 6lm. Here the (hkl) cubic indices for c/a = 0.613 are compared with those for c/a = 0.622 together with the observed lindices. The agreement between the observed values and those corresponding to c/a = 0.622 is considered adequate
6-W

crystal structure to that described

The axial ratio was found to be 0.622 & and ageing temperature.

0.002 but the lattice spacing values are dependent alloy composition

Additional evidence supporting the hexagonal version of the crystal structure has been obtained from a Zr-8 at.% Nb single crystal specimen which had been strained at 400C while in the metastable cu condition. On examination at room temperature it was found that the cu developed on only two of the four possible orientations.

proof that ,!? transforms

to four hexagonal

PP.)

578

ACTA

METALLURGICA,

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TABLE 1

--:;:~qzY&:&,

_
Zero layer, left-hand side of direct beam

3 4 1, 2, 3, and 4 1 0

B
25

0 4 0 4 9

930 930 930 930 370 __12,0,0 12,0,0 12,0,0 12,0,0 400 12,60 12,60 12,so 12,60 420

8.94 8.96 8.96

2.94 3.04 -_2.94 3.04

, 1

0.06 0.04 0.06 0.04

0*

G
Weak diffractions on some films

: : 9 1 4 1 :

3 4 1, 2, 3 and 4 3b a e 4223 4621 2243 4621 1 : 4 1, 2, 3and4

11.94 11.94 11.94 11.94 ___11.91 11.96 11.91 11.96

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

--

--.

~___

5.91 6.04 5.91 6:04

0.09 0.04 0.09 0.04

~ 1

0.10 0.100* 0

1st layer, left-hand

side 741 lO,i,l 10,&l 10,5,1 11,2,1 ll,~,l 11,4,1 13,2,1 13,2,1 13,4,1 11,8,1 6.94 9.94 9.94 9.96 10.94 10.94 10.96 12.94 12.94 12.91 10.91

I
2 2172

3.s

0.94 0.94 0.94

0.92

0.94
0.94 5.04 1194 1.94 4.04 2.06 2.06 3.91 7.91

0.96
1.06 1.06 1.04 0.94 0.94 0.91 1.09

0.92 0.93
1.05 0.93 0.87 1.09

7a b

4313 4133
1

i
side 4 4 1 3 4 side 903 8.94 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 4 1 x

2nd layer, left-hand 440T 4222 3i23

3 4

lo,?,2 10,4,2 11,3,2 13,1,2 13,1,2

1 i

9.96 9.94 10.91 12.94 12.94

2704 3.94 4.91 0.94 0.94

2.04 2.06 1.91 2.06 2.06

2.04 2.07 1.90 2.02

3rd layer, left-hand

903
3 4 1, 2, 3 and 4 3b I 3033 3522 2352 5501 3252 3303 0557 5322 x 3 4 1 : 4 4 4 9 : 0 4 0 4 1 0 903 903 301 12,33 12,33 12,33 12,33 12,33 12,33

;
I

8.94
8.96 8.96

2.94 2.94 3.04 3.04

3.00

a b

11.91 11.94 11.94 11.96 11.94 11.92 11.96 11,94

;4

2.91 3.06 2T94 3.04 3.06 2.91 3.04 3.06

2.91 2.94 3.06 3.04 2.94 2.91 3.04 2.94

2.89 2.99 2.89 2.99

* Mean of two overlapping 3a. diffractions with I indices f 0.04 for diffractions with Identity

No. la and similarly for diffraction

HATT

AND

ROBERTS:

w-PHASE
TABLE 2

IN Zr ALLOYS
~~~_. ___~

579

Ident. No.

c/a = 0.613

hkl cubic

hkl

cubic c/a = 0.622

F= z = 0.52

Zero layer, left-hand side of direct beam 930 930 930

930

__~.

3722 3411 1232 3417

1 2 3 4

8.92 8.96 8.92 8.96

~
0.22) 0.22 1 044 .

Zero layer, right-hand side of direct beam

la

b a c

990 990

990

990

3630 3033 4223 4261 2641 4223

3 4

0112 i 11.96 11.88 11.96 11.88

I
9

8.88 6.04 5.88 6.04 5.88

i.12
0.04 0112 0.04

1 9 1 4 1 4 1

0.74 9 0.74 4.88 0.74 4.88 0.74

2a b a c
I

12,6,0 12,6,0 12,6,0

3 4

~ i

0.12

Atomic positions (O,O,O); -+(%,j,z)

Rrom the above results it may be concluded (1) The metastable has a hexagonal lattice constants c/a = 0.622 & 0.002 G, = 3.00 A, varying crystal for structure all alloys with axial

that ratio The

in the diffuse o which precedes the development metastable cc) structure. 2. THE DIFFUSE o-STRUCTURE Section 1 of this paper has been concerned with the a+phase in its metastable when alloys of increasing state. solute content

of the

w-phase in aged Zr base alloys examined.

are approximately

a, = 5.02 and

entirely However,

slightly with alloy composition with respect to the /3-

and ageing temperature. (2) The w-phase is oriented phase according to the relationships

are rapidly sequence of Zr-a phase

quenched from the p-field a characteristic structures is observed.(5) complete transformat,ion to the h.c.p.

At low solute concentrations

(0001) /I W), (2110) 11 @qP

(3) The original /3 transforms to the four possible orientations of hexagonal o without showing preference for a particular orientation, except when the specimen is subjected to external strain. (4) In the bulk (metastable) w examined here there is no evidence for the displacement in the c direction of atoms in &I$,+,+) positions as suggested by Bagaryatskii for LC) in titanium alloys. However in Section 2 it will be shown that some such displacements can occur

cannot be suppressed. On increasing the solute concentration the w-phase together with the u-phase is observed while at slightly higher concentrations it is possible to obtain almost 100 per cent Further increase of the solute concentration (r) phase. results in

a certain amount of Zr-,3 phase being retained together with cc) which does not produce sharp X-ray diffractions. The a-phase in this state is designated diffuse W. The diffuseness of the diffractions increases with increasing solute content although the amount of diffuse cc)present may still be about 70 per cent of the total volume. In certain alloy systems where the solid solubility of

580

ACTA

METALLURGICA,

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1960

the P-phase is limited, it is not possible to observe the complete sequence of as-quenched structures described in the and for this reason diffuse w is not observed Zr-Nb and Zr-U systems. suggests that the a)-phase The term the regular relative to here to describe lattice planes

Zr-Cr and Zr-V systems but is readily detected in the The mode of formation martensitic movement lographic of is taken particular

occurs by a martensitic type transformation.

adjacent planes of the parent matrix in definite crystaldirections, the movement resulting in a new crystallographic structure. The interpretation of the diffuse w study presented below leads to the formulation of a mechanism, accounts not involving diffraction of bulk cc). or streaks coalesce and pattern becomes by solute of the diffusion, which for the observed effects and will
FIG. 4. Weissenberg photograph of the zero layer perpendicular to (110)~ from the same crystal as used for Fig. 3. also present are some weak diffractions from another phase designated ,!?.* Fig. 4 is the Weissenberg photo-

also explain the formation

On ageing alloys which form diffuse o during the quench, the diffuse diffractions the characteristic w apparent. enrichment This coalescence diffraction

is accompanied

of the p-phase and impoverishment

diffuse w-pha,se. Experimental The diffuse single crystal results w-phase technique has been examined by the using monochromatic radia-

graph of t,he zero layer perpendicular Fig. 5 is the reciprocal one quadrant symmetrical common to

to [liO],,

and

lattice plot of this layer, only

being shown since the other three are The diffuse u) diffractions this. both in the (liO), In Fig. 5 these and hence

to both Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are labelled and as to this plane.

can be seen these are elongated plane and perpendicular diffractions

tion from a curved quartz monochromator. Figure 3 shows a single crystal oscillation photograph from a wai,er quenched sharp p diffractions Zr-20 at. y0 Nb alloy with the The photograph with shows areas of diffuse crystal oscillating about [ liO],. together intensity,

can be divided into two groups, viz. to [ 11 lla in [112], and hence in group (A) to to [ 11 lip. as disks of intensity perpendicular perpendicular make angles of 120 in group (B)

(A) Streaks which are elongated in [n2], perpendicular perpendicular can be interpreted to [ill], [ill], (B) Streaks which are elongated

the latter being the diffuse LUdiffractions;

Thus in reciprocal space the diffractions or three rods of intensity which due to symmetry Similarly

with each other. would correspond

diffractions

to either disks of intensity perpendi-

cular to [ 11 lla or three rods of intensity perpendicular to [ill],. Table 3 gives the indices and F2 values for those bulk o diffractions which can occur in the reciprocal lattice section shown in Fig. 5. The table shows that apart from those diffractions which overlap p diffractions section; only w orientations 2 and 4 diffract in this to the reciprocal lattice points corresponding

these orientations are shown by crosses and dots, respectively. Thus each of the streaks belonging to
FIG. 3. Oscillation photograph of a single crystal of Zr-20 at,.% Nb with monochromatic MoKa radiation. The crystal oscillated about (110)~ with the (001)~ oscillated through 0 + 45 to the direct X-ray beam. The crystal was water quenched after 2 hr at 920C and the photograph shows diffractions from B, diffuse o and ,!I. * The @-phase has a b.c. tetragonal structure with a = 3.52 A and c/a = 1.13 and is orientated to the B-phase having (OO1)b.c.t. I/ (001)~ and (lOO)b.,.t. 11 (100)~. The phase exists in small amounts (less than 5 per cent of the total volume) in high solute content niobium alloys.

HATT

AND

ROBERTS:

o-PHASE

IN

Zr ALLOYS

5x1

4. However the intensities of the streaks do not agree with the corresponding atomic movements The diffuse diffuseness bulk CO intensities, but as will if small be shown later better agreement give a structure intermediate of the COas compared is obtained

are given to the atoms in bulk w to between diffraction j3 and bulk CO. streaks from

with the bulk w diffractions caused by the Since it

results from relaxed diffracting

Laue conditions

region either being restricted in size or not in three dimensions.

having exact periodicity distribution

FIG. 5. A reciprocal lattice plot of the zero layer perpendicular to (110) reciprocal lattice direction showing the direction of the diffuse o streaks and the position of the corresponding bulk w diffractions. l 0 orientation 4 X 0 orientation 2

has not been possible to resolve whether the intensity in reciprocal space is a disk of intensity perpendicular to (111 )s or three rods perpendicular to (111 )B both possible interpretations will be developed. If the intensity distribution orientation 2 correspond corresponds to disks in reciprocal lattice space those disks associated with cc)in either to rods of CO in orientation 2 in the crystal where the axes of the rods are group (A) above can be associated with a diffraction to parallel to [ill],, orientation direction. as is shown in Fig. 6(c) or to COin only in the [ill], for the disks applies from bulk o in orientation group (B) with a diffraction 2 and those belonging 2 with exact periodicity A similar argument

from bulk o in orientation

_~

__ ___ _.~__
I 1 hkl
cubic

TABLE 3

Ident.

No.

hkil
hex.

I
Orient.

_
observed

Intensity

_I__112 222 442 552 772 882 10,10,2 11,11,2 13.13,2 114 224 444 554 774 884 10,10,4 11,11,4 13,13,4 118 228 448 558 778 888 lO,lO,S l,l,lO 2,2,10 4,4,10 5,5,10 7,7,10 8,8,10 10,10,10 lOi 0001 202T 1012 3032 2023 4043 3034 50% 1011 2010 0002 3037 1013 4042 2024 5053 3035 3031 2022 4040 1073 5051 0004 6062 3032 4041 2023 5050 _ 1014 ~ 6061

I P2,.,, I IP,.,,
0 1 4 : 4 4 9 0 4 0 9 1 : 0 4 4 1 : 4 : 9 9 1 4 0 0 0.6 1.0 4.3 1.0 0.4 7.8 CO.1 ~ 9.0 1.0 I 0 4.3 0.6 ; ;:r: 9.0

hlcl cubic

I!

hlcil

Intensity

Orient.

(--p,--observed

i P2,,,,,

2 ;
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

*
w
Will

wm
SIll

SIIl -

w * *
S VW

: 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 ; 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

S S

w * * * w m w

::9
0.6 1.0 0 0.4

k 1 m

0
1 1

0006

4.3 1.0 7.9 0 9.0 0.6 6.9

112 222 442 552 712 882 10 10 2 __ 11 112 ___- 13,13,2 114 224 444 554 774 -__884 10 10 4 __ 11,11,4 13,13,4 118 228 448 558 178 888 lO,lO,S l,l,lO :::::: 5,5,10 7.7.10 8,8,10 10,10,10

loio 0001 2021 7012 3032 2023 4033 3034 5054 loil 2010 0002 3037 7013 4042 2024 5053 3035 3081 2012 4040 1073 5057 0004 6062 3032

2 4 2 % : 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 ; 4 2 4 2 4

*
w

F20.58 ~0
0.6 1.0 1.0 4.3 0.4 7.8 CO.1

:
4 0

wm wm
SIII

SITI -

w * * s
VW

I 4 ~ 9 0 4
0 9 i

9.0 I
1.0 0 4.3 0.6

s
S

iv * * -

* -

1 4041 2023 5050

lOT4 606i 0005

w -

m w

6.9

* Oscillation range too small to include this diffraction. Not observed. There are also o diffractions from all o orientations superimposed on the b diffractions (llO)B (220)8 (33O)p (44O)p (002)@ (112)J (222)~ (332)~ (442)~ (114)~ (224)~ w Orientation (2) [OOOl], Ij [lll]fi w Orientation (4) [OOOl], [2iio], tiA-(4 PP.)

11 [iii],

ij [iollB

[2irO],

II r10118

582 REAL SPACE

ACTA

METALLURGICA,

VOL.

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1960

A SINGLE OF o

DISC

I
A

RECIPROCALLATTICE REPftESElWiTlCN
SINGLE ROD

P2>s
glidecomponent ctf

12345612 g g 0 g SO g

345 tf0 g

6 S

1 6Q u.Q 4 Cl&s IQ5 lo+2 Ws24 C06 065

where g is the glide component which glides a (112),

I

[II iJ Rfpmdicular
and rod.

to page

b)

THREE DISCS OFW

THREE

RODS

C)

A ROD

510

OF o

A P!_ANE OR 0lS.C

FIG. 6. Representation of w in real and reciprocal lattice spaoe.

associated with orientation 4 but here the axis of the rods of cttwould be parallel to @il],r. Alternatively if the disks of intensity in reciprocal space are in fact three rods of intensity those associated with LC) in orientation 2 will correspond either to three disks (or more probably ablate spheroids) of w in orientation 2 in the crystal, each disk being parallel to [Ill], but making 120 with each other (Fig. 6b) or three blocks of o with orientation 2 in the crystal, each block having periodicity in two orthogonal directions but not in the third which is perpendicular to [ill],. The above interpretations may not be very different since both relate to regions of w in the crystal which are structurally perfect in only one direction, for example w with orientation 2 is structurally perfect in only the [ill], direction and any direction perpendicular to this will intersect a large number of defects.

plane by &3/2 * aB in the (1 11>* direction contained in that plane. A gliding sequence occurring on any particular set of {112)@ planes of a particular zone necessarily implies an identical gliding sequence occurring on each of the other two sets of {112)# planes of that zone, Hence bulk w in orientation 2 can be generated by extensive gliding on the (ii2),, (i2Q or (2ii)B planes in a [ill], direction, i.e. g above is in the [f 111, direction. Similarly disks of cu will be produced if glide takes place on a limited number of the above planes. The disks will be parallel to [ill], and perpendicular to [ii2],, [121], and [Zii],. This is shown in Fig. 8 which is a projection of atoms in in b.e.c. structure onto a (liO}, plane. The disks would degenerate into rods of a parallel to [ill], if the width of disks in the (llO), directions, which lie in the plane of the disks, is restricted to a few atoms while the glide along the (lll>s has occurred for many atoms. The restriction of the width of the disks in the (llO), directions can be brought about by faulting between the disks. Fig. 9 is a projection of the atoms in a b.c.c. structure onto a (ill), plane, that is a projection at right angles to that of Fig. 8. The three sets of (112j8 planes belonging to the [ill], zone are

The experimental results given above suggest that movement of {112}, planes is involved in the /? -+ LO transformation as is the case for the /? --+ u transformation mechanism proposed by Burger@). A projection of the atoms in a b.c.c. structure onto a ( liO)B plane is shown in Fig. 7. The packing sequence of the (112), planes is given by 1,,,>,,>,, 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 etc. The w structure can be generated by the {112}@ planes gliding as follows:

FIG. 7. Projection of the atoms in a b.c.c. structure onto a (1101 plane illustrating the (112) packing

HATT

AND

ROBERTS:

o-PHASE

IN

Zr ALLOYS

583

of the four
4 5 6
I

(111 )@ zones and also the interaction

of

the gliding of {112}@ planes in different zones. assumed that nucleation then the chance of faulting
0 I

If it is

of gliding is purely random between any two sets of

2
3 4 5 6 I

9 is
0 9 3 0

0:

(112}, planes in the same zone is 2 : 1. The case of interaction of {112}P planes of different zones is complex and will not be developed in detail here but concerning it does not alter the general mechanism. Table 3 shows that the intensities sponding correlation bulk u) diffractions. if in of the diffuse w of the correa better above of When the cc) the streaks do not agree with the intensities is obtained is diffuse conclusions

w:
4 0: 0: I

However,

4 5

glide sequences glide 0.167(43/2

do not go to completion. 0.087(2/3/2

component

.aa) instead

produced . as), the LU

has atomic positions with (O,O,O); to these new

Fm. 8. Projection of the atoms in a b.c.c. structure onto a {llO} plane showing the glide sequence to produce o.

(O,O,O); & ($,+,O.SS) as compared &((Q,$,0.50). P2 values corresponding

positions are shown in Table 3 under F2,,,, and it will be seen that better agreement with the observed intensities is obtained. (1 la}, sulting from Since diffuse o exists as disks on that coherency strains reprevent the gliding planes it is probable transformation

sequence from going to completion. It is of interest to note that the new atomic positions reported those Ti-5%
Fm. 9. Projection of the atoms in a b.c.c. structure onto a { 11 l} plane illustrating the three (112) planes of a (111) zone. l Atoms in the plane of projection x Atoms q + Atoms q above the plane above the plane

for the diffuse by

structure for

are similar bulk o

to of

proposed Cr alloy.

Bagaryatskii

in a

However,

since little is known

the heat treatment of Bagaryatskiis alloys it is not possible to relate the rumpling of the mid plane of atoms in the w-phase in Ti-5 T/oCr to coherency strains. Conclusions The model proposed for the b -+ w transformation satisfactorily accounts for the diffraction effects observed from the diffuse w-phase and implies that

shown by unprimed numbers, numbers, will occur

numbers

for the (112),, planes.

primed Faulting

the gliding

sequence

suggested

is operative

during

l, 2, etc., for the (Zii), l, 2, etc., for the (T2i), between

and doubly primed nucleation

the formation of bulk o. The mechanism of formation out of faults.

of bulk w from diffuse

disks if simultaneous

w, on ageing, is considered to be in part an annealing

occurs on non equivalent (112}, planes of the [ll lls zone as defined by the glide sequence given above in which planes 1, 1 and 1 have zero glide component. If, for example, simultaneous nucleation of 0 occurs where the on planes 3 and 5, where plane 3 glides 0 and plane 5 glides g, a series of faults will develop disks merge. Many permutations and combinations of the above gliding sequence of {112}s planes which could result in faulting are possible when a large number of nucleation
considered

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish

to acknowledge and

the assistance grateful

of to

D. Stewart, experimental

B. Bradford programme

and G. Hansen are also

with the

Dr. E. A. Calnan, Dr. G. I. Research Institute, and Dr. B. Butcher of Atomic Energy Harwell, for the many useful

Williams of the Fulmer M. B. Waldron and Mr. Research Establishment, discussions. Energy authors nublish. I

sites are present. Interaction must be of each of the three {112}, planes in each

This work was sponsored by the Atomic Research Establishment, Harwell, and the are ~ crateful to the Director for nermission to L

584 REFERENCES

ACTA

~ETALLURGICA,

VOL.

8,

1960

1. A. E. AUSTIN and J. R. Dora, J. Met&s, N.Y. 9, 27 (1957). 2. J. M. Sr-ccoc~, M. H. DAVIES and H. K. HARDY, in Syvqx&~na on the Mechanism of Phase Transform&ions in Metals. London, Institute of Metals (1955).

3. Yn A. BAIXRYATSKII, G. I. ROSOVAand T. W. SAGANOVA, l)akE. Akad. Nat& SSSR 105, 1225 (1955). 4. B. A. HATT, S. A. ROBERTSand G. I. WILLIAMS, Nature, Land. 180, 1406 (1957). 5. B. A. HATT and 5. A. ROBERTS,unpublished work. 6. W. G. BUROERS,Ph;ysica, &rav. 1, 561 (1934).