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International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 826-829

Experimental investigation of RC frames using fibers


Prashanth M H
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal-575025, Email: mh_prashanth@rediffmail.com

Babu Narayan K S
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal-575025 Email: shrilalisuta@gmail.com

Mahesh P
M-Tech, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal-575025, Email: mahi18_2000@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT: Fiber Reinforced Concrete is a relatively new construction developed through extensive research and development work during last four decades. It has already found a wide range of practical applications and has proved as a reliable construction material having superior performance characteristics compared to conventional RCC. Incorporation of fibers in to concrete has been found to improve several of its properties such as impact, cracking resistance, ductility and fatigue resistance. An experimental study envisages comparing the strength and ductility characteristics achieved by synthetic fibre dispersed throughout and also in discrete zones vis--vis conventional RC frames. KEY WORDS: Frames, Fibers, Ductility, Plastic hinge, Energy absorption capacity INTRODUCTION Concrete is extensively used as a construction material because of its versatility and mouldability. Concrete is inherently weak in tension and has low specific modulus, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. Micro cracks appear in the concrete even before it subjected to external load. In addition to the low tensile strength, the material possesses little resistance to the low tensile cracking strain of the order of 100 x 10-6 m/m corresponding to 30-40 percent of the ultimate strength in compression, which on further loading eventually lead to uncontrolled growth of micro cracks. However, research has shown that the addition of small, closely spaced and uniformly dispersed fibers in concrete substantially improves its static and dynamic properties. These fibers offer increased resistance to crack growth, through a crack arresting mechanism and improve tensile strength and ductility of concrete. The type and amount of improvement is dependent upon the fibers type, size, strength and configuration and amount of fiber. The idea that concrete can be strengthened by inclusion of fibers was first put forward by Porter in 1910 but little progress was made in the development of material until 1963 when Romualdi and Batson published their classic paper on this subject. Based on the principles of fracture mechanics, they showed that cracking strength of concrete is increased by closely spaced fibers acting as crack arresters and established that the increased strength is inversely proportional to the square root of the fiber spacing. Since then several, interesting experiments have been carried out on individual structural elements. Several kinds of fibers such as steel, nylon, glass, carbon, fibrillated polypropylene have been tried. While polypropylene fibers are found suitable in increasing the impact strength and in reducing the velocity of fragments under explosive loading. The experimental study envisages comparing the performance of RC frame where synthetic fibers have been dispersed throughout and also in discrete zones vis--vis conventional RC frame. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION The conventional RC frames are designated as FL01 (Frame with lateral ties only), Frames with fibers dispersed throughout are designated as FLFFb01 (Frame with lateral ties and fully fibered) and Frames with fibers dispersed at discrete zones are designated as FLPFb01 (Frame with lateral ties and partially fibered).The dosage rate of fibers is maintained constant through out the experimental investigation. Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade conforming to IS: 4031-1988 was used. The locally available natural river sand conforming to zone III of IS 383-1970 is used. The locally available crushed granite metal of 10 mm down size was used. Concrete Mix proportion of M20 mix is obtained referring to IS: 10262-1982 as recommended. The proportion of the cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate were 1:1.4:2.8 by weight and water cement ratio is maintained as 0.50 throughout the investigation. High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) designated as Fe415, has been used for main reinforcement. The Mild steel bars Fe250, was used as lateral reinforcement. The synthetic fibers are used which are manufactured from polystyrene. All the frames are reinforced with 2 main longitudinal bars of 10 mm diameter on both sides i.e. top and bottom of the section through out the frame. The lateral reinforcement is provided with 6mm diameter 2-legged vertical stirrups @100 mm c/c throughout the frame as shown in Fig 1

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Experimental investigation of RC frames using fibers

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In frames where fibers are dispersed in the discrete zones are the regions of the plastic hinge locations. The length of the plastic hinge zone is calculated using the formula Lp= 0.05 z + 0.5 d Where, z is the distance from plastic hinge to the nearest point of zero moment and d is the effective depth of the section. The computed value, results in the length of plastic hinge zone approximately to 100mm and the fibers are dispersed upto twice the length of plastic zone. All the frames were tested after 28 days of curing. The frame is loaded at one end and the opposite end is supported on a flat base. Initial readings of dial gauges and demec gauges are taken before the start of loading. The loading on the specimen is carried out with the help of compression testing machine and the loading is read using the digital recorder installed in the machine. The machine is adjusted to a constant loading rate. Strains and deflections were noted at an interval of 5kN loading. The loading is carried out till the failure of the specimen i.e. where the reading in the loading digital recorder starts coming back.

Fig. 1 Frame mould with reinforcement

Fig. 2 Frame with fibers dispersed throughout (FLFFb01) Fig. 4 Experimental set-up for testing frames RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The test results have been plotted for Load vs. Deflection, Moment vs. Curvature to study the structural behavior of frame under the load. The performance evaluation is done by comparing FLFFb01 and FLPFb01 with FL01. The experimental results obtained from the tests are shown in table 1. Table 1 SI. Description FL01 FLFFb01 FLPFb01 No. 1 Pcr (kN) 25 30 28 2 Pul (kN) 80.3 95.73 91.5 3 v (mm) 8.03 9.8 9.3 4 H (mm) 3.25 4.28 3.85 Pcr - Load at first crack Pul - Ultimate load at failure H - Ultimate Horizontal Deflection v - Ultimate Vertical Deflection

Fig. 3 Frames with fibers dispersed at discrete zones (FLPFb01).

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 826-829

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Prashanth M H, Babu Narayan K S, Mahesh P relationships. The ductility by moment - curvature relationships is calculated as the ratio of area under the moment curvature plot for all the joints of a frame to the area under the moment curvature plot for all the joints of a Conventional RC frame.
MOMENT VS CURVATURE AT A 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-5 -1

Cracking Load It has been observed that the first crack for all the frames occurred either at joint A or C and started as opening up of the corner. The first cracking load has been increased by 20% and 12 % for FLFFb01 and FLPFb01 respectively compared to FL01. Ultimate Load Inclusion of fibers increases the ultimate load carrying capacity of the FLFFb01 and FLPFb01 to 19% and 14% respectively compared to FL01. This clearly shows that the ultimate load improvement was marginal between the FLFFb01 and FLPFb01. Load-Deflection Curves The ductility by load deflection curves is calculated as the ratio of Ultimate deflection at failure of any frame to Ultimate deflection at failure of a Conventional RC frame.
LOAD VS VERTICAL DEFLECTION

MOMENT (kN-m)

FL 01 FLFF 01 FLPFb 01

2.5

CURVATURE (x10 mm )

Fig. 7 Moment vs Curvature at joint A


MOMENT VS CURVATURE AT B

120
M O M EN T (kN -m )

100 LOAD (kN) 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 DEFLECTION (mm) FL 01 FLFFb 01 FLPFb 01

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3
-5

FL 01 FLFFb 01 FLPFb 01

4 mm )
-1

CURVATURE (x10

Fig. 8 Moment vs. Curvature at joint B


MOMENT VS CURVATURE AT C 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2
-5

Fig. 5 Load vs. Vertical deflection


M OM ENT (kN-m)

LOAD VS HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 DEFLECTION (mm)

FL 01 FLFFb 01 FLPFb 01

LOAD (kN)

FL 01 FLFFb 01 FLPFb 01

3
-1

CURVATURE (x10 mm )

Fig. 9 Moment vs. Curvature at joint C


MOMENT VS CURVATURE AT D 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3
-5 -1

Fig. 6 Load vs. Horizontal deflection The displacements recorded clearly shows that FLFFb01 and FLPFb01 allowed more displacement in both vertical and horizontal directions before failure compared to FL01, which imply enhancement in ductility. Moment-Curvature Relationship Moment-Curvature relationships have been drawn for section on either sides of a joint. Energy absorption capacity, which can be taken as a measure of ductility has been determined from area under the moment-curvature
MOMENT (kN-m)

FL 01 FLFFb 01 FLPFb 01

CURVATURE (x10 mm )

Fig. 10 Moment vs. Curvature at joint D

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 826-829

Experimental investigation of RC frames using fibers From the results, it has been observed that increase in ductility is of the order of 42% and 35% for FLFFb01 and FLPFb01 respectively when compared to FL01. Hence it is clear that though strength improvement is marginal between the FLFFb01 and FLPFb01, but ductility enhancement is substantial. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions can be deduced from the results and observations made from experimental investigations. 1) Inclusion of fibers increases both strength and ductility. 2) First cracking load is significantly increased when fibers are dispersed in reinforced concrete frames. 3) Load carrying capacity is substantially higher when fibers are dispersed in reinforced concrete frames vis--vis Conventional RC frames. The difference between frames with fibers throughout and fibers at discrete zones is very marginal. Hence, when strength enhancement alone is required, fibers can be limited to discrete zones. 4) From the load deflection curves and momentcurvature relationship, Ultimate deflection and the energy absorption capacity of frames with fibers throughout and only at discrete locations has suggested that, frames with fibers throughout are superior, which leads to the enhancement of ductility. REFERENCES [1] Bhimappa Holigar. Y (2002).Performance Enhancement of RCC Continuous Beams with inclusion of Synthetic Fibers- An Experimental Investigation, MTech Thesis, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal [2] Editorial.(1974).Fibre reinforced composites. Indian Concrete Journal. cemnt

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[4] Narayanan.R, and Kareem Palanjian A S.(1984) Effect of Fibre Addition on Concrete Strengths, Indian Concrete Journal, (4), 100-103. [5] Nianzhi Wang et al(1996). Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Impact Loading. Cement and Concrete Research, 26(3), 363-376. [6] Prakash. Jonganavar, (2003).Performance Enhancement of RCC columns with inclusion of Synthetic Fibres- An Experimental Investigation, M. Tech Thesis, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal [7] Rajagopalan K et.al. (1974), Strength of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams. Indian Concrete Journal, (1), 17-25. [8] Ronald F. Zollo.,(1997).Fibre Reinforced Concrete: an Overview after 30 Years of Development, Cement and Concrete Composites, , Vol. 19, 107122. [9] Romualdi and Batson,(1963).Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with closely spaced Reinforcement. Journal of ACI, Proc .60(6), 775790. [10] Swamy, R N(1974) Fibre Reinforced ConcreteMechanics, Properties and Applications, Indian Concrete Journal , 7-16. [11] Shah. S.P, and Rangan.B.V.(1971).Fibre Reinforced Concrete Properties, ACI Journal, Title No. 68-14,126-135. [12] Shah.S.P,(1991).Do Fibres Increase the Tensile Strength of Cement Based Matrices?, ACI Materials Journal, 88(6), 595-601. [13] Tang Jiuru. et. (1992).,Seismic Behaviour and Shear Strength of Framed Joint Using Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 118(2), 341-357.

[3] Laxmipathy M, and SanthaKumar,A.R.(1987). Moment Redistribution Characteristics of a Reinforced Fibrous Concrete Hinging Zone, Proc. of the International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Madras, India, 2.143-2.152.

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 826-829

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