Fracture First Aid

Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing. Immobilize the injured area. Don't try to realign the bone or push a bone that's sticking out back in. If you've been trained in how to splint and professional help isn't readily available, apply a splint to the area above and below the fracture sites. Padding the splints can help reduce discomfort. Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain until emergency personnel arrive. Don't apply ice directly to the skin wrap the ice in a towel, piece of cloth or some other material. Treat for shock. If the person feels faint or is breathing in short, rapid breaths, lay the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk and, if possible, elevate the legs. First Aid of Strain 1. Control Swelling With RICE Therapy

Rest the sprained or strained area. If necessary, use a sling for an arm injury or crutches for a leg or foot injury. Splint an injured finger or toe by taping it to an adjacent finger or toe. Ice for 20 minutes every hour. Never put ice directly against the skin or it may damage the skin. Use a thin cloth for protection. Compress by wrapping an elastic (Ace) bandage or sleeve lightly (not tightly) around the joint or limb. Specialized braces, such as for the ankle, can work better than an elastic bandage for removing the swelling. Elevate the area above heart level. 2. Manage Pain and Inflammation 3. See a Health Care Provider

Foreign body in the eye: Any object that lodges itself in the eye Small objects will be washed out by tears / blinking Others need medical attention.

Causes: Dust Debris Sand Contact lens Eye lash Make up

Flying objects like glass

Sign And Symptoms Itching Irritation Pain Sensitivity to bright light Blurry vision Treatment/ First Aid Wash hands before helping the victim Seat the person in a lighted area Gently examine the eye Pull lower eyelid downward Ask the person to look upward Then hold upper eyelid while person looks down If object is floating try flushing it out Otherwise, touch the object with wet cotton bud Object should cling to the cotton bud If object is removed, flush eyes with saline/warm water If object cannot be removed, see a doctor If object is embedded, do not touch Cover the eyes with paper cups and tape it Consult doctor immediately

Define the following terms: 1. Halitosis: The condition of having stale or foul-smelling breath. 2. Anorexia: Loss of appetite is called anorexia 3. Insomnia: Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. 4. Glositis:

Inflammation of the tongue. Glossitis is a condition in which the tongue is swollen and changes color, often making the surface of the tongue appear smooth.

5. Stomatits: Stomatitis, a general term for an inflamed and sore mouth, can disrupt a person's ability to eat, talk, and sleep. Stomatitis can occur anywhere in the mouth, including the inside of the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and palate. 6. Abscess: An abscess is a painful collection of pus caused by a bacterial infection. Types of abscess: a. Internal abscesses b. skin abscesses 7.Detergent: A water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble, and differs from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water.

What is epistaxis? Bleeding from nose Causes of anterior nosebleeds Sometimes, the cause of anterior nosebleeds is idiopathic (unknown). However, common causes include: Blowing your nose hard - also blowing your nose too frequently. Picking the inside of your nose - especially if this is done often, if the fingernails are long, and if the inside of the nose is already irritated or tender. A knock or blow to the nose - could damage the delicate blood vessels of the mucous membrane. Sinusitis - an inflammation of the sinuses (air-filled cavities of the bone and skull surrounding the nose)

A cold or flu - this could be for various reasons. Partly because people with colds andflu blow their nose more often - nose blowing raises the risk of nosebleeds. The inside of the nose may be irritated and tender during a vital infection, making it more susceptible to bleeding. Deviated septum - when the wall separating the two nostrils is off center, or deviated. Climate - hot climates with low humidity or changes from bitter cold to warm, dry climates can cause drying and cracking inside the nose, which can lead to a nosebleed. High altitude - as altitude increases, the availability of oxygen decreases, making the air thinner and drier. The dryness could cause the nose to bleed. Nasal allergies. Excessive use of certain kinds of medications, such as anticoagulants (blood thinners) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Ibuprofen. Liver disease can interfere with blood clotting and result in frequent and/or severe nosebleeds. Excessive use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine. CAUSES OF POSTERIOR NOSEBLEEDS: Hypertension (high blood pressure) Nasal surgery (surgery of the nose) Calcium deficiency First Aid of Epistaxis Sit upright and lean forward. By remaining upright, you reduce blood pressure in the veins of your nose. This discourages further bleeding. Sitting forward will help you avoid swallowing blood, which can irritate your stomach. Pinch your nose. Use your thumb and index finger to pinch your nostrils shut. Breathe through your mouth. Continue to pinch for five to 10 minutes. Pinching sends pressure to the bleeding point on the nasal septum and often stops the flow of blood. To prevent re-bleeding, don't pick or blow your nose and don't bend down for several hours after the bleeding episode. During this time remember to keep your head higher than the level of your heart. If re-bleeding occurs, blow out forcefully to clear your nose of blood clots and spray both sides of your nose with a decongestant nasal spray containing oxymetazoline (Afrin, Mucinex Moisture Smart, others). Pinch your nose again as described above and call your doctor. Seek medical care immediately if

What is Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC)? The PNC is an autonomous, regulatory body constituted under the Pakistan Nursing Council Act (1952, 1973) and empowered to register (license) Nurses, Midwives, Lady Health Visitors (LHVs) and Nursing Auxiliaries to practice in Pakistan. PNC was established in 1948. What are the functions of the PNC?

PNC sets the curriculum for the education of Nurses, Midwives, LHVs and Nursing Auxiliaries. PNC inspects educational institutions for approval based on established standards PNC provides registration (license) to practice. PNC maintains standards of education and practice. PNC works closely with the four provincial Nursing Examination Boards (NEBs). PNC plays and advisory role for the overall benefit of Nurses, Midwives, LHVs and Nursing Auxiliaries in the country. PNC maintains an advisory role for the Federal and Provincial Govement regarding nursing education and nursing services. PNC communicates policy decisions regarding nursing education and the welfare of nurses, taken in Council meetings, to Governments, Nursing Institutions, NEBs and Armed Forces Nursing Services for implementation. PNC prescribes penalties for fraudulent registration by intention of pretense, and removes persons from the Register for professional misconduct.

What is Pakistan Nurses Federation (PNF)? The Pakistan Nurses Federation (PNF) is an independent non-governmental professional association of nursing in Pakistan. The PNF was registered on July 6, 1972, by the Assistant Registrar, Joint Stock Companies, Lahore Region, under Societies Act 1860, as a successor to the Trained Nurses Association of Pakistan which was founded and duly registered in 1949. What are the functions of the PNF?

To work for the welfare and betterment of nurses, Midwives and health visitors in Pakistan and AJK. To pursue and enter into negotiations with concerned Government regarding matters pertaining to the welfare of nurses. To advance high ethical and professional standards among nurses. To bring professional knowledge and skills to the service and care of the sick. To improve nursing practice through in-service education. To publish a journal providing updated information in nursing. To endeavour to furnish legal aid to members, within the financial means of the PNF, when needed by them for the protection of their professional rights.

Organization of PNF PNF consists of branches in cities and districts across Pakistan. These branches report to the Provincial Nurses Associations (PNA) in each province. The PNAs, in turn, communicate directly with the national body of the PNF.