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EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD prEN 1993-3 : 20xx
PRNORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE VORNORM 6
th
December 2000
UDC
Descriptors:
English version
Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 3 : Buildings
Calcul des structures en acier Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten
Partie 3 : Teil 3 :
Ingnierie du btiment Hochbau
CEN
European Committee for Standardisation
Comit Europen de Normalisation
Europisches Komitee fr Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
20xx Copyright reserved to all CEN members Ref. No. EN 1993-3 : 20xx. E
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Content Page
Foreword 3
Objectives of the Eurocodes 3
Background to the Eurocode program 3
Eurocode program 3
Matters specific to this Standard 4
1 General 4
1.1 Scope 4
1.2 Definitions 4
2 Basis of Design 5
3 Material 5
4 Durability 5
5 Structural Analysis 5
5.1 General 5
5.2 Elastic critical flexural buckling loads for compression members 5
5.2.1 Columns in buildings 5
5.2.2 Members in triangulated and lattice structures 7
5.2.3 Hollow sections in lattice structures 8
5.2.4 Angles as web members 9
5.2.5 Portal frames with haunches 9
5.3 Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling 9
5.3.1 Elastic critical buckling load for compression members 9
5.3.2 Elastic critical moment for beams 10
6 Ultimate limit states 14
6.1 General 14
6.2 Actions in buildings 14
6.3 Resistance 14
6.3.1 Restraint criteria to avoid lateral torsional buckling verification 14
6.3.2 Simplified M-N-verification 15
6.4 Verifications of particular structures 16
6.4.1 Roof trusses and lattice girders 16
6.4.2 Built-up compression members 16
6.4.3 Design of slim floor beams 25
7 Serviceability limit states 25
7.1 Modelling assumptions 25
7.2 Requirements 25
7.2.1 General 25
7.2.2 Deformations 25
7.2.3 Dynamic effects 27
8 Portal frames 28
8.1 In-plane stability 28
8.2 Cross-sectional limitations 29
8.3 Stability out-of-plane for plastic analysis 30
8.4 Member with intermediate restraints to the tension flange 33
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Foreword
Objectives of the Eurocodes
(1) The Structural Eurocodes comprise a group of standards for the structural and geotechnical design
of buildings and civil engineering works.
(2) They cover execution and control only to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the
construction products, and the standard of the workmanship, needed to comply with the assumptions of the
design rules.
Background to the Eurocode program
(3) The Commission of the European Communities (CEC) initiated the work of establishing a set of
harmonised technical rules for the design of building and civil engineering works which would initially serve
as an alternative to the different rules in force in the various member states and would ultimately replace
them. These technical rules became known as the Structural Eurocodes.
(4) In 1990, after consulting their respective member states, the CEC transferred the work of further
development, issue and updating of the Structural Eurocodes to CEN, and the EFTA Secretariat agreed to
support the CEN work.
(5) CEN Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.
Eurocode program
(6) Work is in hand on the following Structural Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of parts:
EN 1990 Eurocode 0 Basis of design;
EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures;
EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures;
EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures;
EN 1994 Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures;
EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures;
EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures;
EN 1997 Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design;
EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures;
EN 1999 Eurocode 9 Design of aluminium alloy structures.
(7) Separate sub-committees have been formed by CEN/TC 250 for the various Eurocodes listed above.
(8) This Part 3 of Eurocode 3 is published by CEN as a European Standard (EN) with an initial life of five
years.
(9) Meanwhile feedback and comments on this Standard should be sent to the secretariat of CEN/TC
250/SC 3 at the following address:
BSI Standards, British Standards House
389 Chiswick High Road
London W4 4AL
England
or to your national standards organisation.
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Matters specific to this Standard
(10) The Parts of EN 1993 that are currently envisaged are:
EN 1993-1-1 General rules: Common rules for steel structures;
EN 1993-1-2 General rules: Structural fire design;
EN 1993-1-3 General rules: Supplementary rules for cold-formed thin gauge members and
sheeting;
EN 1993-1-4 General rules: Supplementary rules for stainless steels;
EN 1993-1-5 General rules: Supplementary rules for the strength and stability of planar plated
structures without transverse loading;
EN 1993-1-6 General rules: Strength and stability of shell structures;
EN 1993-1-7 General rules: Strength of planar plated structures transversely loaded;
EN 1993-1-8 General rules: Design of joints;
EN 1993-1-9 General rules: Fatigue strength of steel structures;
EN 1993-1-10 General rules: Fracture toughness assessment for steel structures;
EN 1993-1-11 General rules: Use of high strength cables;
EN 1993-2 Steel bridges;
EN 1993-3 Steel buildings;
EN 1993-4-1 Silos, tanks and pipelines: Silos;
EN 1993-4-2 Silos, tanks and pipelines: Tanks;
EN 1993-4-3 Silos, tanks and pipelines: Pipelines;
EN 1993-5 Piling;
EN 1993-6 Crane supporting structures;
EN 1993-7-1 Towers, masts and chimneys: Towers and masts;
EN 1993-7-1 Towers, masts and chimneys: Chimneys;
1 General
1.1 Scope
(1) This Part applies to the design of buildings in steel.
(2) This Part includes rules for the design of structural framing of the type most likely to be found in
building structures.
(3) This Part includes only some of the rules necessary for the design of building structures. For a more
complete treatment reference should be made to all the general Parts of EN 1993 of which Parts 1.1 and 1.8
are likely to be the most relevant.
1.2 Definitions
Sway: Horizontal deflections have to be considered.
Non-sway: Horizontal deflections are negligible for each ULS load case.
Braced: ...
Unbraced: ...
Draft note: ... to be completed. The definitions sway and non-sway will be removed and relevant
clauses will be modified.
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2 Basis of Design
(1)P The building shall be designed in accordance with Annex A1 of EN 1990.
3 Material
Draft note: Only one sentence
4 Durability
(1) Buildings with an internal structure protected by a facade normally dont need any corrosion
protection.
Draft note: This is the case for an internal relative humidity less or equal to 80%.
5 Structural Analysis
5.1 General
(1) In general for wide flange girders with bending and shear the flange area need not be reduced to an
effective area due to shear lag, except in cases where peak stresses can not be relieved due to plasticity (e. g.
stability problems). For large point loads the reduced effective area of very broad flanges may increase the
bending deformations considerably, so that this influence must be considered for the serviceability limit
state.
(2) As a simplified method for the calculation of action effects following a first-order analysis, see prEN
1993-1-1 5.2.1, the plastic global analysis may be replaced by an elastic global analysis and modifying the
calculated elastic bending moments by redistributing up to 15 % of the peak calculated moment in any
member, provided, that:
a) the internal forces and moments in the frame remain in equilibrium with the applied loads, and
b) all the members in which the moments are reduced have Class 1 or Class 2 cross-sections (see prEN
1993-1-1, 5.5).
5.2 Elastic critical flexural buckling loads for compression members
5.2.1 Columns in buildings
(1) The buckling length L
cr
of a column in a non-sway mode may be obtained from Figure 5.1.
(2) The buckling length L
cr
of a column in a sway mode may be obtained from Figure 5.2.
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Figure 5.1: Buckling length ratio L
cr
/ L for a column in a non-sway mode
Draft note: Figure to be improved.
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Figure 5.2: Buckling length ratio L
cr
/ L for a column in a sway mode
Draft note: Figure to be improved.
5.2.2 Members in triangulated and lattice structures
(1) For chord members generally and for out-of-plane buckling of web members, the buckling length L
cr
shall be taken as equal to the system length L, unless a smaller value is justified by analysis.
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(2) Web members may be designed fir in-plane buckling using a buckling length smaller than the system
length, provided the chords supply appropriate end restraint and the end connections supply appropriate
fixity (at least 2 bolts if bolted).
(3) Under these conditions, in normal triangulated structures the buckling length L
cr
of web members for
in-plane buckling may be taken as 0,9L, except for angle sections, see 5.2.4.
5.2.3 Hollow sections in lattice structures
Draft note: This chapter will be updated.
(1) The buckling length L
cr
of a hollow section chord member should be taken as 0,9L for both in-plane
and out-of-plane buckling, where L is the system length for the relevant plane, unless a smaller value is
justified by analysis.
(2) The buckling length L
cr
of an I or H section chord member should be taken as 0,9L for in-plane
buckling and 1,0L for out-of-plane buckling, unless a smaller value is justified by analysis.
(3) The buckling length L
cr
of a hollow section brace member with bolted connections should be taken as
1,0L for both in-plane and out-of-plane buckling.
(4) The buckling length L
cr
of a hollow section brace member without cropping or flattening, welded
around its perimeter to hollow section chords, may generally be taken as 0,75L for both in-plane and out-of-
plane buckling. Alternatively its buckling length may be determined by using the expressions given in Table
5.1.
(5) If the conditions at each end of brace member differ, the buckling length L
cr
should be taken as the
arithmetic mean of the respective values of the two end conditions.
Table 5.1: In-plane and out-plane buckling length factors for hollow section
brace members welded to hollow section chords
Chord member Brace member L
cr
/L
CHS CHS
25 , 0
0
2
1 cr
Ld
d
2 , 2
L
L
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
but L
cr
/L 0,6 and L
cr
/L 0,75
CHS
25 , 0
0
2
1 cr
Lb
d
35 , 2
L
L
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
but L
cr
/L 0,6 and L
cr
/L 0,75
RHS
RHS
In-plane
25 , 0
0
2
1 cr
Lb
b
3 , 2
L
L
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
but L
cr
/L 0,6 and L
cr
/L 0,75
Out-of-plane
25 , 0
0
2
1 cr
Lb
h
3 , 2
L
L
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
but L
cr
/L 0,6 and L
cr
/L 0,75
where:
CHS denotes a circular hollow section member,
RHS denotes a rectangular hollow section member,
b
0
is the width of a rectangular hollow section chord member (out-of-plane),
b
1
is the width of a rectangular hollow section brace member (out-of-plane),
d
0
is the diameter of a circular hollow section chord member,
d
1
is the diameter of a circular hollow section brace member,
h
1
is the height of a rectangular hollow section chord member (in-plane),
L is the system length of a brace member.
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Draft note: Should UK-comment to table K.2 of ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 be taken into account?
5.2.4 Angles as web members
(1) Provided that the chords supply appropriate end restraint to the web members and the end connections
of the web members supply appropriate fixity (at least two bolts if bolted), the eccentricities may be
neglected and end fixities allowed for in the design of angles as web members in compression. The effective
slenderness ratio
eff
should be obtained as follows:
v v . eff 7 , 0 35 , 0 + for buckling about v-v axis
y y . eff 7 , 0 50 , 0 + for buckling about y-y axis (5.1)
z z . eff 7 , 0 50 , 0 + for buckling about z-z axis
where is as defined in EN1993-1-1.
(2) When only single bolts are used for end connections of angle web members or when the end
connection has poor stiffness, the eccentricity should be taken into account using EN1993-1-1 and the
buckling length L
cr
should be taken as equal to the system length L.
5.2.5 Portal frames with haunches
=> ... see chapter 8.
5.3 Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling
5.3.1 Elastic critical buckling load for compression members
(1) The elastic torsional-flexural buckling force N
cr.TF
is generally given by the solution of the following
cubic equation
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) 0 N N N y N N N z
i N N N N N N
z . cr
2 2
0 y . cr
2 2
0
2
0 T . cr z . cr y . cr


(5.2)
where N
cr.y
is the elastic critical force for flexural buckling about the y-y axis
N
cr.z
is the elastic critical force for flexural buckling about the z-z axis
]
]
]
,

,
+
2
T
w
2
t 2
0
T . cr
EI
GI
i
1
N
l

2
0
2
0
2
z
2
y
2
0
z y i i i + + +
G is the shear modulus
I
t
is the torsion constant of the gross cross-section
I
w
is the warping constant of the gross cross-section
i
y
is the radius of gyration of the gross cross-section about the y-y axis
i
z
is the radius of gyration of the gross cross-section about the z-z axis
y
0
, z
0
are the shear centre co-ordinates with respect to the centroid of the gross cross-section
T
is the effective elastic torsional buckling length.
(2) For doubly symmetric cross-sections (e.g. y
0
= z
0
= 0)
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T . cr TF . cr
N N (5.3)
provided N
cr.T
< N
cr.y
and N
cr.z
.
(3) For cross-sections that are symmetrical about the y-y axis (e.g. x
0
= 0)
]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+
y . cr
T . cr
2
0
0
2
y . cr
T . cr
y . cr
T . cr
y . cr
TF . cr
N
N
i
y
4
N
N
1
N
N
1
2
N
N

(5.4)
where
2
0
0
i
y
1
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(4) The buckling length L
cr,T
for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be determined taking into
account the degree of torsional and warping restraint at each end of the system length L
T
.
(5) The value of L
cr,T
/L
T
=1,0 should be used if not analysed otherwise.
5.3.2 Elastic critical moment for beams
5.3.2.1 General formula for cross-sections symmetrical about minor axis
(1) In the case of a beam of uniform cross-section that is symmetrical about the minor axis, for bending
about the major axis the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling is given by the general formula:

]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
] z C - z [C - ) z C - z (C +
EI
GI ) (kL
+
I
I
k
k

) (kL
EI
C =
M
j 3 g 2
2
j 3 g 2
z
2
t
2
z
w
2
w
2
z
2
1 cr

(5.5)
where
) + (1 2
E
= G

I
t
is the torsion constant
I
w
is the warping constant
I
z
is the second moment of area about the minor axis
L is the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint.
C
1
, C
2
and C
3
are factors depending on the loading and end restraint conditions
k and k
w
are effective length factors
z
g
=z
a
- z
s
( )

+
A y
2 2
s j
dA
I
z
z y 5 , 0 z z
z
a
is the coordinate of the point of load application
z
s
is the coordinate of the shear centre
NOTE: See 5.3.2.1(6) and (7) for sign conventions and 5.3.2.3(2) for approximations for z
j
(2) The effective length factors k and k
w
vary from 0,5 for full restraint to 1,0 for no restraint, with 0,7 for
one end fixed and one end free. The normal conditions of restraint at each end are:
k = k
w
= 1,0
restrained against lateral movement, free to rotate on plan
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restrained against rotation about the longitudinal axis, free to warp
restrained against movement in plane of loading, free to rotate in plan
NOTE:
the factor k refers to end rotation on plan. It is analogous to the ratio /L for a compression
member
the factor k
w
refers to end warping
(3) Unless special provision for warping restraint is made, k
w
should be taken as 1,0.
(4) Values of C
1
, C
2
and C
3
are given in Table 5.2 and Table 5.3 for various load cases, as indicated by the
shape of the bending moment diagram over the length L between lateral restraints. Values are given
corresponding to various values of k and in Table 5.3 also corresponding to various values of k
w
.
(5) For cases with k = 1,0 the value of C
1
for doubly symmetric profiles and any ratio of end moment
loading as indicated in Table 5.2, is given approximately by:
70 , 2 C but 52 , 0 40 , 1 88 , 1 C
1
2
1
+ (5.6)
(6) The sign convention for determining z
j
, see Figure 5.3, is:
z is negative for the compression flange
z
j
is positive when the flange with the larger value of I
z
is in compression at the point of largest
moment.
Draft note: According to Prof. Ivan Balaz this sentence is not correct and should be deleted e.g. see fixed
beams. z
j
is clearly defined by ( )

+
A y
2 2
s j
dA
I
z
z y 5 , 0 z z
(7) The sign convention for determining z
g
is:
for gravity loads z
g
is negative for loads applied above the shear centre
in the general case z
g
is negative for loads acting towards the shear centre from their point of
application.
Draft note: Prof. Ivan Balaz suggests that sign convention should be changed. Reference is also made to
DIN 18800 T2 and the format of Eq.(19).
5.3.2.2 Beams with uniform doubly symmetric cross-sections
(1) The elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling of a beam of uniform symmetrical cross-
section with equal flanges, z
j
=0:

]
]
]
]
,
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
g 2
2
g 2
z
2
t
2
z
w
2
w
2
z
2
1 cr
z C - ) z (C +
EI
GI ) (kL
+
I
I
k
k

) (kL
EI

C
=
M

(5.7)
(2) For end-moment loading C
2
= 0 and for transverse loads applied at the shear centre z
g
= 0. For these
cases:

EI
GI ) (kL
+
I
I
k
k
) (kL
EI

C
=
M
z
2
t
2
z
w
2
w
2
z
2
1 cr

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
(5.8)
(3) For normal conditions of restraint at each end, k = k
w
= 1,0:
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EI
GI L
+
I
I
L
EI

C
=
M
z
2
t
2
z
w
2
z
2
1 cr

(5.9)
Table 5.2: Values of factors C1, C2 and C3 corresponding to values of factor k:
End moment loading
Values of factors
Loading and support
conditions
Bending moment diagram
Values
of k
C
1
C
2
C
3
= + 1
1,0
0,7
0,5
1,000
1,000
1,000
-
1,000
1,113
1,144
= + 3/4
1,0
0,7
0,5
1,141
1,270
1,305
-
0,998
1,565
2,283
= + 1/2
1,0
0,7
0,5
1,323
1,473
1,514
-
0,992
1,556
2,271
= + 1/4 1,0
0,7
0,5
1,563
1,739
1,788
-
0,977
1,531
2,235
= 0 1,0
0,7
0,5
1,879
2,092
2,150
-
0,939
1,473
2,150
= - 1/4
1,0
0,7
0,5
2,281
2,538
2,609
-
0,855
1,340
1,957
= - 1/2
1,0
0,7
0,5
2,704
3,009
3,093
-
0,676
1,059
1,546
= - 3/4
1,0
0,7
0,5
2,927
3,009
3,093
-
0,366
0,575
0,837

= - 1 1,0
0,7
0,5
2,752
3,063
3,149
-
0,000
0,000
0,000
Table 5.3: Values of factors C1, C2 and C3 corresponding to values of factor k:
Transverse loading cases
Values of factors Loading and support
conditions
Bending moment
diagram
Values
of k C
1
C
2
C
3
w 1,0
0,5
1,132
0,972
0,459
0,304
0,525
0,980
w
1,0
0,5
1,285
0,712
1,562
0,652
0,753
1,070
F 1,0
0,5
1,365
1,070
0,553
0,432
1,730
3,050
F
1,0
0,5
1,565
0,938
1,267
0,715
2,640
4,800
F
= = = =
F
cL
1,0
0,5
1,046
1,010
0,430
0,410
1,120
1,890
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5.3.2.3 Beams with uniform monosymmetric cross-sections with unequal flanges
(Compression)
(Tension)
Shear centre
Centroid
z
s
y
z
(Compression)
(Tension)
Shear centre
Centroid
z
s
y
z
Figure 5.3: Sign convention for determining z
j
((Sign convention should be changed))
Draft note: Modifications proposed by Prof. Ivan Balaz
(1) For an I-section with unequal flanges:
( )
2
s
z
2
f w
2
h
I 1 I (
,
\
,
(
j
(5.10)
where
ft fc
ft fc
f
I I
I I
+

I
fc
is the second moment of area of the compression flange about the minor axis of the cross-section
I
ft
is the second moment of area of the tension flange about the minor axis of the cross-section
h
s
is the distance between the shear centres of the flanges.
(2) The following approximations for z
j
can be used:
0 when
2
h
8 , 0 z
f
s
f j
(5.11)
0 when
2
h
z
f
s
f j
< (5.12)
for sections with a lipped compression flange:
0 when
2
h
h
h
1 8 , 0 z
f
s L
f j
(
,
\
,
(
j
+ (5.13)
0 when
2
h
h
h
1 z
f
s L
f j
< (
,
\
,
(
j
+ (5.14)
where h
L
is the depth of the lip.
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6 Ultimate limit states
6.1 General
Only one sentence.
6.2 Actions in buildings
(1)P Actions shall be determined in accordance with the relevant Parts of EN 1991 and requirements
related to the intended use of the building.
(2)P The design of a building structure to resist accidental actions from impact and explosions specified in
EN 1991-1-7 may assume that it is acceptable for the structure to sustain some damage, provided that the
damage is not disproportionate to the cause.
(3) The potential damage should be limited or avoided by appropriate choice of one or more of the
following:
- Avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards that the structure is to sustain
- Selecting a structural form that has the low sensitivity to the hazards considered
- Selecting a structural form and design that can survive adequately the accidental removal of an
individual element
- Tying the structure together.
Draft note: By including this paragraph from ENV 1993-1-1 here in section 6 there is no longer any need
for section 8.
6.3 Resistance
6.3.1 Restraint criteria to avoid lateral torsional buckling verification
Draft note: (See German comment or DIN 18800, Teil 2, 3.3.2 Behinderung der Verformung).
(1) Members with masonry bracing according to ENV 1996 permanently connected to the compression
flange may be considered to have sufficient lateral restraint if the thickness of the masonry is not less than
0,3 times the height of the cross section of the member.
Figure 6.1: Lateral restraint (masonry bracing)
Draft note: It has to be checked if the requirements in ENV 1996 are sufficient for the allowance given
above.
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(2) If trapezoidal sheeting according to ENV 1993-1-3 is connected to a beam and the condition expressed
by equation (6.1) is met, the beam at the connection may be regarded as being laterally restrained in the
plane of the sheeting.
2
2
2
2
2
2
70
25 0
h
h ,
l
EI GI
l
EI S
z t w
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

+ +

(6.1)
where S is the portion of the shear stiffness provided by the sheeting for the examined beam connected
to the sheeting at each rib.
w
I is the warping constant
t
I
is the torsion constant
z
I is the second moment of area of the cross section about the minor axis of the cross section
If the sheeting is connected to a beam at every second rib only, S shall be substituted by S , 20 0 .
NOTE: Eq. (6.1) may also be used to determine the lateral stability of beam flanges used in
combination with other types of cladding than trapezoidal sheeting, provided that the connections are
of suitable design.
Draft note: It has to be checked if the requirements in ENV 1993-1-3 are sufficient for the allowance given
above.
6.3.2 Simplified M-N-verification
6.3.2.1 General
(1) Unless verification is carried according to prEN1993-1-1, the following can be used where a
distinction is made for:
- members that are not susceptible to torsional deformations, e.g. hollow sections
- members that are susceptible to torsional deformations, e.g. open cross-sections.
(2) In addition, the resistance of the cross-sections at each end of the member shall satisfy the
requirements according to 6.1 of prEN1993-1-1.
6.3.2.2 Members with hollow sections
(1) Members subject to major or minor axis bending and axial compression should satisfy the rules of
6.3.3.2 in prEN1993-1-1.
(2) For members in braced frames subject to major axis bending and axial compression may satisfy:
0 , 1
0 , 1
,
,
, ,
,

+
+
Rd c z
Sd
Rd y
y Sd y y m
y
Rd c y
Sd
N
N
M
M M C
k
N
N

(6.2)
with M
y
= 0 for class 1, 2 or 3 cross sections,
M
y
= Ne for class 4 cross sections
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(3) For members subject to minor axis bending M
z,Sd
and axial compression N
Sd
the equation in (2) should
be used provided the relevant terms in (2) are replaced by M
z
, e
N,z
, W
z
,
z
, k
z
and C
m,z
accordingly.
6.3.2.3 Members with open sections
(1) Members subject to major axis bending and axial compression shall satisfy:
0 , 1
M
0 , 1
0 , 1
M
,
y ,
,
,
y , ,
,

+
+

+
+
Rd y LT
Sd y
Rd c z
Sd
Rd y LT
Sd y y m
y
Rd c y
Sd
M
M
N
N
M
M C
k
N
N


(6.3)
where N
Sd
, and M
y,Sd
are the design values of the compression force and the moments about the y-y axis,
respectively
1 M
y
Rd , c
f
A N

where A is given in prEN1993-1-1

y
and
z
are the reduction factors from prEN1993-1-1 due to flexural buckling

LT
is the reduction factor from prEN1993-1-1 due to lateral-torsional buckling
1 M
y
y Rd , y
f
W M

where W
y
is given in prEN1993-1-1
k
y
is the moment amplification factors, see prEN1993-1-1
C
m,y
is the equivalent uniform moment factors, see prEN1993-1-1
6.4 Verifications of particular structures
6.4.1 Roof trusses and lattice girders
(1) Triangulated lattice girders and roof trusses may generally be modelled as pin-jointed, even if the
chords or rafters are physically continuous. Bending stresses due to forces applied on truss members between
the nodes have to be taken into account. In general in the design of single truss members bending stresses
due to wind loads on the surface of the members and bending stresses due to the self weight of tension
members need not be allowed for.
6.4.2 Built-up compression members
6.4.2.1 General
(1) The design procedures given in this clause apply only to built-up members with two similar parallel
chords of uniform cross-section. The chords are interconnected either by lacings or batten-plates that are
uniformly spaced throughout the length of the member.
(2) The design procedure is also applicable to a member with four chords made of equal-leg angles with
lacing in both directions.
(3) The chords may be solid members or may themselves be laced or battened in the perpendicular plane.
6.4.2.2 Buckling resistance of chords
(1) Each chord of a pin-ended built-up member subject to compression and bending should be verified
against buckling as follows:
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0 , 1
N
N
Rd , b
Sd , f
(6.4)
whereN
f,Sd
is the design value of the compression force at mid-length of the chord
and N
b,Rd
is the design buckling resistance of the chord.
(2) In addition, the resistance of cords at intermediate panels of battened members should be verified
according to 6.4.2.5.4.
(3) The buckling length L
cr
is equal to the system length between lacing joints or centrelines of battens,
see Figure 6.2 and Figure 6.3. In a member with four chords made of equal-leg angles with lacing in both
directions, the buckling length L
cr
for buckling about the weakest axis depends on the arrangement of the
lacings, see Figure 6.3.
Figure 6.2: Laced compression members
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Figure 6.3: Buckling length of angle chords in laced members
(4) The nominal design force N
f,Sd
should be obtained as:
eff
f 0 Sd , f
Sd Sd . f
I 2
A h M
N 5 , 0 N + (6.5)
where
v
Sd
cr
Sd
Sd 0 Sd
Sd , f
S
N
N
N
1
M e N
M

+

500
e
0
l

2
eff
2
cr
EI
N
l

N
Sd
is the design value of the compression force
M
Sd
is the design value of the moment at mid-length
h
0
is the distance between the centroids of chords
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A
f
is the cross-sectional area of one chord
I
eff
is the effective second order moment of area
l is the length of the built-up compression member
and S
v
is the shear stiffness of the lacings or batten plates.
(5) Values of S
v
for various lacing systems are given in Figure 6.2, whereas the shear stiffness of batten
plates is given in 6.4.2.5.4.
NOTE: S
v
is the shear force required to produce unit shear deformation.
(6) The effective second order moment of area I
eff
are given in 6.4.2.4.2 and 6.4.2.5.2 for laced and
battened compression members, respectively.
6.4.2.3 Resistance of end panels
(1) The nominal shear design force V
f,Sd
should be obtained as:
l
Sd , f
Sd , f
M
V (6.6)
with M
f,Sd
from 6.4.2.2.
(2) At the end panels of built-up members the following effects are to be considered:
(a) Laced members
For equal spacing of lacings additional verification of the resistance of the chords is not needed.
The resistance of lattice members and their joints to the chords should be checked for axial forces due
to the nominal shear design force V
f,Sd
.
The design value of the axial force N
Sd
in a diagonal lacing is given by:
0
Sd , f
Sd
nh
d V
N (6.7)
with d, n and h
0
from Figure 6.2.
(b) Battened members
The resistance of chords and batten plates should be verified according to 6.4.2.5.4.
6.4.2.4 Laced compression members
6.4.2.4.1 Constructional details
(1) Where possible, single lacing systems on opposite side of the main components shall be corresponding
system as shown in Figure 6.4(a), arranged so that one is the shadow of the other.
(2) Single lacing systems on opposite sides of the main components shall not be mutually opposed in
direction as shown in Figure 6.4(b), unless the resulting torsional deformation of the main components can
be accepted.
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Figure 6.4: Single lacing system on opposite sides of main components
(3) Tie panels shall be provided at the ends of lacing systems, at points where the lacing is interrupted and
at joints with other members.
(4) Tie panels may take the form of battens conforming with 6.4.2.3; alternatively cross braced panels of
similar rigidity may be used.
(5) Except for these tie panels, if other components perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member
are combined with double intersection lacing systems mutually opposed in direction on opposite sides of the
main components (see Figure 6.5(b), the resulting internal forces produced in the lacings due to the
continuity of the main components shall be determined and allowed for in the design of lacings and their end
joints.
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Figure 6.5: Lacing systems combined with other components perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the member
6.4.2.4.2 Second moment of area
(1) The effective second order moment of area I
eff
of a laced compression member with two main
components should be taken as:
f
2
0 eff
A h 5 , 0 I
(6.8)
whereA
f
is the cross-sectional area of one chord
and h
0
is the distance between the centroids of chords
6.4.2.5 Battened compression members
6.4.2.5.1 Constructional details
(1) Battens shall be supplied at each end of the member.
(2) Battens should also be supplied at intermediate points where loads are applied or lateral restraint is
supplied.
(3) Intermediate battens should be supplied to divide the length of the member into at least 3 panels. There
should be at least 3 panels between points that are taken as laterally restrained in the plane of the battens. As
far as possible, the intermediate battens should be spaced and proportioned uniformly throughout the length
of the member.
(4) Where parallel planes of battens are supplied, the battens in each plane should be arranged opposite
each other.
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(5) When S
v
is evaluated disregarding the flexibility of the batten plates themselves (see 6.4.2.5.4(3), the
width of an end batten of the member should not be less than h
0
, and the width of an intermediate batten
should not be less than 0,5h
0
, where h
0
is the distance between the centroids of the chords.
6.4.2.5.2 Shear stiffness
(1) Unless the flexibility of the batten plates is explicitly taken into account in the evaluation of S
v
, the
battens should also satisfy:
a
I
10
h
nI
f
0
b
(6.9)
where I
b
is the in-plane second moment of area of one batten
I
f
is the in-plane second moment of area of one chord
h
0
is the distance between the centroids of chords
a is the system length between centrelines of battens
and n is the number of planes of battens.
(2) Provided that the criterion in (6) is satisfied, the shear stiffness S
v
should be taken as:
2
f
2
v
a
EI 2
S

(6.10)
(3) When the criterion in (6) is not satisfied, the flexibility of the battens plates should be taken into
account by obtaining S
v
from:
]
]
]
,

,
+

a
h
nI
I 2
1 a
EI 24
S
0
b
f 2
f
v
but
2
f
2
v
a
EI 2
S

(6.11)
6.4.2.5.3 Second moment of area
(1) The effective second order moment of area I
eff
of a battened compression member with two main
components should be taken as:
f f
2
0 eff
I 2 A h 5 , 0 I + (6.12)
with obtained from the following:
1 for 75
75
2

for 75 < < 150
0 for 150
in which
0
i
l

where I
f
is the in-plane second moment of area of one chord
f
1
0
A 2
I
i
and I
1
is the value of I
eff
with = 1.
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6.4.2.5.4 Moments and shears due to battening
(1) The battens, their joints to the chords and the chord themselves should be checked for the moments
and forces in the end panel as indicated in Figure 6.6.
Figure 6.6: Battened compression members
(2) For the purpose of this check, the axial force in each chord may be taken as 0,5N
Sd
even when there
are only three panels in the length of the member.
(3) In the case of chords with unsymmetric cross-sections (such as channels) the reduced plastic resistance
moments for use in the expression given in Part 1.1 may be taken as the mean values for positive and
negative bending moments for the purpose of this check.
6.4.2.6 Closely spaced built-up members
(1) Built-up compression members such as those shown in Figure 6.7, with main components in contact or
closely spaced and connected through packing plates, need not be treated as battened members provided they
are connected together by bolts or welds at a spacing of not more than 15i
min
, where i
min
is the minimum
radius of gyration of a main component.
Figure 6.7: Closely spaced built-up members
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(2) The interconnecting bolts or welds should be designed to transmit the longitudinal shear between the
main components derived from the internal shear force V
s
.
(3) V
s
may be taken as 2,5% of the axial force in the member. Alternatively V
s
may be determined as in
6.4.2.3.
(4) The longitudinal shear per interconnection may be taken as 0,25V
s
a/i
min
, where a is the system length
of the main components centre-to-centre of interconnections.
6.4.2.7 Star-battened angle members
(1) Built-up compression members consisting of two similar angle members connected by pairs of battens
in two perpendicular planes as shown in Figure 6.8, may be checked for buckling about the y-y axis as a
single integral member, provided that the buckling lengths in the two perpendicular planes y-y and z-z are
equal and provided that the spacing of pairs of battens is not more than 70i
min
, where i
min
is the minimum
radius of gyration of one angle.
(2) In the case of unequal-leg angles it may be assumed that:
15 , 1
i
i
0
y
(6.13)
where i
0
is the minimum radius of gyration of the built-up member.
Figure 6.8: Star-battened angle members
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6.4.3 Design of slim floor beams
(1) In the design of slim floor beams, the tension flanges of which provide support for floor plates, the
interaction of the moment resistance of the beam M
pl,Rd
and the transverse bending of the flange m
Sd
should
be taken into account.
(2) The flange bending may be calculated using a line load from the support of the floor plates situated at
the edge of the beam flange.
(3) The interaction between the plastic moment resistance of the floor beam M
pl,Rd
and the transverse
bending of the flange my be considered by
Rd pl
Sd
Rd pl
Rd m pl
m
m
M
M
, ,
, ,
1 , 0 1 (6.14)
7 Serviceability limit states
7.1 Modelling assumptions
(1) For the verification of serviceability limit states, account may be taken of the collaboration of partition
walls, cladding, etc in combination with the corresponding permanent and variable actions.
(2) In case the verification of serviceability limit states is performed with statically determinated beams,
which in fact are behaving as continuous beams, the requirements given under 7.2 may be relaxed by 20%.
(3) When preloaded bolts are used in Category B connections (see EN1993-1-8) the requirements in 8.2.5
for slip resistance at the serviceability limit state shall be satisfied (see EN1993-1-1).
7.2 Requirements
7.2.1 General
(1) Steel structures and components shall be so proportioned that deflections are within the limits agreed
between the client, the designer and the competent authority as being appropriate to the intended use and
occupancy of the building and the nature of the materials to be supported.
7.2.2 Deformations
(1)P Vertical deflections are represented schematically in Figure 7.1. They are defined as follows:

c
Precamber in the unloaded state.

max
Deflection determined from precamber, considering the appropriate combination of actions.

G
The part of the deflection due to permanent actions (including long term deformations).

Q
The part of the deflection due to the variable actions.
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max

Q
L
Figure 7.1: Definition of vertical deflections
(2) The limiting design values of calculated deflections depend on the serviceability requirements. Table
7.1 recommends limiting design values for calculated deflections.
Table 7.1: Example for limiting design values for deflections as a function of
span L, or twice the length of a cantilever
Serviceability requirement Characteristic combination of actions
Deflection
max

c
Irreversible limit states - Limit deformations to control cracking for particular elements
Partitions:
brittle partition walls(not reinforced) L/500
reinforced partition walls L/350
removable partition walls L/250
Ceilings:
plastered ceiling L/350
false ceiling L/250
Flooring:
rigid flooring (e.g. ceramic, tiles,...) L/500
flexible flooring (e.g. flexible floor covering) L/250
Irreversible Limit States - Limit deflection to ensure drainage of water
Roof covering:
rigid covering L/250
flexible covering L/125
(3) Horizontal deflections are represented schematically in Figure 7.2. They are defined as follows:
u Overall horizontal displacement.
u Horizontal displacement over a storey height.
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H
u
u
H
L
Figure 7.2: Definition of horizontal deflections
(4) Recommended limiting design values for a building height smaller or equal to 50 m are given in Table
7.2.
Table 7.2: Examples for limiting design values of horizontal deflections as a
function of height H of the building, storey height H or span L
Combination of actions
Serviceability requirement
Characteristic
Partitions u H/500
Appearance of the structure u H/250
7.2.3 Dynamic effects
(1)P The vibrations of structure on which the public can walk shall be limited to avoid significant
discomfort to users.
(2) The natural frequency (f) may be calculated as an approximation for simply supported beams as
follows:

8 , 15
f (7.1)
where is the deflection in [mm] under the following load combination : 1,0 G + 0,5 Q
(3) In case of horizontal vibrations, for instance for footbridges in buildings, the formula in (2) may apply
and the corresponding horizontal stiffness and mass for horizontal movements should be considered.