Siddharth Rajendran Chemistry HL Urea Dissolution Lab Raw Data:(Expected Values) Change in Enthalpy: 14 kJ mol-1 Change in Gibbs free

energy: 6.86 kJ mol-1 Change in Entropy: 69.5 J mol-1 Molar Mass of Urea: 60.06 g mol-1 Heat Capacity: 4.184 J g-1

Data Table 1: To calculate the Enthalpy change

Mass of Urea Tablet (g) (0.01g) 3.04

Volume of Water(mL) (0.05mL) 50.0

Initial Temperature (C) (0.2 C) 21.3

Final Temperature (C) (0.2 C) 17.4

Initial Observations: There was a decrease in temperature at a fast rate. The temperature of the solution was slowing down continuously but the rate started decreasing. The Urea dissolved and the rate was decreasing continuously. The temperature gradually started to increase after almost the Urea present had dissolved.

Data Table 2:

Mass, Volume and Temperature during Dissolution of Urea (To calculate Keq)

Mass of Urea (g) (0.01g)

Initial Temperature (C) (0.2 C)

Final Temperature C) (0.2 C)

Initial Volume (mL) (0.05 mL)

Final Volume (mL) (0.05 mL)

3.76

21.4

22.9

5.02

7.14

Processing Raw Data Determining the Final temperature of dissolution of Urea in the Styrofoam cup.

Graph 1: The Change in temperature due to the Dissolution of Urea

In order to calculate the final temperature of the dissolved mixture, the linear fit of the graph was utilized. The final time measure was 600 seconds. Substituting the value of time in to the linear equation:Temp= 0.008997 C/s (600) + 17.25 C Final Temperature= 17.8 C 0.2 C Calculation of enthalpy change Q = m * C * (T) m= mL of Water

Using the formula

C= Heat Capacity T= Change in Temperature m = 50.0 mL 0.01 mL c = 4.184 J g-1 C-1 T= 17.4 C (0.2 C) - 21. 8 C (0.2 C) = + 4.4 C (0.4 C) The enthalpy change is positive since Hrxn = - Hwater These values are plugged into the formula: Q= (50.0 mL 0.01 mL) (4.184 J g-1 C-1) (4.4 C 0.4 C) Q= 920.5 J 8.49 J Calculating the moles of the Urea: 3.04 g 0.01 g 60.06 g = 0.0507 mol 1.65x10-4 mol* In order to calculate the enthalpy change per mole, The heat of the reaction (Q) is divided by the moles of Urea. The result is divided by 1000 so that the units are kJ mol-1 (920.5 J 8.49 J) (0.0507 mol 1.65x10-4 mol) = 18155.81 J mol-1. = 18.2 kJ mol-1 0.208 kJ mol-1 Calculating G ( Gibbs Free Energy )

The formula for G is given by RT ln (Keq) Where R = Universal Gas Constant T = Final temperature Keq = Equilibrium Constant Or G = -8.314 x (295. 8 0.2 K) x ln (8.76) = -5.34 kJ/mol 0.175 kJ/mol Calculating S ( change in Entropy )

The formula relating G and S is given by G= H TS Substituting the values of G, H and T.

-5.34 0.175 = (18.2 kJ 0.208) 295.9 0.2 (S) Or S = 0.079 kJ mol-1 = 79 J mol-1K 1.34 J mol-1K.

Processed Data Data Table 3: H (kJ/mol) (0.208 kJ/mol ) G (kJ/mol) ( 0.175 kJ/mol) S (J/mol) (1.34J/mol)

Keq (mol/L) ( 0.0701 mol/L )

8.76 18.2 -5.34 79 Data Table 4: Class Data, Averages, and Standard Deviation for Keq, H, G, S0
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 AVERAGE STD DEV CLASS DATA Keq mol/L H J/mol 7.63 12.5 9.66 17.1 6.69 14.23 9.61 9.61 5.95 15.03 6.95 12.4 8.76 18.2 5.95 13.94 7.56 13.3 1.47 2.27 G kJ/mol -4.89 -5.46 -4.13 -5.52 -4.33 -4.76 -5.34 -4.30 -4.80 0.527 S J/mol 60.0 77.8 64.35 76.1 66.2 58.1 79.0 62.9 65.3 7.83

Conclusion:The purpose of this experiment was to determine the thermodynamic properties of the changes in entropy, enthalpy and free energy. Furthermore, the value for H (the amount of heat gained or lost for a reaction to proceed) was determined to be positive, which illustrated that the reaction was an endothermic reaction. The values of S, H and G were calculated to be 79.0 J/mol K, 18.2 kJ/mol and 5.34 kJ/mol respectively. Furthermore, the value for H (the amount of heat gained or lost for a reaction to proceed) was determined to be positive, which illustrated that the reaction was an endothermic reaction. This reaction was considered to be endothermic, which meant that heat was applied to the system for Urea to dissolve into the solution. In addition, the value for G (Gibbs free energy determined the spontaneity of a reaction) was calculated to have a negative value based on the calculations of entropy and enthalpy. Therefore, the reaction of dissolution of Urea was considered to be spontaneous because the values for S and G were negative and negative, respectively. The class averages were reliable. For the enthalpy

change of the dissolution of Urea, the average value was 13.3 kJ/mol. The expected value was 14 kJ/mol. This is a -5.00% difference between the results, which indicates the reliability of the data. The standard deviation of the enthalpy change was 2.27 kJ/mol, which shows that the 8 trials were not too spread out around the mean. The G had an average value of -4.80 kJ/mol and a standard deviation of -0.527 kJ/mol. Thus the data points were not too spread out around the mean. This value for G is close to the expected result that is -6.86 kJ/mol. The percent difference for this was -4.29%. The expected value for the change in entropy in the dissolution of Urea is 69.5 J/mol. The percent difference between the experimental result and the expected results is -6.04%. This is the only data point where the results are not extremely reliable. It can be noticed that the standard deviation for the class average of the change in entropy was rather large, at 7.83 J/mol, which also shows that the data was very spread out. It was noticed that all of the results were below the expected values.

Evaluation and Improvements:Although care had been taken, there were a few problems that produced quite an amount of error and decreased the overall accuracy of the experiment. Systematic Error 1: - While performing the experiment, there is a substantial amount of heat loss to the surrounding, which indicates that the heat change should have been greater than what was calculated. The results where thus lesser than the expected value. Systematic Error 2: - The rate of stirring of Urea wasnt constant which lead to the inconsistent dissolving of Urea. But this cannot be avoided since it would be very difficult to maintain a constant stirring rate. Systematic Error 3:- It was not possible to examine whether all of the Urea had dissolved or not indicating calculated values lesser than the expected values. If all of the Urea had dissolved, the results could have been more accurate. To improve this experiment, many different courses of action could be taken. To improve the very first systematic error, one could do the following. Since the heat will always lost to the environment, one could create a small environment in order to measure the temperature change in the environment as well as in the solution. For example, a glass box with two holes (one on top of the solution and one on the side, could be used to simulate this environment. One temperature probe would be placed in the top hole and into the solution, and one on the side, in order to measure the temperature change in the environment. This would help solve that first systematic error. The second error would be much harder to solve. Really, the only solution is for the person stirring to do so more carefully. The effect on the results of the data can be substantial in with this error, thus this would be the best solution. Lastly, in regards to the third error, one must use a wider graduated cylinder, and also use a stirrer with a flat end. The wider graduated cylinder would allow the one conducting the experiment to have space for both the temperature probe and the stirrer. The

stirrer with a flat end would be able to crush the Urea pieces that take longer to dissolve. This would ensure that all the Urea would dissolve.