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1. Colonialism in Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India The history of the world witnesses that European nations have held numerous colonies under their rule for many years. Although the colonizers claimed that their purpose is to bring enlightenment, education and progress, the truth is very different from that - the enlightenment is based on brute force and repression. riting openly and honestly about colonialism and saying the truth at the same time was a difficult tas!, but authors li!e "osef Conrad and Edward #organ $orster was brave enough to do that. %n their wor!s, Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India colonialism of Africa or %ndia is criticized. $or Europeans, as #arlow, wanted to tell his aunt &but did not', that the profit and not the ennoblement of man!ind, was the Company(s purpose. There is a common belief e)pressed by #arlow(s aunt that her gifted nephew would be an emissary of civilization to the wild colonies. *he tal!ed about +weaning those ignorant millions from their horrid ways(, on the contrary the real goal of the Company, is complete control over huge numbers of native people and land, and all that for a small amount of ivory. The cruelty of the invaders is evident everywhere, and especially can be seen in treatment of the natives. They are reduced to animals by their civilizers, called things, creatures or shadows and never regarded as human beings. The evidents are numerous, #arlow feeds one starving laborer a biscuit- there are collars and chains on the bodies of natives, accountant admits that a native woman do his laundering &by teaching her with some difficulty', a native wor!er is beaten brutally after the fire occurs- the slave laborers are afflicted with some sort of disease, they lay under trees, some dying. Even one of the best, .urtz, who supposed to be an orator, musician, artist, writer, poet and politician, a /universal genius0, becomes thief, murderer, prosecutor and as a clima) he allows himself to be worshiped as a 1od. %n short, .urtz becomes a typical colonizer who loses sense of social responsibility and morality. Although he comes to Congo with noble intentions, thin!ing that each ivory station should stand li!e a beacon light, offering a better way of life to the natives, the head on the sta!es &of the rebels', !illed and dying people everywhere, plunder and profit, complete the real picture of colonized Africa. The truth that Conrad reveals in the Heart of Darkness is very simple, ivory means profit, profit means money and this is the one aspect of the story. The aspect presented in $orster(s wor! is a political power or occupation of %ndia by the 2ritish. $rom the very beginning, it is clear that the 2ritish elite treat the %ndians with disrespect, showing racism and cultural superiority on each step, #a3or Callendar as!s Aziz to come, so he must leave his friends immediately, then the English lady ta!es his tonga. 4n the contrary, the other side believes that the English and %ndians cannot be friends in %ndia, that some e)amples of the !indness is actually e)ception to the rule and not the rule. English people are civil, or even friendly, towards natives when they first arrive in %ndia. 5owever, the longer they stay in %ndia, the greater the gulf grows between them and the %ndians. Though the

English and %ndians are both physically in the East, there is a clear separation between Eastern and estern culture in colonized %ndia. %t can be best seen at the 2ridge 6arty which is a failure, %ndians are s!eptic about the sincerity of invitations- the English behave with superiority- there is no interaction between the hosts and the guests. Adela confronts 7onny about his treatment of %ndians. *till fresh in %ndia, she feels the bridge between East and est can be crossed with pleasant and e8ual behavior. 7onny advises her that her naive perspective will change the longer she stays in the country. #rs. #oore is annoyed by his behavior too, and tells him that Englishmen behave as 1ods in %ndia. 7onny replies that he has no time to be pleasant to %ndians because he is there on a duty for England. *ometimes the English do not act rationally. Trying to punish Aziz, they show that they are not interested in truth and that they want only to punish an %ndian. The notion, that %ndians and 2ritish can never be intimate friends while the 2ritish control %ndia, seems to hold true. $ielding and Aziz form an instant friendship despite their racial differences. After the trial, after two years Aziz tells $ielding that the %ndians will drive out the 2ritish one day and then they can really be friends, not before that time. Colonialism as theme ma!es a parallel between Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India. 2oth authors, Conrad and $orster, reveal the truth telling the story about the con8uerors and the con8uered, the oppressors and the oppressed, the colonizers and the colonized that is old as the human!ind and history are old. The tas! of history is presenting the facts- the tas! of literary, as both authors show is presenting the truth in its essence.

9. The modern view of human nature %nfluenced by scientific teaching, $reudian psychology, religious concepts and sociopolitical ideas, many modern novels deal with the theme of evil in human nature. The theme is masterfully presented in ". Conrad(s Hart of Darkness and . 1olding(s Lord of the Flies. %n Heart of Darkness, #arlow tells about his e)perience in Africa. This trip up the river Congo stands for a spiritual 3ourney into the heart of the e)istence. %n this primordial surrounding #arlow realizes that evil is inevitable part of human nature. hile in the civilized word people are restrained by religious and moral codes- in wild Africa these restrictions do not e)ist. :nder the influence of the nature, wilderness and isolation, they loose sense of responsibility and morality and behave li!e savages. Even one of the best Europeans, .urtz, who supposed to be an orator, musician, artist, writer, poet and politician, a /universal genius(, becomes thief, murderer, prosecutor and as a clima) he allows himself to be worshiped as a 1od. Although he comes to Congo with noble intentions, offering a better way of life to the natives, the head on the sta!es &of the rebels' are the best e)ample of the evil as a part of his nature. The human cruelty is evident everywhere, and especially can be seen in treatment of the natives. They are reduced to animals by their civilizers, called things, creatures or shadows and never regarded as human beings.

The proves of evil are numerous, there are collars and chains on the bodies of natives- the accountant admits that a native woman do his laundering &by teaching her with some difficulty'- a native wor!er is beaten brutally after the fire occurs- the slave laborers are afflicted with some sort of disease, they lay under trees, some dying. The evil in people is most obvious when they have power over other people. The evil is everywhere, in human nature, not only in Africa anymore- evil is anywhere and everywhere, pervasive li!e water, endless li!e the surface of the oceans on the globe. According to 1olding, in Lord of the Flies, the evil is present in human nature right from the beginning, even babies are evil. The main characters in the novel are children, after the plane crash, they found themselves on an island. ;ery soon it becomes obviously that if they want to survive they must organize their own society. They choose 7alph for their leader, who tries to establish the basic advantages of civilization, order and reason. After a while all this is destroyed, by his rival "ac! who stands for anarchy, disorder and instinct. 1radually democracy retreats giving place to violence and brutality. .illing the first pig, then dancing and singing li!e savages, altogether, are signs of loosing social rules and conventions. "ac! and his followers <or his tribe< prepare themselves to become !illers- the difference between them and the animals is vague. %t indicates that, their violence will direct against each other very soon. .illing *imon, one of their friends is a culmination of the evil. They !illed him out of instinct, believing that he is a beast. Even the more horrible is the role of 7alph and 6iggy in the murder, because the two are the representatives of reason and maturity among the children on the island. %t means that the same evil forces that motivate "ac! and his hunters are present here. %n the end the boys move from the unintentional violence to completely intended murder. 6iggy is !illed, by causing the roc! to fall on his head. 7alph is hunted as an animal, and almost !illed. 5is cry is not the cry of a child, because he cries for the loss of the innocence and the dar!ness of man(s heart. The 2east itself e)ists, but it is not a real creature, nor animal nor supernatural force. The 2est is evil in human nature, part of every single boy on the island. 2oth writers, "oseph Conrad and illiam 1olding tell us that violence and sin are inherent in human nature. They may be controlled by moral codes of the society, but sooner or later evil we bear in ourselves, may come on the surface.

=. *earch for identity 4ne of the themes in 5eart of >ar!ness is the search for identitysymbolically #arlow(s 3ourney to the Congo is a search of self-understanding. 2y finding the truth about the other people he finds his own identity. At the very beginning it seems that #arlow(s 8uest is a practical one he needs a 3ob. 5owever there are many indications that show that it is more than that, >uring his childhood he spends hours and hours loo!ing at the maps, being curious abbot blan! spaces on them. ;ery often he would place his finger on some of them imagining that he would go there. This desire to e)plore un!nown and especially his fascination by the river Congo leads him to find a 3ob as a captain of a river steamboat. 5owever this 3ourney to the heart of Africa will forever change his views and attitudes. As we can see, #arlow in 2russels is completely aware that the purpose of the company is gaining profit. 5e is not an individual there- he is a member of society, a representative of civilization, a product of civilized values and moral codes, a man created by everything European culture stands for. The further he goes, the more he becomes involved in selfe)amination and e)amination of others. The blan! spots from the maps of #arlow(s childhood begin to get shapes and colors. The wild vegetation, 3ungle, the sna!eli!e river is all around. 5e notices that people in the wilderness change, become greed and cruel and they behave differently. The human cruelty is evident everywhere, natives are reduced to animals by their civilizers, called things, creatures or shadows and never regarded as human beings. The proofs of evil are numerous, there are collars and chains on the bodies of natives- they are beaten brutally, left to starve and die. %n conversations with other people the name of .urtz appears many times. #entioned as one of the best, the /emissary of civilization(, he gradually becomes obsession for #arlow. Although .urtz comes to Congo with noble intentions, thin!ing that each ivory station should stand li!e a beacon light, offering a better way of life to the natives, the head on the sta!es &of the rebels' witnesses about his failure and defeat. The man who was supposed to be an orator, musician, artist, writer, poet and politician, a /universal genius0, becomes thief, murderer, prosecutor and as a clima) he allows himself to be worshiped as a 1od. %n short, .urtz becomes a typical colonizer who loses sense of social responsibility and morality. The heads on the sta!es are very important point in the search of identity for #arlow, because at this point he ma!es a stop. Actually he stands at the edge of the abyss, deciding not to step over the edge. %t should be mentioned here, that #arlow is not shoc!ed at the first sight of the heads. 6robably at this point he subconsciously realizes that his loyalty to .urtz is li!e the nightmare of his choosing, something that he admits afterwards.

Even more, #arlow realizes that in this wilderness or heart of dar!ness he might become .urtz and is horrified by this ac!nowledgement. .urtz himself also finds his lost identity, realizing that his life was horror, a great mista!e, a failure. %n A 6ortrait of the Artist as a ?oung #an, *tephen >edalus is in a constant search for identity. As a child he felt he is an outsider and different from the others because of his social status and increasing poverty of the family. %n his early childhood religion and family play an important role. At first, *tephen is intrigued by the thought of the priesthood, and pictures himself in the admired, respected role of the silent and serious priest carrying out his duties. As he imagines the plain and ordered life awaiting him in the church, however, he begins to feel a deep unrest burning inside him. 2ecoming more mature *tephen constantly changes. 5is family repels him, his mother is disappointed with him, his father do not show parental pride or affection, but he continues to see them and spea!s to them, and his warm address to his siblings shows that he still has family ties. 1radually *tephen(s strong individuality is contrasted with the community. 5e fails to share the ideological position of any of his friends, he cannot adopt the %rish patriotism of >avin or the international pacifism of #acCann. %n his search for identity, having given up hope on family, church, friends, and education, *tephen seems to be more alone than ever. Transition to the 3ournal form is a formal change that highlights *tephen+s continuing search for his own voice. *tephen is now spea!ing in his own voice. 5e realizes that he cannot be happy spea!ing the language of others. 5e does not want to 8uote, or imitate others- he wants to find his own e)pression. *tephen 8uest for identity is almost finished, he realizes that he is an artist. *tephen turns to pagan sources and inspirations in his 8uest for selfdefinition. 5is name is significant. 5is first name alludes to the first Christian martyr, *t. *tephen. 5is surname, however, alludes to a pagan character >aedalus whose s!ill allows him to rise high above the world. The idea of escaping appears in *tephen mind, he wants to leave %reland. To *tephen, the vision of flight is not 3ust his own fate, but a prophecy, a prediction that cannot be avoided.