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Aberration Theory

Geunyoung Yoon, Ph.D.


Assistant Professor
Department of Ophthalmology
Center for Visual Science
University of Rochester
Optics
Paraxial Optics
(First Order Optics)
(Gaussian Optics)
Geometrical Optics
(Aberration theory)
Diffractive Optics
(Fourier Optics)
Quantum Optics
Coherent Optics
Outline
What Is Wavefront?
Huygenss principle, Snells law, Fermats principle
Paraxial (first order) approximation
What Kind Of Wavefront Aberrations Are There?
Monochromatic aberration (Seidel and wave aberrations)
Chromatic aberration (Longitudinal, Transverse)
Why Are These Aberrations Important?
Relationship between aberrations and image quality
(Pupil function, PSF, MTF, Image convolution)
How Can We Measure These Aberrations Of The Eye?
Different types of wavefront sensors
Outline
What Is Wavefront?
Huygenss principle, Snells law, Fermats principle
Paraxial (first order) approximation
What Kind Of Wavefront Aberrations Are There?
Monochromatic aberration (Seidel and wave aberrations)
Chromatic aberration (Longitudinal, Transverse)
Why Are These Aberrations Important?
Relationship between aberrations and image quality
(Pupil function, PSF, MTF, Image convolution)
How Can We Measure These Aberrations Of The Eye?
Different types of wavefront sensors
Outline
What Is Wavefront?
Huygenss principle, Snells law, Fermats principle
Paraxial (first order) approximation
What Kind Of Wavefront Aberrations Are There?
Monochromatic aberration (Seidel and wave aberrations)
Chromatic aberration (Longitudinal, Transverse)
Why Are These Aberrations Important?
Relationship between aberrations and image quality
(Pupil function, PSF, MTF, Image convolution)
How Can We Measure These Aberrations Of The Eye?
Different types of wavefront sensors
Outline
What Is Wavefront?
Huygenss principle, Snells law, Fermats principle
Paraxial (first order) approximation
What Kind Of Wavefront Aberrations Are There?
Monochromatic aberration (Seidel and wave aberrations)
Chromatic aberration (Longitudinal, Transverse)
Why Are These Aberrations Important?
Relationship between aberrations and image quality
(Pupil function, PSF, MTF, Image convolution)
How Can We Measure These Aberrations Of The Eye?
Different types of wavefront sensors
What Is Wavefront?
Huygenss principle
Snells law
Fermats principle
Paraxial (first order) approximation
Wavefront vs Ray
A wavefront is a surface over which an optical disturbance has a constant phase.
Harmonic wave function ) sin( ) , ( t kx A t x =
Phase
Plane wavefront
Spherical wavefront
x
x
x
x
t=0 t
Wavefront vs Ray
Rays are lines normal to the wavefronts at every point of intersection.
Plane wavefront Spherical wavefront
Ray
Huygenss Principle
Every point on a primary wavefront serves as the source of spherical secondary
wavelets, such that the primary wavefront at some later time is the envelope of
these wavelets.
Primary
spherical wavefront
Secondary
spherical wavefront
Snells law
Fast medium
(smaller refractive index, n
i
)
Slow medium
(larger refractive index, n
t
)

r
normal
) sin(
) sin(
i
t
t
i
n
n

=
Reflection:
Refraction:

i
=

i
>

t
when n
i
<

n
t
Fermats Principle
OP n SO n OPL
t i
+ =
2 2 2 2
) ( x a b n x h n
t i
+ + + =
OP n SO n OPL
t i
+ =
The path actually taken by light in going from some point S to a point P
is the shortest optical path length (OPL).
n
i

t
n
t
P
O
S

r
P
h
b
x a-x
a
= 0 to minimize OPL
dOPL
dx
0
) (
) (
2 2 2 2
=
+

+
+

x a b
x a
n
x h
x
n
t i
) sin(
) sin(
i
t
t
i
n
n

=
+ + =
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
sin
7 5 3


n
1

n
2
S
P
s
o
s
i
p
o
p
i
R
R
n n
s
n
s
n
i o
1 2 2 1

= +
i
i
o
o
p
R s R n
p
R s R n sin ) ( sin ) (
2 1

=
+
sin
Approximation
Paraxial Optics (First order optics)
Lens makers formula
Paraxial Optics (First order optics)
n
1
n
2
S
P
The emerging wavefront segment corresponding to these paraxial rays is
essentially spherical and will form a perfect image at its center P.
Third Order Optics
! 3
sin
3

=
n
1
n
2
S
P
The paraxial approximation, sin_ _, is somewhat unsatisfactory
if rays from the periphery of a lens are considered.
Paraxial rays
Perpheral rays
Aberrations
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
j
j
)

|
|
\
[
+
j
j
)

|
|
\
[
+ +

= +
2
2
2
1
2
1 2 2 1
1 1
2
1 1
2
i i o o i o
s R s
n
R s s
n
h
R
n n
s
n
s
n
What Kinds Of Wavefront Aberrations
Are There?
Monochromatic aberration
(Seidel and wave aberrations)
Chromatic aberration
(Longitudinal, Transverse)
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Paraxial
rays
Marginal rays
Lens
Transverse
SA
Longitudinal
SA
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Spot diagram
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Object
Image
lens
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Barrel
distortion
Pin-cushion
distortion
Object
Image
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Monochromatic aberrations (wave aberrations)
Reference
plane wavefront
Reference
spherical wavefront
The optical deviations of the wavefront from a reference plane or spherical wavefront.
Wave aberration
Aberrated
wavefront
Wave aberrations (defocus)
Myopic (near sighted) eye
Perfect eye
Defocused
wavefront
Wave aberrations (higher order)
Eye with higher order aberrations
Perfect eye
Aberrated
wavefront
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Wavefront Aberration
mm (right-left)
m
m

(
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
-
i
n
f
e
r
i
o
r
)
Wave Aberration of a Surface
Mathematical description of the aberration.
Zernike circle polynomials
C
n
m
W(_,) =
Z
n
m
(_,)

Wavefront
aberration
Zernike
coefficient
Zernike polynomials
(wavefront mode)
Z
2
2
(_,) = _
2
cos2
astigmatism
m: angular frequency
n: radial order
Zernike polynomials
Second order
aberrations
Higher order
aberrations
Wavefront mode for each Zernike polynomial
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
5
n
m
astigmatism defocus astigmatism
coma coma trefoil trefoil
spherical 2nd astigmatism 2nd astigmatism quadrafoil quadrafoil
2nd coma 2nd coma pentafoil pentafoil 2nd trefoil 2nd trefoil
Wavefront aberration and Zernike coefficients
= 0.3 - 0.2 + 0.4
0.3 - 0.5 - 0.2
0.2
+
+
+
Wave aberration
Zernike
coefficients
Zernike polynomial
(mode)
Wave
aberration
Zernike
coefficients
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Wavefront rms error
( )

=
2
m
n
C rms
2
2
2
1 rms Strehl

when rms is small.


Diffraction-limited
(Strehl 0.8)
4

v p
W
Rayleighs _/4 rule
rms (_)
S
t
r
e
h
l

r
a
t
i
o
14

rms
Chromatic Aberration
( )

=
2 1
1 1
1
1
R R
n
f
Lensmakers formula:
1.51
1.515
1.52
1.525
1.53
1.535
1.54
93
94
95
96
97
98
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
Wavelength (mm)
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e

i
n
d
e
x
F
o
c
a
l

l
e
n
g
t
h

(
m
m
)
BK7 Schott glass
R
1
, R
2
= 50mm
n = n(_) f = f (_) for polychromatic light
Longitudinal (axial) chromatic aberration
(LCA)
Long wavelength
Short wavelength
White light
LCA
Bennet and Rabbetts (1989)
L
C
A

(
D
)
~2.2D
LCA of the human eye
Wavelength (nm)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Spectral sensitivity of the human eye
Wavelength (nm)
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
0D
-0.8D
-0.3D
0.4D
0.2D
Optical effect of eyes LCA on image quality 0.2D defocus for monochromatic light
Transverse (lateral) chromatic aberration
(TCA)
Long wavelength
Short wavelength
White light
TCA
Why Are These Aberrations Important?
Relationship between aberrations and image quality
(Pupil function, Rms, PSF, SR, OTF,
MTF, PTF, Image convolution)
Image quality
Wave aberrations
Image plane
PSF, SR, MTF
object
image
?
How well can an optical system form image?
We can improve image quality by correcting the aberrations.
Aberration vs Image quality
Point Spread Function
(PSF)
Optical Transfer Function
(OTF)
Strehl Ratio
Modulation Transfer Function
(MTF)
Phase Transfer Function
(PTF)
FT
FT
Image convolution
autocorrelation
Pupil function
(aberration)
( ) ( )

= y x W i y x A y x P ,
2
exp , ) , (

Point Spread Function (PSF)


( ) ( )
2
, y x P FT PSF =
The Point Spread Function, or PSF, is the image that an
optical system forms of a point source.
The point source is the most fundamental object, and forms
the basis for any complex object.
Point Spread Function (PSF)
Airy Disc
The PSF for a perfect optical system is the Airy disc, which is
the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern for a circular pupil.
Geometrical optics
Real world
Diffraction
perfect
optics
1 mm 2 mm 3 mm 4 mm
5 mm 6 mm 7 mm
Point Spread Function vs. Pupil Size
Perfect Eye
pupil images
followed by
psfs for changing pupil size
1 mm 2 mm 3 mm 4 mm
5 mm 6 mm 7 mm
Point Spread Function vs. Pupil Size
Typical Eye
Strehl Ratio
diffraction-limited PSF
(with no aberrations)
H
dl
H
eye
actual PSF (with aberrations)
Strehl Ratio eyedlHH
(,) (,) (,)PSFxyOxyIxy
Image Convolution
FT
-1
[ FT( PSF(x,y) ) FT( O(x,y) ) ] = I(x,y)
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] y x PSF FT f f MTF
y x
, Re , =
The Modulation Transfer Function, or MTF, is a measure of
the reduction in contrast from object to image.
The ratio of the image modulation to the object modulation at
all spatial frequencies.
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
Object
100% contrast
Image
diffraction only
Image
diffraction +
0.25D defocus
M
T
F
Spatial Frequency
0
1
Optics Simulations
- Have fun!!! -
http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/javamirror/java/light.htm
http://www.optics.arizona.edu/jcwyant/math.htm
Fundamental Optics
Wavefront Theory and Fourier Optics
How Can We Measure These Aberrations
Of The Eye?
Different types of wavefront sensors
to measure ocular aberrations
Wavefront sensors for the eye
Objective method
Outcoming light Ingoing light
Tcherning
Shack-Hartmann
Subjective method
Ingoing light
Spatially Resolved
Refractometer
Laser Ray
Tracing
Measurement principle of wavefront
sensors for the eye
x
d k
x
y x W
=

) , (
Measurement of wavefront slope (1st derivative of wavefront)
averaged over each subaperture on the pupil
y
d k
y
y x W
=

) , (
Original wavefront
W(x,y)
Averaged
wavefront slope
subaperture
Spot displacement
d
x
, _d
y
Spatially Resolved Refractometer
Webb, Penney and Thompson (1992)
reference
reference
d
x
, _d
y
Subject adjusts the incident
angle of light until retinal spot
intersects reference spot.
Laser Ray Tracing
Navarro & Losada (1997), Molebny et al. (1997)
reference
d
x
, _d
y
reference
d
x
, _d
y
Scanning different
locations of the pupil
CCD
CCD
Tcherning Aberroscope
Tscherning (1894)
d
x
, _d
y
Dot pattern
mask
CCD
Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
Liang, Grimm, Goelz, and Bille (1994), Liang and Williams (1997)
Laser beacon
d
x
, _d
y
CCD
Perfect eye Real eye
Comparison of wavefront measurements
using different wavefront sensors
Shack-Hartmann vs Spatially Resolved Refractometer
(Objective vs Subjective methods)
Salmon et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 15 (1998)
S-H
SRR
Shack-Hartmann vs Laser Ray Tracing
(Outcoming vs Ingoing light)
Moreno-Barriuso and Navarro, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 17 (2000)
Shack-Hartmann vs Laser Ray Tracing
vs Spatially Resolved Refractometer
Moreno-Barriuso et al., Optometry and Vision Science, 78 (2001)
Thank you!

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