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r
normal
) sin(
) sin(
i
t
t
i
n
n
=
Reflection:
Refraction:
i
=
i
>
t
when n
i
<
n
t
Fermats Principle
OP n SO n OPL
t i
+ =
2 2 2 2
) ( x a b n x h n
t i
+ + + =
OP n SO n OPL
t i
+ =
The path actually taken by light in going from some point S to a point P
is the shortest optical path length (OPL).
n
i
t
n
t
P
O
S
r
P
h
b
x a-x
a
= 0 to minimize OPL
dOPL
dx
0
) (
) (
2 2 2 2
=
+
+
+
x a b
x a
n
x h
x
n
t i
) sin(
) sin(
i
t
t
i
n
n
=
+ + =
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
sin
7 5 3
n
1
n
2
S
P
s
o
s
i
p
o
p
i
R
R
n n
s
n
s
n
i o
1 2 2 1
= +
i
i
o
o
p
R s R n
p
R s R n sin ) ( sin ) (
2 1
=
+
sin
Approximation
Paraxial Optics (First order optics)
Lens makers formula
Paraxial Optics (First order optics)
n
1
n
2
S
P
The emerging wavefront segment corresponding to these paraxial rays is
essentially spherical and will form a perfect image at its center P.
Third Order Optics
! 3
sin
3
=
n
1
n
2
S
P
The paraxial approximation, sin_ _, is somewhat unsatisfactory
if rays from the periphery of a lens are considered.
Paraxial rays
Perpheral rays
Aberrations
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
j
j
)
|
|
\
[
+
j
j
)
|
|
\
[
+ +
= +
2
2
2
1
2
1 2 2 1
1 1
2
1 1
2
i i o o i o
s R s
n
R s s
n
h
R
n n
s
n
s
n
What Kinds Of Wavefront Aberrations
Are There?
Monochromatic aberration
(Seidel and wave aberrations)
Chromatic aberration
(Longitudinal, Transverse)
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Paraxial
rays
Marginal rays
Lens
Transverse
SA
Longitudinal
SA
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Spot diagram
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Object
Image
lens
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Distortion
Barrel
distortion
Pin-cushion
distortion
Object
Image
Monochromatic aberrations (Seidel aberrations)
Monochromatic aberrations (wave aberrations)
Reference
plane wavefront
Reference
spherical wavefront
The optical deviations of the wavefront from a reference plane or spherical wavefront.
Wave aberration
Aberrated
wavefront
Wave aberrations (defocus)
Myopic (near sighted) eye
Perfect eye
Defocused
wavefront
Wave aberrations (higher order)
Eye with higher order aberrations
Perfect eye
Aberrated
wavefront
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Wavefront Aberration
mm (right-left)
m
m
(
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
-
i
n
f
e
r
i
o
r
)
Wave Aberration of a Surface
Mathematical description of the aberration.
Zernike circle polynomials
C
n
m
W(_,) =
Z
n
m
(_,)
Wavefront
aberration
Zernike
coefficient
Zernike polynomials
(wavefront mode)
Z
2
2
(_,) = _
2
cos2
astigmatism
m: angular frequency
n: radial order
Zernike polynomials
Second order
aberrations
Higher order
aberrations
Wavefront mode for each Zernike polynomial
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
5
n
m
astigmatism defocus astigmatism
coma coma trefoil trefoil
spherical 2nd astigmatism 2nd astigmatism quadrafoil quadrafoil
2nd coma 2nd coma pentafoil pentafoil 2nd trefoil 2nd trefoil
Wavefront aberration and Zernike coefficients
= 0.3 - 0.2 + 0.4
0.3 - 0.5 - 0.2
0.2
+
+
+
Wave aberration
Zernike
coefficients
Zernike polynomial
(mode)
Wave
aberration
Zernike
coefficients
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Wavefront rms error
( )
=
2
m
n
C rms
2
2
2
1 rms Strehl
v p
W
Rayleighs _/4 rule
rms (_)
S
t
r
e
h
l
r
a
t
i
o
14
rms
Chromatic Aberration
( )
=
2 1
1 1
1
1
R R
n
f
Lensmakers formula:
1.51
1.515
1.52
1.525
1.53
1.535
1.54
93
94
95
96
97
98
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
Wavelength (mm)
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
e
x
F
o
c
a
l
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
m
m
)
BK7 Schott glass
R
1
, R
2
= 50mm
n = n(_) f = f (_) for polychromatic light
Longitudinal (axial) chromatic aberration
(LCA)
Long wavelength
Short wavelength
White light
LCA
Bennet and Rabbetts (1989)
L
C
A
(
D
)
~2.2D
LCA of the human eye
Wavelength (nm)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Spectral sensitivity of the human eye
Wavelength (nm)
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
0D
-0.8D
-0.3D
0.4D
0.2D
Optical effect of eyes LCA on image quality 0.2D defocus for monochromatic light
Transverse (lateral) chromatic aberration
(TCA)
Long wavelength
Short wavelength
White light
TCA
Why Are These Aberrations Important?
Relationship between aberrations and image quality
(Pupil function, Rms, PSF, SR, OTF,
MTF, PTF, Image convolution)
Image quality
Wave aberrations
Image plane
PSF, SR, MTF
object
image
?
How well can an optical system form image?
We can improve image quality by correcting the aberrations.
Aberration vs Image quality
Point Spread Function
(PSF)
Optical Transfer Function
(OTF)
Strehl Ratio
Modulation Transfer Function
(MTF)
Phase Transfer Function
(PTF)
FT
FT
Image convolution
autocorrelation
Pupil function
(aberration)
( ) ( )
= y x W i y x A y x P ,
2
exp , ) , (
) , (
Measurement of wavefront slope (1st derivative of wavefront)
averaged over each subaperture on the pupil
y
d k
y
y x W
=
) , (
Original wavefront
W(x,y)
Averaged
wavefront slope
subaperture
Spot displacement
d
x
, _d
y
Spatially Resolved Refractometer
Webb, Penney and Thompson (1992)
reference
reference
d
x
, _d
y
Subject adjusts the incident
angle of light until retinal spot
intersects reference spot.
Laser Ray Tracing
Navarro & Losada (1997), Molebny et al. (1997)
reference
d
x
, _d
y
reference
d
x
, _d
y
Scanning different
locations of the pupil
CCD
CCD
Tcherning Aberroscope
Tscherning (1894)
d
x
, _d
y
Dot pattern
mask
CCD
Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
Liang, Grimm, Goelz, and Bille (1994), Liang and Williams (1997)
Laser beacon
d
x
, _d
y
CCD
Perfect eye Real eye
Comparison of wavefront measurements
using different wavefront sensors
Shack-Hartmann vs Spatially Resolved Refractometer
(Objective vs Subjective methods)
Salmon et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 15 (1998)
S-H
SRR
Shack-Hartmann vs Laser Ray Tracing
(Outcoming vs Ingoing light)
Moreno-Barriuso and Navarro, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 17 (2000)
Shack-Hartmann vs Laser Ray Tracing
vs Spatially Resolved Refractometer
Moreno-Barriuso et al., Optometry and Vision Science, 78 (2001)
Thank you!