Lecture No. 8 Collection of Solid Waste Chapter 8, p.

193

W as te G e n e ratio n

W as te h an d lin g , s e p aratio n , s to rag e an d p ro c e s s in g at th e s o u rc e

C o lle c tio n Transfe r and Transpo rt S e p aratio n an d p ro c e s s in g an d tran s fo rm atio n o f s o lid w as te D is p o s al

ssues in this lecture! T"pes of ser#ices T"pes of collection s"stems Detailed anal"sis of collection s"stems Setting up collection routes 1. Waste Collection A. General

& & &

$a%or cost element of solid waste disposal & t"picall" '(&)(* of the total and therefore, demands ma%or attention especiall" with final disposal getting so much press. Collection includes! pic+ing up $SW from sources hauling to the empt"ing location empt"ing of the truc+ or container

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. 2

B. Collection of Commingled Wastes, Low Rise, Detac ed! "#8$ 1, %.1&'(

The waste is commingled or heaped together as opposed to source separation e.g. pic+ing out class, card,oard Collection ser#ices! & cur, & -manual or mechanical. most common, homeowner mo#es the container ,ac+ and forth ,etween the cur, from the storage location. /arger 9( gallon containers re0uire placement in the street, perhaps at a precise angle in cul&de&sacs. & alle" & 1arrow utilit" thoroughfare in the rear of residences2 not uncommon in older communities, Claremont, 3omona. & ,ac+"ard carr" & collectors retrie#e the container from the storage location, empt" it and return the container to the storage location. $anual methods of collection! & direct lifting and carr"ing & rim roll & small lifting de#ices & satellite #ehicles, Cushmans

C. Collection of Commingled Wastes, )t ers.

/ow and medium rise apartments, high rise apartments, commercial industrial facilities. Smaller containers handled ," maintenance personal for cur, side collection, larger containers done mechanicall". $uch collection is done at night and #er" earl" morning to a#oid the traffic.

D. Collection of Waste at t e Source The generator separates the waste as opposed to commingled wastes. $ethods include! & Cur,side collection using standard or speciall" designed #ehicles. & Standard #ehicles can ,e used to pic+ up %ust newspaper or %ust can on some +ind of appropriate time c"cle2 perhaps e#er" other wee+ or the third Thursda" of the month for glass. & Speciall" designed #ehicles include! -photos p.4((, T8&4. & closed ,od" rec"cling truc+s & rec"cling trailers & modified flat,ed truc+s & open&,in rec"cling truc+s & compartmentali5ed trailers

67ample

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. 3

Gi#en! 8ou are a communit" acti#ist and ,elie#e in rec"cling. t has ,een decided to ma+e two categories! the first for paper and card,oard and the second for e#er"thing else. 8ou thin+ that "ou can get '(* of the 9'8 homes to participate. 8ou ha#e actuall" counted the residents and there are 1338 of them. 8ou ha#e made a mini&sur#e" of the paper wastes such as wrappers, pac+aging and determined that newspapers are a,out 1:3 of the total paper2 the rest "ou hope will ,e separated to the tune of )'*. ;ind! The ,ig meeting is Tuesda" night and the neigh,ors want some hard num,ers on how "ou are going to accomplish the rec"cling. 1. Computation ta,le to calculate #olumes.

Co#ponent

"otal Solid Wastes, l$ -T3&) ,p.'4. 8.( 3'.871:3 >.9 >.9 1.8 (.9 (.9 1).3 1.8 9.1 '.8 .> 3.( 4.)

Waste 'aterials Separated, l$ -col. 47)'*. not&rec"cled 8.9 9.8 '.4 not&rec"cled not&rec"cled not&rec"cled not&rec"cled not&rec"cled >.8 9.3 .9 not&rec"cled not&rec"cled

Specific Weight, l$ (d3 -T9&1, p.)(. 99( 1'( 8' 11( 11( 44( 4)( 1)( 9(( 33( 1'( 4)( '9( 81(

)olu#e, (d3 -col. 3:9.

*rganic ;ood wastes 3aper Card,oard 3lastics Te7tiles Bu,,er /eather Garden Wood Inorganic Glass Tin cans Aluminum ?ther metal Dirt Ashes, etc.

.('93 .('>' .('4(

.(4(> .(48) .(198

"otal 1((.( .23+, 4. Determine the relati#e #olumes newspaper < card,oard = .('93 < .('>' newspaper < card,oard = .11'8"d3 others, plastics, glass, tin cans, aluminum = .('4(<.(4(><.(48)<.(198 others, plastics, glass, tin cans, aluminum = .11>1 1ote! .11'8<.11>1=.4319,?@ The relati#e #olume is useful for calculating the relati#e si5e of the ,ins. .11'8:.4319=.'( .11>1:.4319=.'( In this case, the split is 50 50 !hich is ideal. "he #eaning is the collection containers !ould $e of e%ual si&e.

3. Determine a pic+up scenario Assume! 3.84 l,:cap.da", T>&3,p.138 1338 residents 7 3.84 l,:cap.da" 7 .'(-participation rate. = 4''>l,s:da" #ol. of news and c, = 4''>l,s:da" 7 .11'8"d3:1((l,s

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. .ol. of ne!s and c$ / 2.,0(d* da( #ol. of others = 4''>l,s:da" 7 .11>1"d3:1((l,s .ol. of others / 2.,1(d* da( Possi$ilities2 3ou are getting a$out 341da(s !ee5/2+ (ards !ee5 +. 2625 (ard truc5s that each operate the route2 one trip for each truc5, once !ee5 2. 26$ifurcated truc5s that collect $oth #aterials at one ti#e, the route is tra.eled once !ee5.

9. The ne7t step should ,e of primar" interest! Cost Anal"sis What are the re#enues earned! & 6arnings from rec"cled materials & Costs a#oided ," not pa"ing for the materials ,eing landfilled #s. Costs & 60uipment & /a,or Ancillar" issues & $eeting AC939 & Do the right thing ,ecause "ou ,elie#e it.

+. #,%es of Collection S,stems"#8$*, %.+-'(

The ma%or dichotom" is ,etween DCS and SCS. n DCS the container is carried to and from the disposal area. With SCS, the container is emptied into a truc+ and the truc+ tra#els to and from the disposal area.

A. .auled Container S,stems The container is sited at a location. n accordance with some c"cle, the container is pic+ed up and hauled off to the disposal area where the container is emptied and returned to the original location. The truc+ had no container, per se2 the container is carried ," the truc+. A #ariation is start with an empt" container. Ad#antages! & Eseful when the generation rate is high and the containers are large. & $a" eliminate spillage associated with multiple smaller containers. & ;le7i,le. 1eed more capacit", use a larger container. Disad#antage! & f the containers are not filled, low utili5ation rate.

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. 5 T"pes! & Doist truc+ & similar to an AAA emergenc" truc+, ,ut dumsters are pic+ed up or hoisted instead of cars, smaller #olumes, ,ul+" items. & Tilt&frame & assem,l" on truc+ allows sliding of large containers on and off the truc+. & Trash&trailer The slider assem,l" is not part of the truc+, ,ut part of the trailer. 67ample
Gi#en! A new su,&di#ision with a single, central par+ ser#es a,out '(( homes. The a#erage occupanc" is 4.8 cap:residence. ;ind! The director of pu,lic wor+s wants to +now if he can ser#ice the par+, once per wee+ collection with a single hoist truc+. T>&3, p.138! F3ar+s and recreational areasF.14l,s:cap.da" T9&1, p.)(! assume ru,,ish, 44( l,s:"d3 T8&3, p.4('! >&14"d3 capacit" for a hoist truc+ 1. weight of par+ material weight = '(( residences 7 4.8 cap :residence 7 .14l,s:cap.da" 7 ) da"s:wee+ weight = 11)> l,s:wee+ 4. Golume of par+ material #olume = 11)> l,s:wee+ : 44( l,s:"d3 .olu#e / 5.3 l$s (d3 .s. 06+2 (d3capacit( "herefore, a hoist s(ste# can $e used.

B. Stationar, Container S,stem The waste container remains in the #icinit" of where the waste is generated. The waste is unloaded into a ,igger truc+. A large container is an integral part of the truc+. When full" loaded from multiple waste containers, the truc+ tra#els to and from the landfill as opposed to the waste container. T"pes! & $anuall" loaded. Small containers. Besidential pic+up. & $echanicall" loaded. /arger containers. Wheeled residential pic+up and commercial pic+up & Almost all contain internal compaction e0uipment The ma%or ad#antage is that the #ehicle does not tra#el to the disposal area until it is full "ielding higher utili5ation rates. The ma%or disad#antages include! & The s"stem is not fle7i,le in terms of pic+ing up ,ul+" goods. & Wastes e.g. demolition, that ma+e damage the relati#el" delicate mechanisms. & /arge #olume generations ma" not ha#e room for storing large containers

*. Anal,sis of Collection S,stems "/ig. 8$10, %.+11( A. Definition of #erms 1.( 1ic2u% "1hcs or scs(

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. 0 3hcs! The time spent! & dri#ing to the ne7t container after an empt" container has ,een deposited. & the time spent pic+up the loaded container. & the time re0uired to redeposit the container after it has ,een emptied. 3scs! Befers to the time spent loading the #ehicle, ,eginning with the stop to load the first container and ending when the last container has ,een loaded.

+.( .aul " ( Does not include actuall" pic+ing up the loaded container or redepositing the empt" container nor the time spent at the location where the waste is unloaded. DCS& The time re0uired to reach the location where the waste will ,e emptied, starting when the container has ,een loaded on the truc+ and continuing through unloading until the truc+ arri#es at the location where the empt" container is to ,e redeposited. SCS & The time re0uired to reach the location where the full #ehicle will ,e emptied and continuing until the truc+ arri#es at the location where the first container will ,e emptied for the ne7t route.

*.( At$Site "s("#8$', %.+1'(

The time spent at the site -landfill, $B;, transfer station. where the s"stem is unloaded including waiting time. 0.( )ff$Route "W(

1on&producti#e acti#ities & 1ecessar" & Chec+ in, chec+ out, meeting, ,rea+s. & Ennecessar" & 3ersonal errands, e7tended coffee ,rea+s T"picall" 1'*

B. .auled Container S,stem

60uations -p.413.

Thcs = -3hcs < s < h. The time re0uired for a trip is the sum of the pic+up time, the time on site and the haul time. The haul time ma" ,e e7pressed as! h = a < ,7 -;ig. 8&1>, p.419. and is essentiall" a function of the distance tra#eled. The pic+up time ma" ,e e7pressed as follows! 3hcs = pc < uc < d,c -;ig. 8&1>, p.419. n plain 6nglish, the pic+up time is the sum re0uired to pic+up the container, to unload the container and dri#e ,etween containers -p<u<d..

e7ample

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. 1 HH3ro,lem 8&14, p.49( C. Stationar, Container S,stem

60uations -p.418. Tscs = -3scs < s < h.

3scs = Ct-uc. < -np&1.-d,c. The pic+up time depends upon the num,er of containers multiplied ," the unit loading time plus the num,er of locations times the dri#ing time ,etween the locations. e7ample Gi#en! A stationar" container s"stem -mechanicall" loaded., 3.' collection trips:w+, 8hrs:da", 3.44 h:trip -pic+ up time., at site time .1h:trip, round trip = 1(miles, a=.(18 h:trip. ,= .(4(h:trip, producti#e time = 8'* 1ote! 6#en though a partial trip -3.' collection trips., a full trip -9. will ha#e to ,e made to the disposal area. ;ind! Time re0uired per wee+ da"s:wee+ = Tw = = Tw = 1.89 da"s:wee+ HH3ro,lem 8&1(, p.439 D. Ad3usting t e Basic 45uations

67ample
Gi#en! A stationar" container s"stem costs I.(3):ton.minute. A transfer station costs I.(43:ton.minute < I4.(3:ton. ;ind! The round trip haul trip at which a transfer station ,ecomes economical. 1. Anal"tical .(3)J = .(43J < 4.(3 7 / +-5 #inutes, ti#e #ust $e > +-5 #inutes 4. Graphical

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. 8 SC C ost - I : to n . TS

1 9 ' m i n u te s T i m e - m i n u te s .
HH3ro,lem 8&>, p.439

0. Collection Routes A. General Ese a heuristic -common sense., trial and error approach consistent with the philosoph" of collecting the most waste with least resources in the conte7t of constraints such as e0uipment ,rea+downs, holida"s and #acations, good la,or practices and the following guidelines! & Crew si5e and #ehicles must ,e +nown and coordinated. & Boutes should ,egin and end near arteries & Topographic and ph"sical ,oundaries should ,e route ,oundaries. & Start at the top of a hill and wor+ downward. & /ast collection point should ,e near disposal site. & Traffic pro,lems should ,e dealt with earl" in the morning. & 67tremel" large load should ,e dealt with earl" in the morning.

B. La,out of Collection Routes

/ocation maps showing data concerning the sources including location, collection fre0uenc", num,er of containers Data anal"sis, tr" to ,alance the routes in accordance with pic+ups and time. 3reliminar" la"out of routes, start at the depot and do a route. An idea of truc+ capacit" #s. loads is in order. ;ine tune the preliminar" design. 67ample

HH 3ro,lem 8&19, p.494

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. , 6JA$3/6 3B?C/6$S 8&14, 8&11, 8&>, 8&19 D?$6W?B@ Bead Chapter 8, Collection of Solid Waste, pp. 193&49' 3ro,lems, p.438 8&9a., 8&), 8&8, 8&1(, 8&1>

Lecture No. 8, Collection of Solid Waste, Page No. +0

L8C"9:8 N*. 8............................................................................................................................................+ C*LL8C"I*N *; S*LI< W=S"8...........................................................................................................+ ..........................................................................................................................................................................+ +. W=S"8 C*LL8C"I*N ..........................................................................................................................+ A. G616BA/......................................................................................................................................... 1 C. C?//6CT ?1 ?; C?$$ 1G/6D WAST6S, /?W B S6, D6TACD6D! -T8&1, 3.19'...................................4 C. C?//6CT ?1 ?; C?$$ 1G/6D WAST6S, ?TD6BS.............................................................................4 D. C?//6CT ?1 ?; WAST6 AT TD6 S?EBC6..........................................................................................4 2. "3P8S *; C*LL8C"I*N S3S"8'S>"863, P.205?............................................................................A. DAE/6D C?1TA 16B S8ST6$S ........................................................................................................ 9 C. STAT ?1AB8 C?1TA 16B S8ST6$.................................................................................................... ' 3. =N=L3SIS *; C*LL8C"I*N S3S"8'S >;I@. 86+-, P.2++?...........................................................5 A. D6; 1 T ?1 ?; T6B$S...................................................................................................................... ' 1.) Pickup (Phcs or scs)..........................................................................................................................5 2.) Haul (h).............................................................................................................................................6 3.) At-Site (s)(T8-5, p.215).....................................................................................................................6 4.) !!-"oute (#)....................................................................................................................................6 C. DAE/6D C?1TA 16B S8ST6$........................................................................................................... > C. STAT ?1AB8 C?1TA 16B S8ST6$.................................................................................................... ) D. ADKEST 1G TD6 CAS C 6LEAT ?1S................................................................................................... ) -. C*LL8C"I*N :*9"8S.........................................................................................................................8 A. G616BA/......................................................................................................................................... 8 C. /A8?ET ?; C?//6CT ?1 B?ET6S..................................................................................................... 8