Application of Biotechnology for improvement of ornamentals

Pavani. U RHM/07-02

Introduction
Ornamental floriculture is becoming an important industr Ornamentals include a large variet of crop plants !ut flo"ers# $ulbs and corms %lo"ering pot plants %oliage plants &ll t'e present da ornamental varieties and novelties are as a result of e(tensive ' bridi)ation# induced mutation and selection

Biotechnology
*cience of utili)ing t'e properties and uses of micro organisms or to e(ploit cells and t'e cell constituents at different level for generating useful products essential to life and 'uman "elfare +$.,. *ing' 200-.

Biotechnology contd..
/enetic engineering0 1'e tec'nolog of preparing recombinant ,2& in vitro b cutting up ,2& molecules and splicing toget'er fragments from more t'an one organism 1issue culture0 Plant tissue culture is a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions# often to produce clones of a plant.

Genetic engineering
/enetic engineering is a laborator tec'ni3ue for gene manipulation. 2atural recombination of genes occurs t'roug' meiotic crossing over. /enetic engineering brings about novel combination of genes b using recombinent ,2& tec'nolog "'ic' is not possible t'roug' natural means.

Genetic engineering
Using r ,2& tec'nolog - multiple copies of a desired gene all identical in a bacterial cell or an ot'er 'ost cell as inserted ,2& replicate along "it' 'ost ,2& - /ene cloning. Of late gene cloning in a computeri)ed mac'ine 1'ermoc cler b Pol merase !'ain Reaction +P!R.

Genetic engineering contd..

/enetic engineering of plants is muc' easier t'an animals. t'ere is natural transformation s stem for plants +&grobacterium. plant tissue can redifferentiate plant transformation and regeneration are relativel eas for a variet of plants. &grobacterium tumefaciens can infect "ounded plant tissue# transferring a large plasmid# t'e 1i plasmid# to t'e plant cell.

Genetic engineering contd..

4mportant met'ods in recombinent ,2& tec'nolog are 4solation of desired gene 4nsertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector 4ntroduction of recombineent vector in to 'ost *election of transformed 'ost cells +&.!.,utta 2005.

Genetic engineering contd..

4solation of desired gene0 ,igestion of t'e cell "all b en) matic action# dissolution of t'e biological membranes b detergent losses# centrifugation to isolate pure ,2&. ,2& cut into no. of fragments b restriction endonulcleases - 6molecular scissors7 forming i. $lunt +rarel . or flus'ends ii. !o'esive or stic8 ends +mostl .

Genetic engineering contd..

4nsertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector0 Desired fragment so obtained are inserted in to a suitable vector to produce indefinite no.of copies of desired genes. i. Plasmids ii. 9 p'ages iii. cosmids

What is a plasmid?

Genetic engineering contd..

Most common - 1i plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1'e 1i plasmid - disarmed deleting t'e genes governing &u(in and c to8inin production : replaced b p$R;22 se3uence. p$R;22 : modified to produce an 4ntermediate <ector

 4ntermediate vector must contain

Origin of replication in =.coli p$R;22 se3uences in 1-region of disarmed p1i 1-,2& +"it' out borders. from p1i *electable mar8er +for selecting plant cells "it' r1-,2& Kan - for selection of co-integrate vector in Agrobacterium

!ilding th" T#ansg"n"s

ON'O(( S)it%h PROMOTER INTRON Ma&"s P#ot"in CODING SEQUENCE Plant T#ansg"n" Plant S"l"%ta$l" Ma#&"# G"n" stop sign
poly A signal

Plasmid DNA Const#!%t

$a%t"#ial g"n"s
anti$ioti% ma#&"# #"pli%ation o#igin

Genetic engineering contd..

4ntroduction of recombineent vector into 'ost0 1ransfer of recombinent vector from =.coli into &grobactrerium is usuall ac'ieved t'roug' con>ugation.

Genetic engineering contd..

*election of transformed cells0 Recombinent ,2& is placed in &grobacteium : co cultivated "i ' plant cells or tissues to be transformed. 1'e 1-,2& "ould be integrated into plant genome and t'e transgene "ould be e(pressed. &s a result transformed cells "ould become resistant to 8anam cin

Genetic engineering contd..

&fter 2 da s leaf discs are transferred onto a regeneration medium containing appropriate concentration of ?anam cin and carbenicillin. ?anam cin allo"s onl transformed plant cells to divide and regenerate s'oots in about ;-@ "ee8s# "'ile carbenicillin 8ills &grobacterium cells.

Genetic engineering contd..

,irect gene transfer0
4ndirect i.e biological agent li8e Agrobacterium not applicable for transforming monocots li8e orc'ids. i. =lectroporation0 =(posing t'e cells to 'ig' voltage electrical pulse for ver breif periods

 GenegunTM

)))*t#it"%h#"s"a#%h *%om

Genetic engineering contd..

ii. Particle gun met'od0 +?lein et al.# -ABB. $allistic or biolistic --2 Cm of tungsten or gold particles +micropro>ectiles. coated "it' ,2& to be used for transformation are accelerated to velocities using pressuri)ed Helium gas

Genetic engineering contd..

Microin>ection0 ,2& solution is in>ected directl inside t'e cell using capillar glass micropipetts

Genetic engineering contd..

/enetic engineering can be used to create geneticall altoget'er a ne" plant of desired nature 4t is possible to introduce genes from 3uite unrelated organisms li8e bacteria# fugi# easts into t'e plants to modif t'eir traits.

Genetic engineering contd..

2ovel plants "it' desirable c'aracters created t'roug' genetic engineering met'ods are called 61ransgenic plants7. !reation of transgenic plant utilises t'e genetic engineerig tec'nolog t'roug' tissue culture met'ods.

Genetic engineering contd..

Ho" transgenic tec'nolog utili)ed in ornamentalsD %or a modern and industriali)ed 'orticulture t'ere is al"a s demand and necessit for ne" varieties. 1o develop ne" varieties t'roug' genetic manipulation# t'ere are several plant breeding tec'ni3ues.

Genetic engineering contd..

Ho"ever combining large parts of parental genomes in rat'er uncontrolled fas'ion is 'it- or- miss process to a larger e(tent. /enetic engineering on t'e ot'er 'and allo"s transfer of ver specific genes in to plants.

Genetic engineering contd..

1'is transgenic tec'nolog can be used to generate %lo"er crops resistant to biotic and a biotic stresses %lo"ers "it' ne" colors %lo"ers "it' improved si)e# s'ape and floral scent %lo"ers 'aving long vase life

Genetic Engineering for biotic stress

4dentification of genes t'at control general agronomic traits : disease and insect resistance. 4nsect control protein genes from $t : increased resistance to lepidopteran larvae +%isc''off et al.# -AB7 biotec' 05. =(pression of co"pea tr psin in'ibitor gene in transgenic tobacco : increased resistance to 'erbivorous insect pests +Hilder et al.# -ABB 2ature0 ;;0.

Genetic Engineering for biotic stress

1'e c'r sant'emum cultivar E*'u'o-no-c'i8araE "as transformed "it' modified delta-endoto(in gene# modified cr -&b +mcbt. of Bacillus thuringiensis. "'ic' displa s a specific biological activit against lepidopteran insects into c'r sant'emum. +*'ino ama.H et al.# $reeding science 5;+@.# 200;.

/enetic =ngineering for biotic stress contd..

G"n"ti% "ngin""#ing o+ plants to ,i#!s #"sistan%" Coat p#ot"in m"diat"d. #"sistan%" E/p#"ssion o+ %oat p#ot"in g"n" o+ To$a%%o Mosai% 0i#!s in t#ansg"ni% tomato 1 #"sistan%" to in+"%tion $y TM0 2A$"l "t al*3 45678 Simila# app#oa%h +o# al+al+a mosai% ,i#!s3 %!%!m$"# and mosai% ,i#!s 2T!m"# "t al*3 45698

A,aila$ility o+ %lon"d and s":!"n%"d plant ,i#!s"s 1 !s" in p#ot"%tion o+ +lo)"# %#ops 2William R*Woodson 45548

/enetic =ngineering for biotic stress contd..

1ransgenic c'r sant'emum s'o"ing resistance against c'r sant'emum stunt viroid +!*<d. and 1*F<. ,ouble-stranded R2&-specific ribonuclease gene +pacl. derived from *c'i)osacc'arom ces pombe using an &grobacterium mediated transformation +Oga"a1os'i a et al.# $reeding science 55+-.#200@.

Genetic Engineering for biotic stress contd..

/enetic engineering for fungal resistance0 Gimited success in area of fungal resistance t'roug' genetic engineering. !'itinase : protein ' drol ses !'itin : component of fungal cell "all : defense mec'anism of plant. 1'is en) me 'as been s'o"n to in'ibit fungal gro"t' in vitro +$roe8art et al.# -ABA *cience0 2@5.

Genetic Engineering for biotic stress contd..

1ransgenic carnation "it' fungal resistance0 1o obtain fungal resistance# transgenic carnation "it' osmotin# PR-- and/or c'itinase genes "ere generated. & 'ig' level of resistance in t'ese transgenes to a ma>or carnation pat'ogen +Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Dianthi. "as demonstrated in green'ouse tests. +&.Hu8er et al.# 2005 &cta Horticulturae05I0.

Genetic engineering for flo er color

%loriculture industr driven b availabilit of novel flo"er crops. $ecause of t'is desire for novel flo"er# tremendous interest in genetic engineering to introduce genes for ne" flo"er colors. Particularl for rare s'ades of blue and purple

Genetic engineering for flo er color contd..

%lavonoids are one of t'e main determinants of flo"er colors. %lavonoid compounds are produced b t'e p'en lpropanoid pat'"a . Primar function of flavonoid pigments in flo"ers is to attract insects and ot'er animals "'ic' 'elp in crosspollination +$rouillard and ,angles -AA;.. Provide protection against U.<radiation +,i(on et al.-AA5..

Ph"nyl alanin" PA=

T#ans %innami% a%id

P.%o!ma#i% a%id C>? >C=

R ? C 3 C?S P.%o!ma#oyl %oA

7d"o/y %hal%on"s

C?S T"t#ahyd#o/y %hal%on" C?I Na#ing"nin (?T Dihyd#o&a"mp+"#ol (=S ;a"mp+"#ol D(R

Dihyd#omy#"%"tin (<@A@?

Dihyd#o:!"#%"tin DQR

(<@?

D"lphinidin <gl!%osid"

Cyanidin

P"la#gonidin

Genetic engineering for hite flo er

*traig't "a : silecing ant'oc anin bios nt'etic pat'"a b a. transcriptional do"n-regulation or b. b inactivating t'e 8e en) mes. *uccessful reduction of ant'oc anin bios nt'esis 'as been reported in Petunia +?rol et al. -ABB.#

/erbera +=lomaa -AA;.#

!'r sant'emum +!ourtne /utterson et al. -AA@.#

Rose +/utterson -AA5.#

!arnation +/utterson -AA5..

Genetic engineering for hite flo er contd.. Reducing e(pression of endogenous pigment bios nt'esis0 1'is 'as been accomplis'ed in Petunia using antisense R2& tec'ni3ue.

Genetic engineering for hite flo er contd..

4t invloves insertion of a reverse orientation cop of t'e endogenous gene + encoding c'alcone s nt'ase. 1'e e(pression of t'is inserted gene gives rise to complementor mR2& or antisenese mR2& strand t'at forms a duple( "it' t'e sense strand. 1'is duple( li8el is unstable and is not available for translation

Normal gene 3 TAC ACC TCG TTC CTC 5 5ATG TGG AGC AAG GAG 3

Antisense gene 3GAG GAA CGA GGT GTA 5 5 CTC CTT GCT CCA CAT 3

mRNA 5AUG UGG AGC AAG GAG 3

Antisense mRNA 5 CUC CUU GCU CCA CAU 3

Double stranded mRNA 5 AUG UGG AGC AAG GAG 3 3 UAC ACC UGC UUC CUC 5 No translation No enzyme

Genetic engineering for hite flo er cntd..

F'en t'e endogenous c'alcone s nt'ase gene "as completel in'ibited # no coloration "ould be e(pected since t'e substrate for t'is en) me is colorless and gives "'ite colored flo"ers. *uc' plants "ere observed and une(pectedl novel pigmentation patterns "ere also observed as a result of antisense gene e(pression.

Genetic engineering for hite flo er contd..

!H*-silencing "ould lead to t'e abolis'ment of t'e entire arra of flavonoid compounds in plants. sometimes# t'is "ould cause t'e plants to be more sensitive to environmental stresses and mig't lead to sterilit in some species. ,%R and %;H : alternative silensing targets for producing "'ite flo"ers. F'en %;H is silenced in carnations transgenic plants "ere obtained "it' reduced ant'oc anins and increased fragrance +Hu8er et al.# 2002.

Genetic engineering for red! orange flo ers

4n petunia c anidin and delp'inidin derivatives but no pelargonidin derivatives. =n) me di' droflavonol @ reductase s'o"s substrate specificit - canJt reduce di' dro8aempferol : no pelargonidin &- gene from mai)e encodes di' dro 3uercetin @ reductase- doesnJt s'o" substrate specificit as does petunia en) me.

RG0- mutant petunia line - accumulates di' dro8aempferol no pigmentation 4nsertion of Mai)e &- gene as a c'imeric constuct "it' ca M< ;5s promoter +*c'"ar) :somner et al.# -AB7. encodes di' dro3uercetin @ reductase. Over e(pression of &- gene K abundant substrate due to petunia mutation : s nt'esis of novel bric8 red colored petunia. +Me er et al.# -AB7.

Genetic engineering for yello flo ers

!'alcones contribute to t'e ello" colors in ,iant'us car op' llus +%or8man and ,angel me er -AB0.. *ilencing of !H4 in petunia and Gisiant'us aimed at accumulating c'alcones# did not produce ello" pigments in flo"ers as e(pected +<an boc8land et al.# -AA;.. Gater discovered - a c'alcone 2L-glucos ltransferase +!2L/1. en) me - stabili)es t'e c'emicall unstable c'alcone and is necessar for producing c'alcone-based ello" pigments. !arnation !2L/1 gene 'as been cloned recentl +4s'ida et al. 200;# O8u'ara et al. 200@. cloned.

Genetic engineering for yello flo ers contd..

&urones are brig't ello" flavonoids found in species suc' as snapdragon# da'lia etc.. &urone s nt'ases catal )e t'e ' dro( lation and o(idative c cli)ation of c'alcone precursors. One of t'e aurone s nt'ases# aureusidin s nt'ase "as recentl purified from ello" snapdragon petals +2a8a ama et al. 2000.. 4t belongs to t'e pol p'enol o(idase en) mes# and could be used for engineering ello" flo"ers.

Genetic engineering for yello flo ers contd..

4n ello" varieties of some &steraceae and Gegumacea plants suc' as cosmos and da'lia# IL-deo( c'alcones are t'e main pigments +,avies and *c'"inn -AA7.. 1'e bios nt'esis of IL-deo( c'alcones re3uires coordinate activit of !H* "it' a c'alcone reductase +!H*.. Medicago truncatula !HR in a "'ite petunia and obtained pale ello" flo"er buds t'at accumulated t'e c'alcones# butein ;-O-glucoside and butein @-O-glucoside.

Genetic engineering for blue flo ers

1'e most economicall significant flo"ers - Rose# !'r sant'emum# and !arnations - no blue color - no delp'inidin - lac8 of %;L5LH in t'eir flo"ers. 1'erefore# one can not produce a blue rose or blue carnation b traditional breeding.

Genetic engineering for blue flo ers contd..

=(pression of a petunia %;L5LH in a carnation line t'at accumulated c anidin-based pigments resulted in ver lo" levels of delp'inidin production and no dramatic effect on flo"er color +$rugliera et al. 2000. 4t appears t'at t'e introduced petunia %;L5LH could not efficientl compete "it' t'e endogenous carnation %;LH and ,%R en) mes

Genetic engineering for blue flo ers contd..

Petunia c toc'rome b5 gene K Petunia %;L5LH gene "as e(pressed in t'e same carnation line : dramatic improvement in t'e level of delp'inidin - s'ift in t'e flo"er color from a pin8 and red to mauve and purple. %lorigeneEs ne" lilac- and mauve-'ued carnations -EMoondustE and EMoonglo"E# no" dominate t'e 2ort' and *out' &merican carnation cut-flo"er mar8ets

Genetic engineering for blue flo ers contd..

%lorigene Gtd. and *untor Gtd. Have successfull developed a range of transgenic violet carnations b introduction of a %;J5JH gene toget'er "it' a petunia ,%R gene in to a ,%R deficient "'ite carnation +%u8ui et al. 200;.. 4n t'ese petals# t'e engineered delp'inidin is con>ugated b endogenous glucos l transferase# and formed a comple( , "it' co pigment suc' as apigenin I-c glucos l malon lester under vascular pH 5.5

,evelopment of blue Rose

Hol /rail of rose breeders since -B@0. 2o blue rose - naturall : incapable of s nt'esi)ing delp'inidin Molecular geneticists "it' %lorigene and *untor ac'ieved b combining somet'ing old# somet'ing ne"# somet'ing borro"ed# and somet'ing blue.

Development of blue "ose contd..

1'e Esomet'ing blueE "as t'e delp'inidin gene cloned from a pans . 1'e Esomet'ing borro"edE "as an iris gene for an en) me# ,%R# re3uired to complete t'e delp'inidin-s nt'esis reaction* Esomet'ing ne"E "as a man-made gene designed b *untor geneticists e(ploited a po"erful ne" !*4ROdeveloped tec'nolog - to s"itc' off a rose gene

 *untor Es scientists created t'e EsilencerE gene to e(ploit a cellular p'enomenon called R2& interference +R2&i. Potentiall t'e first commercial plant in t'e "orld to e(ploit R2&i tec'nolog #

1'e ma8ing of t'e blue rose

=arl 20t' centur Rose ' bridists - range of novel floral 'ues. 4n -ABI !algene Pacific - ma>or goal "as to use gene tec'nolog 4n -AA%lorigeneEs scientists cloned t'e delp'inidin gene from a petunia 1'e 'ad perfected tec'ni3ues for geneticall transforming roses 4t enabled %lorigene to create t'e first roses "it' delp'inidin

mid--AA0s %lorigene 'ad 'ig' level e(pression of delp'inidin in an old red variet # E!ardinalE. !ombination of c anidin and delp'inidin - attractive dar8 burgund Rose : "asnJt blue : tec'nicall ma>or advance 2eed a "'ite rose in "'ic' t'e ,%R gene "as inactivated. $ut t'e "ere unable to identif a ,%R-8noc8out "'ite rose %lorigene researc'ers consulted ,r Fater'ouseEs team at !*4RO

4n 200-

Use of R2&i tec'nolog to s"itc' off ,%R gene in a red rose to bloc8 c anidin pat'"a

and t'en install t'e delp'inidin gene : plus a ne" ,%R gene to complete delp'inidin s nt'esis.

 *untor Es researc'ers 'ad t'e same idea : t'e used R2&i to create a s nt'etic gene to suppress t'e ,%R gene in a s'apel pin8 rose . 1'e cloned a ne" version of t'e delp'inidin gene# from pans # and# on a 'unc'# teamed it "it' a ,%R gene from iris.

 1'e rose and iris genes are 3uite similar# and s'are muc' of t'eir ,2& code# but R2&i is so e(3uisitel precise t'at t'e "ere able to design a R2&i E'airpinE gene targeting a ,2& se3uence e(clusive to t'e rose ,%R gene# so t'e E8noc8outE 'ad no effect on t'e imported iris ,%R gene.

 1'e t'ree-gene pac8age +pans delp'inidin# iris ,%R# antirose ,%R. pac8age "or8ed0 *untor Es transgenic rose produced ver 'ig' levels of delp'inidin in its petals# and a small residue of c anidin. 1'e ne" rose is an attractive s'ade of mauve# similar to t'e current generation of mauve-lilac roses li8e E$lue MoonE and E<ol de 2uitE.

 $lue s'ades s'ould be ac'ievable if %lorigene and *untor researc'ers can ma8e t'e roseEs petals less acidic. Rose petals are moderatel acidic# "it' a pH around @.5# "'ile carnation petals are less so# "it' a pH of 5.5. Researc'ers Mfis'ed aroundJ for roses "it' 'ig' pH. $ut lo" petal acidit trait - geneticall limited 2o" using R2&i gene 8noc8out tec'nolog to identif genes influencing petal acidit .

F'at is R2&i tec'nolog D

4n'ibition of gene e(pression "it' t'e aid of double-stranded R2& +dsR2&. molecules is called R2& interference +R2&i. F'en antisense R2& +aR2&. is introduced into a cell - binds to t'e alread present sense R2& - in'ibits gene e(pression 4f sense R2& is prepared and introduced into t'e cellD *ince t"o strands of sense R2& do not bind to eac' ot'er# it is logical to t'in8 t'at not'ing "ould 'appen "it' additional sense R2&

R2&i tec'nolog contd..

1'e ne" sense R2& suppresses gene e(pression# similar to aR2&

sense R2& actuall contain contaminating strands of antisense R2&. *ense and antisense strands bind to eac' ot'er# forming a 'eli( : supressor of its corresponding gene. +""".agricola.org.

!o-supression
Researc'ers "ere tr ing to deepen t'e purple colour of t'e flo"ers b in>ecting t'e gene responsible into t'e petunias but "ere surprised at t'e result. 4nstead of a dar8er flo"er# t'e petunias "ere eit'er variegated +%igure 2. or completel "'iteN 4t is no" 8no"n t'at double stranded R2& is responsible for t'is effect.

Genetic engineering for improved shape# si$e

*tudies on 'omeotic mutants 'ave clarified man important aspects of genetic control of flo"er development. +""".pubmed central. ,eficiencies genes and agamous genes isolated from &ntirr'inum ma>us increased interest in novel flo"er s'apes t'roug' molecular manipulation

Genetic engineering for improved shape# si$e

1'e &$! model +!oen andMe ero"it) -AA-. and its modified version +1'eiOen 200-. are 8no"n to be applicable to a broad range of plants +?im et al. 2005.. 1'e &$! model proposed t'at t'ree functionall different genes# i.e.# &# $# and !# specified t'e four-"'orl structure of flo"ers. /ene & is responsible for sepal development in t'e first +outermost. "'orl. /enes & and $ toget'er specif t'e petals in t'e second "'orl*

Genetic engineering for improved shape# si$e

/enes $ and ! determine t'e stamens in t'e t'ird "'orl# and gene ! alone specifies t'e carpels in t'e fourt' "'orl +!oen and Me ero"it) -AA-.. !onstitutive e(pression of Antirrhinum ma%us $ genes DEF and G&' in transgenic torenia resulted in t'e conversion of sepals to petals +,r. 1a8as'i Handa# personal communication. !onstitutive e(pression of t'e ! gene from "osa rugosa in torenia resulted in a carpeloid structure in place of sepals +?ita'ara et al. 200@# plant science0-II.

Genetic engineering for floral scent

/eneticall engineering floral scent ma en'ance t'e value of cut flo"ers to consumers. %ragrance is a result of numerous volatile aromatic organic substances present in t'e flo"er. 1'ese substances include ' drocarbons# alco'ols# alde' des# 8etones# esters# et'ers# +%lament et al.# -AA;..

Genetic engineering for floral scent

1o be able to manipulate fragrance in flo"ers t'roug' genetic engineering# t'e c'emicals contributing to t'e fragrance of roses# t'eir pat'"a s of s nt'esis and en) mes controlling t'ese pat'"a s identified. /ene mapping is a means to locate suc' fragrance genes and to identif t'e ,2& mar8ers associated "it' t'ese genes. Metabolic engineering is a form of genetic engineering aimed at c'anging t'e "a living t'ings metaboli)e# or rearrange t'e nutrients t'e ta8e in into different c'emicals and t'us ma8e useful fragrances.

Genetic engineering to modify plant architecture !ontrol of plant 'eig't is of great importance in floriculture. !'r sant'emum cv. M4ridonJ engineered to e(press tobacco p' toc'rome $- gene under control of caM<;5s 1ransgenic plants "ere s'orter in structure# larger branc' angles t'an "ild t pe. +H'eng et al.# 200-. rol( -1ransgenic carnation - e('ibite increased a(illar bud brea8# more stem cuttings# increased flo"ering.

,"arf $ougainvilleas

Genetic engineering for longer vase life

Post 'arvest longevit determines value of a cut flo"er. *enescence of a flo"er is 'ig'l controlled process re3uiring active gene e(pression and protein s nt'esis - amenable to manipulation +Foodson -AB7. programmed cell deat'

Genetic engineering for longer vase life

4ncreased respiration and et' lene production# induction of catabolic en) mes resulting in decreased proteins. $ios nt'esis of et' lene is "ell c'aracteri)ed.

Genetic engineering for longer vase life contd..

Onset of increased et' lene production in aging petals associated "it' i. &!! s nt'ase : converts * adenos l -G- met'eonine to &!! ii. =%= activities - o(idise &!! to =t' lene. *enescence can be prevented eit'er b in'ibiting production of et' lene or b bloc8ing perception of et' lene. %lorigene 'as developed carnation flo"ers "it' en'anced vase life using antisense R2& tec'nolog .

Genetic engineering for longer vase life contd..

<irus 4nduced /ene *ilencing tec'nolog 0 & @@7bp &!! o(idase of petunia "as cloned from petunia c,2& into 1R<2-!H* vector to test simultaneous silencing of &!O and !H*. +!.H.Piang et al.#&cta Hort. IB2# 2005.

)icropropagation of ornamentals

Rapid clonal in vitro propagation of plants from cells# tissues or organs cultured asepticall on defined media contained in culture vessels maintained under controlled conditions of lig't and temperature.

Mi%#op#opagation in o#nam"ntals

Orc'ids !ut flo"ers $ulbs and corms %lo"ering pot plants %oliage plants

Orc'ids
&rac'nis &randa &rant'era !attle a ! mbidium ,endrobium G caste Pap'iodelp'ium Miltonia Odontoglossum

!ut flo"ers

Ch#ysanth"m!m G"#$"#a Anth!#i!m Ros" Ca#nation

$ulbs and corms

Gladiol!s T!lips =ili"sGladiol!s T!lips =ili"s T!$"#os" Ama#yllis I#is T!$"#os" Ama#yllis I#is

 Micropropagation on a commercial scale done via Q.

Meristem / s'oot tip / a(illar bud culture +organogenesis. *omatic embr ogenesis 1'in cell la er tec'ni3ue

!onclusion
Recent developments in plant molecular biolog : provide opportunities to use tec'ni3ues of genetic engineering for improvement of flo"er crops. &s 'orticulture scientists # "e s'ould not "ait for ,evelopments to reac' t'e stage of application