Verbal Reasoning

Logical Sequence of Words Blood Relation Test Syllogism Series Completion Cause and Effect Dice

Venn Diagrams

Cube and Cuboid

Analogy

Seating Arrangement

Character Puzzles

Direction Sense Test

Classification

Data Sufficiency

Arithmetic Reasoning

Verification of Truth

Blood Relation Test Mother's son Brother Fathers son - Brother Mother's Sister Fathers daughter - Sister Mother's brother Uncle Fathers brother - Uncle Mother's sister Aunt Fathers sister - Aunt Son's wife - Daughter-in-Law Daughter's husband - Son-in-Law Husband's sister - Sister-in-Law Wifes sister - Sister-in-Law Husband's brother - Brother-in-Law Wifes brother - Brother-in-Law Brother's son - Nephew Brother' daughter - Niece Aunt's son - Cousin Uncles daughter- Cousin Aunts daughter- Cousin Uncles daughter- Cousin Sister's husband - Brother-in-Law Brother's wife - Sister-in-Law Mother's Father GrandFather Fathers Father - GrandFather Mother's mother GrandMother

Father's mother GrandMother Grandson's daughter - Great GrandDaughter Granddaughter's daughter - Great GrandDaughter Syllogism
Introduction: The questions which are asked in this section contain two or more statements and these statements are followed by two or more conclusions. You have to find out which of the conclusions logically follow from the given statements. The statements have to be taken true even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts. For such questions, you can take the help of Venn Diagrams. On the basis of the given statements, you should draw all the possible diagrams, and then derive the solution from each of these diagrams separately. Finally, the answer common to the all the diagrams is taken. Example 1: Statements: 1. All dogs are asses. 2. All asses are bulls. Conclusions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Some dogs are not bulls. Some bulls are dogs. All bulls are dogs. All dogs are bulls.

Solution: On the basis of both statements, the following one diagram is possible.

From the diagram it is clear that (2) and (4) conclusions logically follow.

Example 2:

Statements: 1. Some dogs are asses. 2. Some asses are bulls. Conclusions: 1. Some asses are not dogs. 2. Some dogs are bulls. Solution: From these given statements the following diagrams are possible:

From the diagram neither (1) nor (2) conclusions follow.

Dice
Introduction: Dice is a cube. In cube there are 6 faces. Some important points are given below: 1. There are 6 faces in the cube - ABCG, GCDE, DEFH, BCDH, AGEF and ABHF.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Always four faces are adjacent to one face. Opposite of ABCG is DEFH and so on. CDEG is the upper face of the cube. ABHF is the bottom of the cube.

There are certain rules with the help of these rules question on dice can easily determined.

Rule No. 1: Two opposite faces cannot be adjacent to one another. Example: Two different positions of a dice are shown below. Which number will appear on the face opposite to the face with number 4?

Solution: Faces with four numbers 6, 2, 5 and 3 are adjacent of to the face with No. 4. Hence the faces with no. 6, 2, 5 and 3 cannot be opposite to the face with no. 4.

Therefore the remaining face with no.1 will be the opposite of the face with no. 4.

Rule No. 2: If two different positions of a dice are shown and one of the two common faces is in the same position then of the remaining faces will be opposite to each other. Example: Two different positions of a dice are shown below.

Here in both shown positions two faces 5 and 3 are common. The remaining faces are 2 and 4. Hence the number on the face opposite to the face with number 2 is 4.

Rule No. 3: If in two different positions of dice, the position of a common face be the same, then each of the opposite faces of the remaining faces will be in the same position. Example:

Here in both positions of common (3) is same. Therefore, opposite of 5 is 6 and opposite of 4 is 2.

Rule No. 4: If in two different positions of a dice, the position of the common face be not the same, then opposite face of the common face will be that which is not shown on any face in these two positions. Besides, the opposite faces of the remaining faces will not be the same. Example:

Here in two positions of a dice the face with number 1 is not in the same position. The face with number 6 is not shown. Hence the face opposite to the face with number 1 is 6. Besides the opposite face of 3 will be the face with number 2 and opposite face to face 5 will be the face with number 1.

Venn Diagrams
Introduction: The main aim of this section is to test your ability about the relation between some items of a group by diagrams. In these questions some figures of circles and some words are given. You have to choose a figure which represents the given words. Some critical examples are given below: Example 1: If all the words are of different groups, then they will be shown by the diagram as given below. Dog, Cow, Horse

All these three are animals but of different groups, there is no relation between them. Hence they will be represented by three different circles.

Example 2: If the first word is related to second word and second word is related to third word. Then they will be shown by diagram as given below. Unit, Tens, Hundreds

Ten units together make one Tens or in one tens, whole unit is available and ten tens together make one hundreds.

Example 3: If two different items are completly related to third item, they will be shown as below. Pen, Pencil, Stationery

Example 4: If there is some relation between two items and these two items are completely related to a third item they will be shown as given below. Women, Sisters, Mothers

Some sisters may be mothers and vice-versa. Similarly some mothers may not be sisters and viceversa. But all the sisters and all the mothers belong to women group.

Example 5: Two items are related to a third item to some extent but not completely and first two items totally different. Students, Boys, Girls

The boys and girls are different items while some boys may be students. Similarly among girls some may be students.

Example 6: All the three items are related to one another but to some extent not completely. Boys, Students, Athletes

Some boys may be students and vice-versa. Similarly some boys may be athletes and vice-versa. Some students may be athletes and vice-versa.

Example 7: Two items are related to each other completely and third item is entirely different from first two. Lions, Carnivorous, Cows

All the lions are carnivorous but no cow is lion or carnivorous.

Example 8: First item is completely related to second and third item is partially related to first and second item. Dogs, Animals, Flesh-eaters

All the dogs are belonging to animals but some dogs are flesh eater but not all.

Example 9: First item is partially related to second but third is entirely different from the first two. Dogs, Flesh-eaters, Cows

Some dogs are flesh-eaters but not all while any dog or any flesh-eater cannot be cow.

Cube and Cuboid

Intrducion:

In In In In

a cube a cube a cube cuboid

or a cuboid there are six faces in each. length, breadth and height are same while in cuboid these are different. the number of unit cubes = (side)3. the number of unit cube = (l x b x h).

Example: A cube of each side 4 cm, has been painted black, red and green on pars of opposite faces. It is then cut into small cubes of each side 1 cm.

The following questions and answers are based on the information give above: 1. How many small cubes will be there ? Total no. of cubes = (sides)3 = (4)3 = 64 2. How many small cubes will have three faces painted ? From the figure it is clear that the small cube having three faces coloured are situated at the corners of the big cube because at these corners only three faces of the big cube meet. Therefore the required number of such cubes is always 8, because there are 8 corners. 3. How many small cubes will have only two faces painted ? From the figure it is clear that to each edge of the big cube 4 small cubes are connected and two out of them are situated at the corners of the big cube which have all three faces painted.

Thus, to edge two small cubes are left which have two faces painted. As the total no. of edges in a cube are 12. Hence the no. of small cubes with two faces coloured = 12 x 2 = 24 (or) No. of small cubes with two faces coloured = (x - 2) x No. of edges where x = (side of big cube / side of small cube)

4. How many small cubes will have only one face painted ? The cubes which are painted on one face only are the cubes at the centre of each face of the big cube. Since there are 6 faces in the big cube and each of the face of big cube there will be four small cubes. Hence, in all there will be 6 x 4 = 24 such small cubes (or) (x - 2)2 x 6.

5. How many small cubes will have no faces painted ?

No. of small cubes will have no faces painted = No. of such small cubes = (x - 2)3 [ Here x = (4/1) = 4 ] = (4 - 2)3 = 8. 6. How many small cubes will have only two faces painted in black and green and all other faces unpainted ? There are 4 small cubes in layer II and 4 small cubes in layer III which have two faces painted green and black. Required no. of such small cubes = 4 + 4 = 8. 7. How many small cubes will have only two faces painted green and red ? No. of small cubes having two faces painted green and red = 4 + 4 = 8. 8. How many small cubes will have only two faces painted black and red ? No. of small cubes having two faces painted black and red = 4 + 4 = 8. 9. How many small cubes will have only black painted ? No. of small cubes having only black paint. There will be 8 small cubes which have only black paint. Four cubes will be form one side and 4 from the opposite side. 10. How many small cubes will be only red painted ? No. of small cubes having only red paint = 4 + 4 = 8.

11. How many small cubes will be only green painted ? No. of small cubes having only green paint = 4 + 4 = 8. 12. How many small cubes will have at least one face painted ? No. of small cubes having at least one face painted = No. of small cubes having 1 face painted + 2 faces painted + 3 faces painted = 24 + 24 + 8 = 56. 13. How many small cubes will have at least two faces painted ? No. of small cubes having at least two faces painted = No. of small cubes having two faces painted + 3 faces painted = 24 + 8 = 32.

Analogy
Introduction: Analogy means similarity. In this type of questions, two objects related in some way are given and third object is also given with four or five alternatives. You have to find out which one of the alternatives bears the same relation with the third objects as first and second objects are related. Example 1: Curd : Milk :: Shoe : ? (A) Leather (C) Jute (B) Cloth (D) Silver

Answer: Option A As curd is made from milk similarly shoe is made from leather.

Example 2: Calf : Piglet :: Shed : ?

(A) Prison (C) Pigsty

(B) Nest (D) Den

Answer: Option C Calf is young one of the cow and piglet is the young of Pig. Shed is the dwelling place of cow. Similarly Pigsty is the dwelling place of pig.

Example 3: Malaria : Mosquito :: ? : ? (A) Poison : Death (C) Rat : Plague Answer: Option B As malaria is caused due to mosquito similarly cholera is cause due to water. (B) Cholera : Water (D) Medicine : Disease

Example 4: ABC : ZYX :: CBA : ? (A) XYZ (C) YZX (B) BCA (D) ZXY

Answer: Option A CBA is the reverse of ABC similarly XYZ is the reverse of ZYX.

Example 5: 4 : 18 :: 6 : ? (A) 32 (C) 11 (B) 38 (D) 37

Answer: Option B

As, (4)2 + 2 =18 Similarly, (6)2 + 2 = 38.

Seating Arrangement
In order to solve seating arrangement questions, first of all diagram should be made. By doing so questions are easily and quickly solved. Example 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 6 Boys are sitting in a circle and facing towards the centre of the circle. Rajeev is sitting to the right of mohan but he is not just at the left of Vijay. Suresh is between Babu and Vijay. Ajay is sitting to the left of Vijay.

Who is sitting to the left of Mohan ? Solution :

Hence, Babu is sitting to the left of Mohan.

Example 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Eleven students A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K are sitting in first line facing to the teacher. D who is just to the left of F, is to the right of C at second place. A is second to the right of E who is at one end. J is the nearest neighbour of A and B and is to the left of G at third place. H is next to D to the right and is at the third place to the right of I.

Who is just in the middle ? Solution :

Hence, I is just in the middle.

Example 3: Siva, Sathish, Amar and Praveen are playing cards. Amar isto the right of Sathish, who is to the right of Siva. Who is to the right of Amar ? Solution :

Hence Praveen is to the right of Amar.

Example 4: 1. A, B and C are three boys while R, S and T are three girls. They are sitting such that the boys are facing the girls. 2. A and R are diagonally opposite to each other. 3. C is not sitting at any of the ends. 4. T is left to R but opposite to C. (A). Who is sitting opposite to B ? (B). Who is sitting diagonally opposite to B ?

Solution :

(A). Hence, R is sitting opposite to B. (B). Hence, S is sitting diagonally opposite to B.

Character Puzzles
In this type of questions, a figure or a matrix is given in which some numbers are filled according to a rule. A place is left blank. You have to find out a character (a number or a letter) from the given possible answers which may be filled in the blank space. Some examples are given below. Example 1: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : From fig. a: 6 + 4 + 8 = 18 18 + 2 = 20

From fig. b: 7 + 9 + 8 = 24 24 + 2 = 26 From fig. c: 6 + 5 + 12 = 23 23 + 2 = 25 Hence the number 25 will replace the question mark.

Example 2: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : From fig. a: (3)2 + (2)2 = 13 From fig. b: (4)2 + (8)2 = 80 From fig. c: ? = (1)2 + (5)2 ? = 1 + 25 ? = 26 Hence the number 26 will replace the question mark.

Example 3: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : From fig. a: 7 x 6 + 3 = 45 From fig. b: 5 x 4 + 6 = 26 From fig. c: 7 x 3 + 8 = 29 Hence the number 29 will replace the question mark.

Example 4: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : From fig. a: 92 + 82 + 72 + 62 = 81 + 64 + 49 + 36 = 230 From fig. b: 62 + 72 + 32 + 42 = 36 + 49 + 9 + 16 = 110 From fig. c: 92 + 62 + 52 + 42 = 81 + 36 + 25 + 16 = 158 Hence the number 158 will replace the question mark.

Example 5: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : (4 + 3)2 = (7)2 = 49 (8 + 5)2 = (13)2 = 169 (11 + 12)2 = (23)2 = 529 (10 + 9)2 = (19)2 = 361 Hence the number 361 will replace the question mark.

Example 6: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : From column I: (9 x 5) % 5 = 9 From column II: (17 x 4) % 4 = 17 From column III: (16 x ?) % 8 = 8 16? = 64

?=4 Hence the number 4 will replace the question mark.

Example 7: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : From fig. a: (8 x 5) - (4 x 3) = 28 From fig. b: (12 x 7) - (8 x 9) = 12 From fig. c: (5 x 3) - (6 x ?) = 21 15 - 6? = 21 6? = -6 ? = -1 Hence the number -1 will replace the question mark.

Example 8: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : In each row there are 'A', 'B' and 'C' In second row 'A' and 'C' are already there Hence in place of ?, there will be 'B'. From first row : 4A x 6C = 24B From third row : 9B x 4C = 36A From second row : 5A x ? = 45C ? = (45C/5A) ? = 9B Hence the number 9B will replace the question mark.

Example 9: Which number will replace the question mark ?

Solution : (5)2 = 25 (6)2 = 36

(4)2 = 16 (7)2 = 49 Hence the number 49 will replace the question mark.

Direction Sense Test

Introduction: There are four main directions - East, West, North and South as shown below:

There are four cardinal directions - North-East (N-E), North-West (N-W), South-East (S-E), and South-West (S-W) as shown below:

1. At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the east, his shadow will be towards west. 2. At the time of sunset the shadow of an object is always in the east. 3. If a man stands facing the North, at the time of sunrise his shadow will be towards his left and at the time of sunset it will be towards his right. 4. At 12:00 noon, the rays of the sun are vertically downward hence there will be no shadow.

Main types of questions are given below: Type 1: Siva starting from his house, goes 5 km in the East, then he turns to his left and goes 4 km. Finally he turns to his left and goes 5 km. Now how far is he from his house and in what direction? Solution:

From third position it is clear he is 4 km from his house and is in North direction.

Type 2: Suresh starting from his house, goes 4 km in the East, then he turns to his right and goes 3 km. What minimum distance will be covered by him to come back to his house? Solution:

Type 3: One morning after sunrise Juhi while going to school met Lalli at Boring road crossing. Lalli's shadow was exactly to the right of Juhi. If they were face to face, which direction was Juhi facing? Solution: In the morning sunrises in the east.

So in morning the shadow falls towards the west. Now Lalli's shadow falls to the right of the Juhi. Hence Juhi is facing South.

Type 4: Hema starting from her house walked 5 km to reach the crossing of Palace. In which direction she was going, a road opposite to this direction goes to Hospital. The road to the right goes to station. If the road which goes to station is just opposite to the road which IT-Park, then in which direction to Hema is the road which goes to IT-Park? Solution:

From II it is clear that the road which goes to IT-Park is left to Hema.