Tutorial: Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) System Analysis

R00943129

Outline:
1. Abstractp.2 2. Introduction of MIMO System.p.3 3. Types of MIMO Systemp.5 4. Function of MIMO System.p.7 5. MIMO Channel Model..p.11 6. Application of MIMO Systemp.15 7. Future Work.p.19 8. Conclusion.p.19 9. Reference..p.20

1. Abstract
Digital communication using multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) has been regarded as one of the most significant technical breakthrough modern communications. In this tutorial, the overview of recent progress in the area of MIMO system is introduced. A key feature of MIMO system is the ability to turn multi-path propagation, traditionally a pitfall of wireless transmission, into a benefit for the user. The first part of the tutorial introduced MIMO system and analyzed why MIMO system. Followed, the section 3 used two majorclassifications to determine types of MIMO. From single user to multi users, open loop to close loop, there are literally descriptions to figure out category of MIMO system. Beside, several different open loop MIMO systems includeSpace Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO and Uplink Collaborative MIMO are introduced. Coming to the function of MIMO system, Iseparated it to three parts to illustrate.Precodingis a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications.In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel.Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter.Then a strict mathematics model of MIMO system is provided. While the MIMO system is regarded as narrow flat fading channel, we modeled the MIMO system by referringto information theory. Then we derived the channel capacity in mathematical description.In section 6, current applications of MIMO technique is written. Under 3GPP mobile radio standard, there are several application included: (1) HSPA+ (2)LTE (3)WiMAXTM (4)WLAN.At last, Future standards with using of MIMO technology is provided include LTE Advanced, 1xEV-DO Rev. C and WiMAXTM 802.16m.At the end of this tutorial report Ibrieflyconclude the content of this report follow the section description. I present the stat of the art in channel modeling and measurement, leading to a better understanding of actual MIMO gains. Although MIMO system does not related to my research topic, I do try my best to survey the MIMO system knowledge and put all of the information to this tutorial. Hoping it can take the reader to understanding how MIMO system work.

2. Introduction of MIMO System

Before the explaining of Why MIMO System, it is necessary to briefly talking about the definition of MIMO.As the communication system included transmitter and receiver with different antenna allocation, there are a simple category of multi-antenna types:

Multi-antenna types
SISO Single-input-single-output means that the transmitter and receiver of the radio
system have only one antenna. Single-input-multiple-output means that

SIMO

the receiver has multiple antennas while the transmitter has one antenna. Multiple-input-single-output means that the

MISO

transmitter has multiple antennas while the receiver has one antenna. Multiple-input-multiple-output means that

MIMO

the both the transmitter and receiver have multiple antennas.

MIMOis the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. So why need MIMO system? The wireless system before MIMO is been constrained by network capacity which is related with channel quality and coverage. To see how problem occurred, we need to talk about the transmission on a multipath channel. In wireless communication the propagation channel is characterized by multipath propagation due to scattering on different obstacle. The multipath problem is a typical issue in communication system with time variations and time spread. For time variations the channel is fading and caused SNR variations. For time spread, it becomes important for suitable frequency selectivity. In an urban environment, these signals will bounce off trees, buildings, etc. and continue on their way to their destination (thereceiver) but in different directions. With MIMO, the receiving end uses an algorithm or special signal processing to sort out the multiple signals to produce one signal that has the originally transmitted data.

The simple overview of MIMO:

Multiple data streams transmitted in a single channel at the same time Multiple radios collect multipath signals Delivers simultaneous speed, coverage, and reliability improvements

MIMO exploits thespacedimension to improve wireless systems capacity, range and reliability. It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power. MIMO achieves this goal by spreading the same total transmit power over the antennas to achieve an array gain that improves the spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz of bandwidth) or to achieve a diversity gain that improves the link reliability (reduced fading). As the number of antenna element increasing, the channel capacity is increased too. Instead of logarithmic-increasing of channel capacity in SIMO and MISO system, the MIMO system owned linear-increasing of channel capacity as antenna increased. The improving of MIMO from SIMO and MISO is shown below:

3. Types of MIMO System

There are two majorclassifications to determine types of MIMO: (1) Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO) (2) Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO

3.1 Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO) Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO):
When the data rate is to be increased for a single UE, this is called Single User MIMO(SU-MIMO).

Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO):

When the individual streams are assigned to various users, this is called Multi UserMIMO (MU-MIMO). This mode is particularly useful in the uplink because the complexity on the UE side can be kept at a minimum by using only one transmitantenna. This is also called 'collaborative MIMO'.

3.2 Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO

Textbook MIMO configurations are represented as either "Open Loop" or "Closed Loop". In application, the commonly used MIMO terminology has most often been in reference to Open Loop MIMO techniques.Closed Loop MIMO techniques, also known as Transmitter Adaptive Antenna (TX-AA) techniques, are simply referred to by the industry as "beamforming".

Open loop MIMO:

With Open Loop MIMO, the communications channel does not utilize explicit information regarding the propagation channel. Common Open Loop MIMO techniques include Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), Spatial Multiplexing (SM) and Collaborative Uplink MIMO. Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO Space-time block coding based transmit diversity (STTD) is a method of transmit diversity used in UMTSS third-generation cellular systems. STTD is optional in the UTRANN air interface but mandatory for user equipment. STTD utilizes space-time block code (STBC) in order to exploit redundancy in multiply transmitted versions of a signal.The same data is coded and transmitted through different antennas, which effectively doubles the power in the channel. This improves Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for cell edge performance.

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO Spatial multiplexing is transmission techniques in MIMO wireless communication to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas. Therefore, the space dimension is reused, or multiplexed, more than one time. SMdelivers parallel streams of data to CPE by exploiting multi-path. It can double (2x2 MIMO) or quadruple (4x4) capacity and throughput.SM gives higher capacity when RF conditions are favorable andusers are closer to the BTS.

Short Summary: STTDvs. SM STTD outperforms SM when SNR is weak whereas when SNR is higher SM is well suited. STTD improves the SNR for cell edge users while SM provided higher capacity when user are in good RF condition and are closer to the radio tower. An ideal wireless system employing MIMO techniques will support both STTD and SM. The system will calculate an optimal switching point and dynamically shift between the two approaches to offer the necessary coverage or capacity gain demanded from the network at any given time or location.

Uplink Collaborative MIMO Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing (Collaborative MIMO) is comparable to regular spatial multiplexing, where multiple data streams are transmitted from multiple antennas on the same device. It is an additional open-loop MIMO technique consider by WiMAX vendors to increase the spectral efficiency and capacity of the uplink communications path. A practical realization of this technique would allow for two separate end-users 'WiMAX' devices, each having a single transmit lineup, to utilize the same frequency allocation to communicate with the dual-antenna WiMAX base station. With this technique two devices (having only transmitted antenna each) can collaboratively transmit on the same sub-channel which can increase the uplink capacity. Spatial Multiplexing MIMO:Uplink Collaborative MIMO:

Close loop MIMO:

Antenna technologies are the key in increasing network capacity. It started with sectorized antennas. These antennas illuminate 60 or 120 degrees and operate as onecell. In GSM, the capacity can be tripled, by 120 degree antennas. Adaptive antennaarrays intensify spatial multiplexing using narrow beams. Smart antennas belong toadaptive antenna arrays but differ in their smart direction of arrival (DoA) estimation.Smart antennas can form a user-specific beam. Optional feedback can reducecomplexity of the array system. Beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern of an antenna array. Itcan be applied in all antenna array systems as well as MIMO systems. Smart antennas are divided into two groups:
Phased array systems (switched beamforming) with a finite number offixed predefined patterns Adaptive array systems (AAS) (adaptive beamforming) with an infinitenumber of patterns adjusted to the scenario in realtime

Switched Beamformer

Adaptive Beamformer

Switched beamformers electrically calculate the DoA and switch on the fixed beam.The user only has the optimum signal strength along the center of the beam. Theadaptive beamformer deals with that problem and adjusts the beam in realtime to themoving UE. The complexity and the cost of such a system is higher than the first type.

4. Function of MIMO System

MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories: (1) Precoding (2) Spatial multiplexing (3) Diversity coding

Precoding:
Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In conventional single-layer beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver output. When the receiver has multiple antennas, single-layer beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas. Thus, in order to maximize the throughput in multiple receive antenna systems, multi-layer beamforming is required. The benefits of beamforming are to increase the received signal gain, by making signals emitted from different antennas add up constructively, and to reduce the multipath fading effect. The Precoding can be separated by two classifications: Precoding for Single User MIMO Precoding for Multi User MIMO

Precoding for Single User MIMO In single user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, a transmitter equipped with multiple antennas communicates with a receiver that has multiple antennas. Most classic precoding results assume narrowband, slowly fading channels, meaning that the channel for a certain period of time can be described by a single channel matrix which does not change faster. In practice, such channels can be achieved, for example, through OFDM. The precoding strategy that maximizes the throughput, called channel capacity, depends on the channel state information available in the system. Precoding for Multi User MIMO In multi-user MIMO, a multi-antenna transmitter communicates simultaneously with multiple receivers (each having one or multiple antennas). This is known as space-division multiple access (SDMA). From an implementation perspective, precoding algorithms for SDMA systems can be sub-divided into linear and nonlinear precoding types. The capacity achieving algorithms are nonlinear, but linear precoding approaches usually achieve reasonable performance with much lower complexity. Linear precoding strategies include MMSE precoding and the simplified zero-forcing (ZF) precoding. There are also precoding strategies tailored for low-rate feedback of channel state information, for example random beamforming. Nonlinear precoding is designed based on the concept of dirty paper coding (DPC), which shows that any known interference at the transmitter can be subtracted without the penalty of radio resources if the optimal precoding scheme can be applied on the transmit signal.

Spatial multiplexing:
Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures, the receiver can separate these streams into (almost) parallel channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the lesser of the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used with or without transmit channel knowledge. Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous transmission to

multiple receivers, known as space-division multiple accessing. The scheduling of receivers with different spatial signatures allows good separability.

Diversity coding:
Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding.