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ACTIVIDAD 1: Luego de leer el texto prestando atencin a las palabras que se repiten, a las

parecidas en ambos idiomas y a las indicaciones tipogrficas que puedan presentar, proponga un TITULO para el mismo. (3 pts)

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0. ot! "ngen!ous#$s early equation for p!otosynt!esis and %an &iel$s currently accepted equation include one factor 'e !a%e not discussed: light energy. (!at role does lig!t play in p!otosynt!esis) *t t!e beginning of t!is century, t!e +nglis! plant p!ysiologist ,. ,. lac-man began to address t!is question. "n ./01, !e came to t!e starting conclusion t!at p!otosynt!esis is in fact a t'o2stage process, only one of '!ic! requires lig!t. lac-man measured t!e effects of different lig!t intensities and temperatures on p!otosynt!esis. *s long as lig!t intensity 'as relati%ely lo', !e found t!at p!otosynt!esis could be accelerated by increasing t!e amount of lig!t, but not by increasing t!e temperature. *t !ig! lig!t intensities, !o'e%er, an increase in temperature greatly accelerated p!otosynt!esis. ased on t!ese data, lac-man concluded t!at p!otosynt!esis consists of an initial set of '!at !e called 3lig!t4 reactions, t!at are largely independent of temperature, and a second set of 3dar-4 reactions, t!at are independent of lig!t. 5o not be confused by lac-man$s labels 6t!e so2called 3dar-4 reactions occur in t!e lig!t (in fact, t!ey require t!e products of t!e lig!t reactions)7 t!eir name simply indicates t!at lig!t is not directly in%ol%ed in t!ose reactions. 8ost modern plant p!ysiologists no' call t!em 3lig!t2 dependent reactions4 to emp!asi#e t!is point. lac-man found t!at increased temperature increases t!e rate of t!e dar- reactions, but only up to about 319:. ;ig!er temperature caused t!e rate to fall off rapidly. ecause 319: is t!e temperature at '!ic! many plant en#ymes begin to be denatured (t!e !ydrogen bonds t!at !old an en#yme in its particular catalytic s!ape begin to be disrupted), lac-man concluded t!at en#ymes must carry out t!e dar- reactions. (e no' -no' t!at t!e first stage of p!otosynt!esis, t!e lig!t2dependent or 3lig!t4 reactions uses t!e energy of lig!t to reduce &*5< (an electron carrier molecule) to &*5<;and to manufacture *=<. =!e &*5<; and *=< from t!e first stage of p!osynt!esis are t!en used in t!e second stage, t!e lig!t2 independent or 3dar-4 reactions, to reduce t!e carbon in carbon dioxide and form a simple sugar '!ose carbon s-eleton can be used to synt!esi#e ot!er organic molecules. =!e incorporation of t!e carbon atoms of :>? into organic molecules in t!e dar- reactions is called carbon fixation. ,rom lac-man$s 'or- and t!at of many ot!er in%estigators, it became clear t!at t!e energy of sunlig!t is used in t!e lig!t reactions of p!otosynt!esis to dri%e t!e reduction of carrier molecules7 in ot!er 'ords, p!otosynt!esis is a redox process (all redox processes in%ol%e t!e transfer of energy). 5uring oxidati%e respiration, energy is released from sugar molecules '!en electrons associated 'it! !ydrogen atoms in t!e sugar are transported by carriers li-e &*5; to oxygen, forming 'ater as a final by2product. =!e electrons extracted from sugar lose potential energy as t!ey are dra'n do'n t!e electron transport c!ain by strongly electronegati%e oxygen atoms, and mitoc!ondria use t!e released energy to manufacture *=<. "n p!otosynt!esis, t!e pat! of t!e electrons$ @ourney is re%ersed. (ater is split and electrons ('it! associated !ydrogen atoms) are extracted and transferred to t!e carbon atoms in carbon dioxide, reducing t!em and forming a sugar. ,lo'ing in t!is direction, t!e electrons gain potential energy as t!ey pass from 'ater to sugar. =!e role of lig!t in p!otosynt!esis is to supply t!is energy.

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