DynamicAnalyses UnderstandingDynamicTimeAnalysesLecture UnderstandingDynamicTimeAnalyses.

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Understanding Dynamic Time Analyses

Dynamic Time Analyses solve vibration problems in the time domain.
Options:

Loading Time Function Modes Damping Coefficient Output Intervals

Force Balance Equation

Original Model

Mechanica Analysis Model LectureNotes Dynamic Time Analyses Dynamic Time Analyses are one of four analyses in Mechanica available for solving vibration problems. When the time history of the source of vibration (external load or base excitation) is known, you can use a Dynamic Time analysis. The results will be reported with respect to time as well. In a Dynamic Time analysis the user defines the following:

Loading: The load definition for this analysis can be selected as Load Functions or Base Excitation. Load Functions enable you to select existing load sets in the model, and define a time history for them. Base Excitation requires you to enter an acceleration vector and its time history. Base Excitation is usually used for situations in which the model is being shaken in the absence of a clear external load. Time Function: Whether Load Functions or Base Excitation is being used, you can define your own time history for the load. By default Mechanica uses its built in impulse function which uses Diracs Delta function which is meant to represent a sudden load that quickly diminishes. You can define the time function using a symbolic function of time or a time versus magnitude table. Modes: All dynamic analyses require a Modal Analysis to be run. By default, the Dynamic Time Analysis will make use of all modes, but you can limit the number of modes used with this option. Damping Coefficient: This damping coefficient is a percentage value for relative damping, which is the ratio between the damping in the system and a critically damped system. Output Intervals: You can have automatic output intervals chosen by Mechanica or define your own. When you make use of user-defined output intervals, you

can view full results (including fringe plots) for the model at selected time values. Best Practices Dynamic Time analyses are favored when the time history of the input is known. It produces a transient solution so the stress or displacement will be known at any specific time. Unlike a static analysis, there are no predefined measures for a dynamic time analysis. As such, if the user wants to know what the maximum stress is versus time, or what the value of the maximum stress over the entire model and over the entire time domain is, a measure needs to be created. Measures that report a single value (for example, maximum stress over model and over time domain) will be reported in the Run Status or Summary file. Measures that report an array of values (for example, maximum stress in model versus time) can only be viewed through a graph in the results window. UnderstandingDynamicTimeAnalysesDemonstration UnderstandingDynamicTimeAnalyses_demo.mp4 UnderstandingDynamicTimeAnalysesProcedure

Procedure: Understanding Dynamic Time Analyses

Scenario
Create a dynamic time analysis using a symbolic function for time and create valid measures for the analysis. CreateDynTime conveyor2.prt

Task 1. Open the Mechanica application and create a dynamic time analysis.
1. Click Applications > Mechanica. 2. Click Mechanica Analyses/Studies from the main toolbar.

Every dynamic analysis requires a modal analysis to be defined. Note that the Modal_Analysis_6_modes modal analysis has already been defined for this model.

3. Click File > New Dynamic > Time... from the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box.

4. In the Loading area of the dialog box, select Base Excitation from the drop-down menu. 5. Click Function to open the Functions dialog box. 6. Click New... to begin creating a new function. 7. In the Definition area of the dialog box, verify that Symbolic option is selected from the drop-down menu as shown in the figure. 8. Type 500*sin(pi*time) in the text box under the Definition drop-down menu as shown in the figure. This will create an acceleration that has an amplitude of 500 mm/s2 and a frequency of .5 Hz.

9. Click OK to complete the function definition and close the dialog box. 10. Click OK to close the Functions dialog box.

11. In the Direction area of the Dynamic Time Analysis Definition dialog box, type 1 in the X field. Verify that the Y and Z fields are set to 0. 12. In the Damping Coefficient (%) area on the Modes tab, verify that the drop-down menu is set to For all modes and type 4 in the field below the drop-down menu. The dialog box should now appear as shown in the figure. This value is applied as a 4% damping coefficient.

13. Select the Previous Analysis tab in the dialog box and note that the Modal_Analysis_6_modes analysis is selected. 14. Select the Output tab in the dialog box, select the Stresses check box and verify that the Rotations check box is selected as shown in the figure. 15. Click OK to complete the Dynamic Time Analysis Definition.

Task 2. Create measures valid for the dynamic time analysis.

No dynamic measures are predefined for a dynamic time analysis. If the maximum stress or displacement needs to be reported, you need to create the measures manually.

1. Click Simulation Measure Measures dialog box.

from the Mechanica toolbar and click New in the

2. Verify that the Quantity drop-down menu is set to Stress, the Component dropdown menu is set to von Mises, and the first and second drop-down menus for Spatial Evaluation are set to Maximum and Over Model respectively as shown in the figure.

3. Select the Time/Frequency Eval check box. Note that the Valid for Analysis Types list now includes Dynamic Time Analysis.

4. In the Dynamic Evaluation area of the dialog box, select At Each Step from the first drop-down menu as shown in the figure. This measure will calculate the maximum stress in the model at each time interval. The results for this measure can only be viewed in a results window graph display.

5. Click OK to complete the measure definition and close the dialog box. 6. Click New in the Measures dialog box. 7. Verify that the Quantity drop-down menu is set to Stress, the Component dropdown menu is set to von Mises, and the first and second drop-down menus for Spatial Evaluation are set to Maximum and Over Model respectively as shown in the figure. 8. Select the Time/Frequency Eval check box.

Note that the Valid for Analysis Types list now includes Dynamic Time.

9. In the Dynamic Evaluation area of the dialog box, verify that Maximum is in the first drop-down menu as shown in the figure. 10. Select the Time Stamp check box.

This measure will calculate the highest stress in the model during the entire time period of the analysis. This measure will report a single value that will appear in the Run Status window or the summary file. The value of this measure cannot be seen in the Results window. The time stamp option also automatically creates a new measure that will report the time at which the maximum stress occurred.

11. Click OK to complete the Measure Definition and close the dialog box.

12. Click Close to close the Measures dialog box. 13. Return to the Standard Pro/ENGINEER mode by clicking Applications > Standard. 14. Click Save from the main toolbar and click OK to save the model. 15. Click File > Erase > Current > Yes to erase the model from memory. This completes the procedure. UnderstandingDynamicTimeAnalysesExercise

Exercise: Running a Dynamic Time Analysis

Objectives
After successfully completing this exercise, you will be able to:

Create a modal analysis and observe specific mode shapes. Create a dynamic time analysis. Determine the formula for the base excitation for this model. Define base excitation using a symbolic formula. Run the dynamic time analysis. Display results for the entire model at a specific time index. Examine how the maximum stress changes with the models mass.

Scenario
The purpose of this exercise is to familiarize you with the options available in a dynamic time analysis and how to execute an analysis using base excitation input. Most of the options available here will be applicable to other dynamic analysis types. Any vibration problem is a function of three factors, the models mass, stiffness, and external load applied. Through the different analysis types discussed here, the three areas will be covered. In a dynamic time analysis, the user defines a load or excitation in the time domain and Mechanica will calculate the time dependent response. In other words, if the load exists for only a moment in time, this is the analysis that should be run. If the user is analyzing a persistent load that combines frequencies from several inputs, then a dynamic frequency analysis would be more suitable. Both analysis definitions in Mechanica have similar options, and between the exercises for dynamic time and dynamic frequency exercises, users should become familiar with all the options that are available. Similarly, the dynamic time analysis will show how manipulating the models mass will affect the results, while the dynamic frequency will investigate altering the models stiffness. The Model:

The model for this exercise is shown below. The model represents a water tower that is meant for rural water storage. The model geometry is lacking in some details and is by no means complete. Some details such as the supporting pillars being solid instead of hollow shafts were selected intentionally to reduce run time. A mass element is added to represent the water in the tank, and the mass is connected to the rest of the model using a weighted link to distribute its weight effectively. All of the parts are assigned steel.

Figure 1 The Analysis: A dynamic analysis is different from a static analysis in that the model is subject to variable loads. As the loads vary, the model builds up its own inertia and stores strain energy in each cycle. While a static analysis can be solved using Hookes law (F= kx), a vibration problem solves the equation:

Where: = acceleration = velocity x = displacement m = mass c = damping coefficient

k = stiffness Any dynamic analysis requires a Modal analysis to be run first. The purpose of a modal analysis is to determine the natural frequencies of the model and the mode in which they vibrate at those frequencies. Vibration loading can cause extreme stress and displacement when the frequency of the excitation matches one of the natural frequencies. For the purpose of this exercise, the Modal analysis is run to determine the first six modes of vibration. Why the number six? Knowing you have the right amount of modes is usually done one of two ways: 1. The user runs the modal analysis more than once until the highest frequency reported is more or less beyond the range of frequencies that the model would be operating in. 2. The user investigates the mass participation factor reported in the dynamic analysis and determines that the cumulative mass participation is sufficient and no more modes are needed. The first technique is more common, whereas the second technique is more suited for expert analysts.

Figure 2 The dynamic time analysis definition is shown below. Each of the options displayed will be explored. The items of particular interest will be enclosed in red boxes in the figures below.

Figure 3

Figure 4

The first item for Figure 3 is the load type. The items of interest to the user are: 1. Loading: The user has two options, Base Excitation or Load Functions. Base Excitation is intended for users who want to enter their vibration input as acceleration. In essence, the model is being shaken. 2. Time Dependence: The function is the time variation of the acceleration. The default option for this in Dynamic Time is the Impulse function. The Impulse function provides acceleration for a short period of time and then ceases. The details of the function itself can be queried in advanced mathematics/calculus books under the Dirac function. For the purpose of this exercise, the user will define a specific function instead of using the default.

3. Direction vector: This vector (X,Y,Z) defines the direction of the excitation. The values placed here are multiplied by the function you place for time dependence. This will be elaborated on further. 4. Frame of Reference: The Relative To box defines how the measures will be calculated, relative to ground or relative to supports. The default option is ground, but users will almost always want to choose supports. When results are calculated relative to ground, they combine the effects of the deformation of model components and the rigid movement of the entire body. When results are calculated relative to supports, only the deformation of the model is reported. In the figure below Observer B is in an elevator and bouncing a basketball, while observer A is on the ground outside. From Observer As perspective, he can view the bouncing of the ball, but as far as hes concerned, the overall movement of the ball is upward. From Bs perspective, the ball is simply bouncing up and down, and is completely oblivious to the movement of the elevator. Observer As view of the balls displacement would be relative to ground, and Bs would be relative to Supports. For most engineering applications, the option Supports should be selected. If you are unsure whether Ground or Supports should be used, then select Supports.

Figure 5 In Figure 4, the highlighted items refer to output options available to the user: 1. Output Intervals: These are the intervals in time where the results will be calculated. Pro/MECHANICA can automatically set this option, but the user can

change it to User Defined Intervals just as easily. Similarly, the user can set a specific number of intervals and enable Pro/MECHANICA to populate them, or specify User Defined Steps. The latter enables the user greater control over the output and details included. 2. Stresses. 3. Rotations: Rotations will always be zero for solid models. 4. Mass Participation Factors: The Mass Participation Factors look at the participation of each mode towards the vibration output. This will be covered briefly in the exercise. DynTimeExer water_tower.asm

Task 1. Open the Mechanica application and create and run a modal analysis.
1. Click Applications > Mechanica. Since structural simulation features (loads, constraints, and so on) have already been defined, Mechanica automatically places you in Structure mode.

Investigate the model. This assembly consists of six components, three of which are unique. Of special interest is the mass element. The value of the mass entered for it is dependent on an analysis feature(s) that calculates the mass of the water it can hold. So when the dimensions of the tank are changed, the mass will update without any further user interaction. The

mass is assigned to a point located where the CG of the water would have been. The mass itself is connected to the tank by use of a weighted link. Any inertial or gravitational forces generated by the mass would be transmitted to the rest of the model through the weighted link.

2. Click Mechanica Analyses/Studies 3. Click File > New Modal....

from the main toolbar.

4. In the Name field, type Modal_Analysis. 5. In the Number of Modes field, type 6. This limits the number of modes sought during the solution. 6. Click OK to complete the modal analysis definition and return to the Mechanica Analyses and Design Studies dialog box. 7. Verify that Modal_Analysis is selected in the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box and click Start Run > Yes to start the design study. once the analysis is started. 8. Click Display Study Status

The analysis should take from three to five minutes to complete.

Task 2. Review the Modal_Analysis results.

1. Review the results in the Run Status dialog box. In particular, scroll towards the bottom of the dialog box and examine the frequencies of the six modes. Your values should match closely to those shown in the figure. 2. Click Close to close the Run Status dialog box. 3. Click Close to close the Diagnostics dialog box as well.

4. Verify that Modal_Analysis is selected in the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box and click Results to start Results mode. 5. Type MODE1 in the Name field and Mode 1 in the Title field. 6. Select the Mode1 check box and clear all of the other check boxes in the Include column in the Study Selection area of the dialog box. 7. Select the Display Options tab and select the Animate check box. 8. Select the Overlay Undeformed check box. 9. Click OK and Show to show the results.

10. Click Copy

from the main toolbar in the Results window.

11. Type MODE2 in the Name field and Mode 2 in the Title field. 12. Select the check box for Mode2 and clear all of the other check boxes in the Study Selection area of the dialog box. 13. Click OK and Show to display the results.

14. Click Copy

from the main toolbar in the Results window.

15. Type MODE3 in the Name field and Mode 3 in the Title field. 16. Select the check box for Mode3 and clear all of the other check boxes in the Study Selection area of the dialog box. 17. Click OK and Show to display the results.

18. Click Copy

from the main toolbar in the Results window.

19. Type MODE_4 in the Name field and Mode 4 in the Title field. 20. Select the check box for Mode4 and clear all of the other check boxes in the Study Selection area of the dialog box. 21. Click OK and Show to display the results.

22. Click Copy

from the main toolbar in the Results window.

23. Type MODE_5 in the Name field and Mode 5 in the Title field. 24. Select the check box for Mode5 and clear all of the other check boxes in the Study Selection area of the dialog box. 25. Click OK and Show to display the results.

26. Click Copy

from the main toolbar in the Results window.

27. Type MODE_6 in the Name field and Mode 6 in the Title field. 28. Select the check box for Mode6 and clear all of the other check boxes in the Study Selection area of the dialog box. 29. Click OK and Show to display the results.

You should be able to make the following observations: Modes 1 and 2 show the model shaking from side to side in the Z and X directions. The third shows the top of the tank up and down. The fourth mode shape is that of the model twisting. The fifth and sixth mode show alternate bending modes of the top of the tank. The importance of inspecting the modes will become clear when the dynamic time analysis is analyzed. At this stage, it should be noted that the displacements in a modal analysis are normalized, so the maximum displacement is always one. The stress is calculated based upon that displacement, so it will not be an accurate indication of the stress the model is under. In fact, the model does not have any loads at this point.

30. When you are finished reviewing the results, click File > Exit Results > No to exit the Result window without saving any results.

Task 3. Create and run a dynamic time analysis

The next step in the process will be to create a dynamic time analysis. The model will be subjected to 1g half-sine acceleration for duration of one second. The acceleration will act entirely in the X direction. This load will demonstrate how Mechanica calculates the input acceleration and familiarize you with symbolic formulas.

1. If necessary, click Applications > Mechanica.

2. If necessary, click Mechanica Analyses/Studies

from the main toolbar.

3. From the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box, click File > New Dynamic > Time.... 4. Type Dynamic_Time in the Name field. Base excitation is the default option because there are no external loads defined in the model. Base excitation is defined using the input fields for X, Y, Z and the formula defined by the user (or default impulse function). Mechanica will multiply what is in the input field with the formula. To explain this in further detail, the actual mathematical equation of our base excitation must first be determined. You may obtain the equation as part of the specs you are designing the model for, but more than likely you will be told that the input is a half sine function of a specific magnitude, frequency, and duration. The first step here will be to determine the equation for a 1g half sine function that lasts only one second. Any time dependent sinusoidal function used in a vibration problem will more or less be in the format:

Where :

= base excitation acceleration A = Amplitude or peak value f = frequency t = time 2f = angular velocity

Based on the criteria set, A would be equal to 1g. The frequency f is not given to you, but you know the function will be half a sine wave and lasts one second. That means the full sine wave would last two seconds. A sine wave that repeats itself every two seconds would have a frequency of Hz. Note that unlike Pro/ENGINEER relations, trigonometric functions such as sine or cosine in Mechanica are applied to radians, not degrees. So based on the values of A and f, your equation can be rewritten as:

Since you know how the base excitation varies with time, you are ready to input values into this equation. As mentioned earlier, Mechanica will multiply whatever you input for the X, Y, and Z fields by the formula. Thus you should use a value of 9.81 (this is the acceleration of gravity, g) for X and

enter the formula.

5. Type 9.81 in the X field as shown in the figure.

6. Click Function dialog box.

from the Base Acceleration Time Dependence area of the

7. Click New... from the Functions dialog box. 8. Type Dynamic_Time_Load in the Name field and type in the Description area as shown in figure. 9. Verify that Symbolic is selected in the drop-down menu in the Definition area of the dialog box. 10. Type if(time<=1,sin(pi*time),0) in the Definition area of the dialog box as shown in the figure.

11. Click Review..., type 2 in the Upper Limit field and click Graph. Note how the if statement is used to clip the sign wave at values over 1 second.

12. When you are finished, review the graph of the function and click File > Exit > Done > OK > OK to return to the Dynamic Time Analysis Definition dialog box.

13. Select the Supports radio button in the Relative to: area of the dialog box as shown in the figure.

14. On the Modes tab, type 4 in the field in the Damping Coefficient (%) area as shown in the figure. Using a 100% Damping Coefficient value would result in a critically damped model, which means it would only oscillate once under an initial disturbance. The 4% value used here was obtained from data provided by the Brookhaven National Laboratory [1] for welded/bolted steel structures. Determining the correct value independent of any external references could require empirical data. Hysteresis Damping, such as the kind generated by rubber mounts, cannot be modeled or analyzed in Mechanica.

15. Select the Output tab and select the Stresses, Rotations, and Mass Participation Factors check boxes. 16. Select User-defined Output Intervals from the drop-down menu in the Output Intervals area of the dialog box, type15 in the Number of Master Intervals field and click User-defined Steps. 17. Scroll to the bottom of the list of intervals, type 1.5 in the last field (the field for 15), and click Space Equally. The operation results in 15 user-defined intervals spaced .1 seconds apart.

18. The dialog box should now appear as shown in the figure. Click OK to complete the dynamic time analysis definition and close the dialog box. 19. Click Close in the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box.

Task 4. Create a simulation measure to track the maximum von Mises stress.
1. Click Simulation Measure Measures dialog box. from the Mechanica toolbar and click New in the

2. Type Maximum_Stress in the Name field. 3. Verify that the Quantity drop-down menu is set to Stress, the Component dropdown menu is set to von Mises, and the first and second drop-down menus for Spatial Evaluation are set to Maximum and Over Model respectively as shown in the figure. 4. Select the Time/Frequency Eval check box. 5. Verify that the first and second drop-down menus for Dynamic Evaluation are set to Maximum and Over Analysis respectively as shown in the figure. 6. Select the Time Stamp check box. The dialog box should now appear as shown in the figure.

The measure will evaluate the maximum Von Mises stress in the model over the time period of the analysis and the time stamp at which it occurs.

7. Click OK to complete the measure definition and close the dialog box. 8. Click Close to close the Measures dialog box.

Task 5. Run the Dynamic Time analysis and review the scalar results.
1. From the Main toolbar, click Mechanica Analyses/Studies Run > Yes to start the design study. once the analysis is started. .

2. Select Dynamic_Time from the Analyses and Design Studies list and click Start 3. Click Display Study Status

The analysis should take four to six minutes to complete.

4. Review the scalar results in the Run Status dialog box. The yield strength for the most common steel alloys is 200 MPa, or 2 X 10E8 Pa. The results indicate that the highest stress was 1.7 X 10e+08 Pa (or 170 MPa) and as such the material should not yield. You should also note that the mass participation factors show that only modes 1 and 2 are active (the X and Z side to side vibration modes). This make sense in that the base excitation acceleration was in the X direction only. 5. When you are finished review the results from the Run Status window, click Close. 6. Click Close in the Diagnostic dialog box.

Task 6. Review the von Mises stress results at t = .5 second.

1. Verify that Dynamic_Time is still selected in the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box and click Results to enter Results mode. 2. From the list of steps, select step 5 as shown in the figure. 3. Verify that the Display Type drop-down menu is set to Fringe. 4. On the Quantity tab, select Stress from the first drop-down menu and verity that the units are set to Pa and the Component drop-down menu is set to von Mises. 5. Select the Display Options tab and select the Deformed check box. 6. Select the Overlay Undeformed check box. 7. Click OK and Show to show the results.

8. From the main menu, click Info > Model Max and rotate the model as necessary to view the area of maximum von Mises stress on the model.

The numerical values you see for your results may vary slightly from those in the figure.

In this situation the maximum stress is appearing at a very predictable location. The water tank and base plate are heavy and the model is being shaken back and forth. The support between the end of the pillar and the base plate seems like it would be the area of high stress.

9. Click Edit Selected Definition

and select the Display Options tab if necessary.

10. Select the Animate check box and click OK and Show. Note how regardless of how many frames were specified in the dialog box, the animation is shown with 15 frames. This is due to the fact that you specifically specified 15 user-defined step for the analysis. A frame is generated and displayed for each of these steps.

11. When you are finished reviewing the results, click File > Exit Results > No to exit the Result window without saving any results.

Task 7. Modify the mass of the water in the tank (to represent situations where the tank is not full) and note the effects on the design's dynamic behavior.
The next step will be to examine how the mass of the model will affect the stress. Practically speaking, the water tank may not be full all the time. The mass of the water in the tank, represented by the mass idealization, is calculated using three analysis features in the assembly model tree, in addition to a relation. The analysis features measure the tanks internal dimensions and compute what would be the fluid volume, and the relation evaluates the mass. Feel free to examine the analysis features and relations, but at this stage it need only be known that the portion the tank filled with water is represented by the parameter named factor. The parameter can vary from 0 to 1, and has been equal to 1 for the previous analyses.

1. If necessary, click Applications > Mechanica. 2. If necessary, click Mechanica Analyses/Studies 3. Click File > New Sensitivity Design Study.... 4. In the Name field, type tank_mass_factor. 5. Verify that the Type drop-down menu is set to Global Sensitivity. 6. Select Dynamic_Time (Dynamic Time) from the list of analyses. .

7. Click Select Parameter

in the Variables section of the dialog box.

8. Select the FACTOR parameter and click Select as shown in the figure.

9. Type .1 in the Start field and 1 in the End field for FACTOR as shown in the figure. 10. Type 9 in the Steps field as shown in the figure. 11. Click OK to complete the sensitivity study definition and close the dialog box.

Running the tank_mass_factor design study would take about 60 to 120 minutes. The remaining instructions for this exercise assume that you will not have time to run this design study and direct you to the tank_mass_factor_complete results. Feel free to run the design study and use its results instead if you have time.

Task 8. Review the results of the tank_mass_factor_complete design study.

1. If necessary, click Close to close the Analyses and Design Studies dialog box. 2. From the main toolbar, click Results to start Results mode. . 3. From the Results mode main toolbar, click Result Window 4. Select tank_mass_factor_complete and click Open. 5. Type VM_STRESS in the Name field and von Mises Stress vs. FACTOR in the Title field. 6. Verify that the Display type field is set to Graph.

7. Click Define Measure

to open the Measures dialog box.

8. Select Maximum_Stress from the user-defined list of measures and click OK. 9. The dialog should now appear as shown in the figure. Click OK and Show to show the graph.

10. Examine the resulting graph. Note that your display might be slightly different, depending on which exercises you have completed from this course. The graph demonstrates that the stress will get lower when the water mass decreases; in other words, when the tank is not full.

11. When you are finished reviewing the results, click File > Exit Results > No to exit the Result window without saving any results.

Task 9. Read the following pieces of information that pertain to dynamic time analyses.
A dynamic time analysis comes with other options that have not been covered in this exercise, such as the option to input the time function as a table, use external loads, and so on. These options are covered in a different exercise and are identical in their application to dynamic time analyses. The options reviewed here have enabled the user to define base excitation, symbolic formulas using IF statements, defined measures and demonstrated how a global sensitivity study can be used in conjunction with a dynamic analysis. Determining the equation for base excitation using commonly known definitions was covered as well. When the option for Relative to is set to ground versus supports, this only affects displacement, velocity and acceleration measures. Quantities such as stress are unaffected because they are computed from the models deformation and not affected by rigid body motion. In a dynamic time analysis, Mechanica will always assume that the initial displacement and velocity of the model is zero. Dynamic Time analyses are effective for modeling problems with transient loads or where the user wants to view the output in real time or at a specific time index. Some problems however, such as those with persistent multiple inputs across different frequencies, are more suitable for analysis in the frequency domain, which will be covered in a different exercise.

1. If necessary, return to the Standard Pro/ENGINEER mode by clicking Applications > Standard. 2. Click Save from the main toolbar and click OK to save the model. 3. Click File > Close Window from the main menu. 4. Click File > Erase > Not Displayed > OK to erase the model from memory.

References: A. Recommendations for Revision of Seismic Damping Values in Regulatory Guide 1.61, Brookhaven National Laboratory. NUREG/CR6919, page 5

This completes the exercise.