Calculus 1000A, Section 007, Lecture 20

General announcements:
to get to section 007 website: go to www.math.uwo.ca , People, Barron, 1000A-007 my ofce hour this week is Tuesday/tomorrow 1-2 pm (not Thurs.1-2) FINAL EXAM: Tuesday December 10, 7-10 pm. Covers everything, with some emphasis on topics covered after the midterm. Rooms for our section (007, Barron): SSC 2032 (A-H) SSC 2036 (J-SHA) SSC 2050 (SHID-Z)

List of topics covered: 1.5, 1.6, App. D, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.8, 3.13.6, 3.9, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.7, 4.9, App. E., 5.15.5, 6.1, 6.2. Quiz 8: Monday Dec. 2, 7:00-7:20 pm, covers 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, open-textbook. By next class: review 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, have a quick look at 6.1, 6.2.

5.3 (continued), 5.4 Quick review

f (x) is a function on [a, b], x = ba , xi = a + ix n

for each positive integer n and for i = 0, ..., n. If the limit

n n lim [f (x 1 )x + f (x2 )x + ... + f (xn )x] = lim n

f (x i )x
i=1

exists and does not depend on the choice of the sample points, then we call it the denite integral of f from a to b (or of f on [a, b]), we say that f is

integrable on [a, b], and we write

b f (x)dx = lim [f (x 1 )x+f (x2 )x+...+f (xn )x] = lim a n n n

f (x i )x
i=1

In particular, if f is continuous on [a, b], or continuous except at nitely many points where it has jump discontinuities, then
b a

f (x)dx exists.

If f is continuous and non-negative on [a, b], then area under the graph of f (x) for x [a, b].

b a

f (x)dx is equal to the

If f is continuous and f (x) 0 on [a, b], then the value of the area under the graph of f (x) for x [a, b] is equal to
b a

f (x)dx.

We set
a b

f (x)dx =
b a

f (x)dx

Properties
b b

(cf (x))dx = c
a a b

f (x)dx

(where c is a constant), cdx = c(b a)

a a

f (x)dx = 0
a b b b

(f (x) + g (x))dx =
a b a b

f (x)dx +
a b

g (x)dx g (x)dx
a

(f (x) g (x))dx =
a b c a

f (x)dx
c

f (x)dx +
a b

f (x)dx =
a

f (x)dx

 If f (x) 0 for a x b and f is integrable on [a, b], then

b a

f dx 0

If f (x) g (x) for x [a, b] and f, g are integrable on [a, b], then
b a

f (x)dx

b a

g (x)dx

If m f (x) M on [a, b] for some constants m, M and f is integrable on [a, b], then m(b a)
b a

f dx M (b a)

FTC
If f (x) is a continuous function on [a, b] then d (i) dx
b b x

f (t)dt = f (x)
a

(ii)
a

f (x)dx =
a

F (x)dx = F (b) F (a) = F (x)

a

where F is an antiderivative of f ( F = f , is an arbitrary constant).

f (x)dx = F (x) + C , where C

(ii) can also be interpreted as the integral of the rate of change is the net change.

(cf (x))dx = c (where c is a constant) (f (x) + g (x))dx = (f (x) g (x))dx =

r

f (x)dx

f (x)dx + f (x)dx

g (x)dx g (x)dx

xr+1 + C for r = 1 x dx = r+1 1dx = x + C 1 dx = ln |x| + C x ex dx = ex + C

cos xdx = sin x + C sin xdx = cos x + C sec2 x dx = tan x + C 1 1 dx = tan x+C 1 + x2 1 dx = arcsin x + C 2 1x

#30 (p. 395) Find

2

(y 1)(2y + 1)dy
0 2 2 2

(y 1)(2y + 1)dy =
0 0

(y (2y + 1) (2y + 1))dy =

0

(2y 2 y 1)dy =

y3 y2 2 y 3 2

=
0

03 02 16 8 4 4 0) = 4= 2 2 (2 3 2 3 2 3 3

#40 (p. 395) Find

2 1

4 + u2 du u3

#40 (p. 395) Find

2 1 2 1

4 + u2 du = u3
2

4 u2 ( 3 + 3 )du = u u
1

(4u3 + u1 )du =
1

u3+1 4 + ln |u| 3 + 1

2 u>0

2u

+ ln u
1

1 3 2(22 ) + ln 2 [2 + ln 1] = + ln 2 + 2 = + ln 2 2 2

Example. Question: If F (x) is continuous on [3, 5], F (3) = 0.1, F (5) = 4.2, then what is the value of
5 3

F (x)dx ?

Answer: by FTC
5

F (x)dx = F (5) F (3) = 4.2 (0.1) = 4.3

3

#60 (p. 395) On what interval is

x

f (x) =
0

(1 t )e dt

t2

increasing ? By FTC df d = dx dx
x 0
2 2

(1 t2 )et dt = (1 x2 )ex

We see: f (x) > 0 when 1 x2 > 0 (because e.... > 0 always). Answer: f is increasing on (1, 1).

#70 (p. 396) Evaluate the limit by recognizing the expression as a denite integral on [0, 1]. 1 lim ( n n We have: x =
1 1 n,

1 + n
n

2 + n
i n,

3 + ... + n

n ) n
n

xi = 0 + ix =

f (x)dx = lim
0

f (xi )x = lim
i=1

i=1

1 n

i n

Set f (xi ) =

i n

xi . We have: the limit is equal to

1 0

xdx =
1

FTC

x
1 2

1 2 +1

+1

=
0

2 3 x2 3

=
0

2 2 (1 0) = 3 3

#12 (p. 404) Find 1 )dx = (x + 1 + 2 x +1

2

x dx +

1dx +

1 x3 dx = + x + arctan x + C x2 + 1 3

where C is an arbitrary constant.

#34 (p. 404) Evaluate

1

(5x 5x )dx
0

#34 (p. 404) Evaluate

1 x 0

(5x 5 )dx =

FTC

x2 5x 5 2 ln 5

=
0

5 4 1 5 0 50 5 (5 )= 2 ln 5 2 ln 5 2 ln 5

#46 (p. 404) Evaluate

3/2

| sin x|dx
0 For 0 x 3/2 we have: sin x 0 on [0, ], and sin x 0 on [, 32 ].

Hence
3/2 3/2

| sin x|dx =
0 0

| sin x|dx +
3/2

| sin x|dx =
FTC

sin xdx +
0

( sin x)dx = + cos x

0
3 2

cos x cos ( cos 0) + cos

3 cos = (1) + 1 + 0 (1) = 3 2

#60 (p. 405) If the velocity of a particle (in m/sec) is v (t) = t2 2t 8, 1 t 6, nd (a) the displacement (b) the distance traveled. Let s(t) be the position of the particle at time t. (a) The displacement is
6 6

s(6) s(1) =
1 6 1 2

s (t)dt =
1

v (t)dt =
6

t3 t2 (t 2t 8)dt = 2 8t 3 2

=
1

1 1 10 63 2 2 6 8 6 [ 1 8 1] = 72 36 48 + 1 + 8 = (m) 3 3 3 3

(b) Distance traveled is

6 6

|s (t)|dt =
1 6 1

|v (t)|dt =

|t2 2t 8|dt
1

We observe: t2 2t 8 = (t 4)(t + 2), so t2 2t 8 > 0 for t < 2, t > 4, and t2 2t 8 < 0 for 2 < t < 4.
6 4 6

|t2 2t 8|dt =
1 1

((t2 2t 8))dt +
4

(t2 2t 8)dt =
6

t3 + t2 + 8t 3

t3 t2 8t + 3 1
4

=
4

1 63 43 98 43 2 36 48 ( 4 32) = (m) + 16 + 32 ( + 1 + 8) + 3 3 3 3 3

#54 (p. 404) A honeebee population (n(t) bees at time t, t is in weeks) starts with 100 bees and increases at a rate of n (t) bees per week. What does
15

100 +
0

n (t)dt

represent ? Answer: it represents the total bee population after 15 weeks, because
15 0

n (t)dt = n(15) n(0),

15

100 +
0

n (t)dt = 100 + n(15) 100 = n(15)

5.5 Substitution
A useful trick!!!

If u = g (x) is a differentiable function whose range is in the interval I and f (u) is continuous on I , then f (g (x))g (x)dx = f (u)du du f (u(x)) dx dx

f (u(x))u (x)dx =

Example. Find cos(x2 )2xdx We know: cos udu = sin u + C , where C is an arbitrary constant. Use

substitution: u = x2 , then du = Therefore cos(x2 )2xdx = cos udu = sin u + C = sin(x2 ) + C du dx = u (x)dx = (x2 ) dx = 2xdx dx

where C is an arbitrary constant.

Note: if we want to compute, say,

1

cos(x2 )2xdx
0

then we nd the antiderivative of cos(x2 )2x by substitution as above and then use FTC:
1

cos(x )2xdx = sin(x )

0 0

= sin 1 sin 0 = sin 1

#8 (p.413) Find x e dx We know: eu du = eu + C . Make a substitution: u = x3 , then du = u dx = (x3 ) dx = 3x2 dx, dx = x e dx =

2 x3 2 x3

1 du 2 3x

1 x e du = 3x2
2 u

1 u e du 3

1 3 1 u e + C1 = ex + C1 3 3 where C1 is an arbitrary constant.

#22 (p.413) Find cos4 sin d Try a substitution: u = cos , then du = du 1 d = sin d, d = du d sin
4

cos sin d =
4

1 u sin ( du) sin

4

(cos )5 u5 +C u du = + C = 5 5

where C is an arbitrary constant.

Practising is important !