GUIDE ON TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE

Test Concerning Conditions Test Statistic Null Hypothesis

Alternative
Hypothesis
Decision Criteria: REJECT Ho if
One Population
Mean
(i) o known OR
30 > n
n
X
z
o

=
Ho:
0
=

Ha:
0
<
Ha:
0
>
Ha:
0
=
o
< z z or
v
t t
, 1 o
< , 1 = n v
o
>
1
z z or
v
t t
, o
> , 1 = n v
2 1 o
> z z or
v
t t
, 2 o
> , 1 = n v
(ii) o unknown AND
30 < n
n s
X
t

=
One Population
Proportion

n
p p
p p
z
) 1 (

= or
) 1 (

p np
np p n
z

=
Ho:
0
p p =


Ha:
0
p p <
Ha:
0
p p >
Ha:
0
p p =
o
< z z
o
>
1
z z
2 1 o
> z z
Two Independent
Population Means
(i)
2
1
o and
2
2
o are
known
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
) (
n n
X X
z
o
+
o

=
Ho:
O
d =
2 1


Ha:
O
d <
2 1

Ha:
O
d >
2 1

Ha:
O
d =
2 1

o
< z z
o
>
1
z z
2 1 o
> z z
(ii)
2
1
o and
2
2
o are
unknown and
2
2
2
1
o = o
2 1
2 1 2 1
1 1
) (
n n
s
X X
t
p
+

= where
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
+
+
=
n n
s n s n
s
p

Ho:
O
d =
2 1


Ha:
O
d <
2 1

Ha:
O
d >
2 1

Ha:
O
d =
2 1

v
t t
, 1 o
<
v
t t
, o
>
v
t t
, 2 o
>
where 2
2 1
+ = n n v
(iii)
2
1
o and
2
2
o are
unknown and
2
2
2
1
o = o
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
) (
n
s
n
s
X X
t
+

=
Ho:
O
d =
2 1


Ha:
O
d <
2 1

Ha:
O
d >
2 1

Ha:
O
d =
2 1

v
t t
, 1 o
<
v
t t
, o
>
v
t t
, 2 o
>
where
1
) (
1
) (
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
n
n s
n
n s
n
s
n
s
v

Test Concerning Conditions Test Statistic Null Hypothesis
Alternative
Hypothesis
Decision Criteria: REJECT Ho if
Two Paired
Population Means

n s
d d
t
d
O

=
Ho:
O d
d = Ha:
O d
d <
Ha:
O d
d >
Ha:
O d
d =
v
t t
, 1 o
<
v
t t
, o
>
v
t t
, 2 o
> where 1 = n v
Two Population
Proportions

2
2 2
1
1 1
2 1 2 1
) (
n
q p
n
q p
p p p p
z
+

=
Ho:
O
d p p =
2 1
Ha:
O
d p p <
2 1

Ha:
O
d p p >
2 1

Ha:
O
d p p =
2 1

o
< z z
o
>
1
z z
2 1 o
> z z
Three or More
Population Means

) 1 (
1

= =
n k SSE
k SSR
MSE
MSR
F
Ho:
k
= = ...
1
Ha: at least one pair
of means is not equal
) 1 ( , 1
o
>
n k k
C
F F
Three or More
Population
Proportions

= =

= _
r
i
c
j i
i i
E
E O
1
2
2
) (

Ho: all popns are
homogeneous
Ha: at least one pair
of popns is not
homogeneous
2
) 1 )( 1 ( ,
2
o
_ > _
c r C

Goodness of Fit

= =

= _
r
i
c
j i
i i
E
E O
1
2
2
) (

Ho: good fit Ha: bad fit
2
) 1 )( 1 ( ,
2
o
_ > _
c r C

Independence

= =

= _
r
i
c
j i
i i
E
E O
1
2
2
) (

Ho: independence Ha: association
2
) 1 )( 1 ( ,
2
o
_ > _
c r C