MEASUREMENTS AND CONTROL UNIT-I PART-A 1.

Distinguish between i) Accuracy and precisions ii) Threshold and resolution List the types of errors in measurement system (and explain) What is meant by dispersion? What is drift? Define relative limiting errors? What is the purpose of Measurement? Define 1) Fundamental units 2) Derived units What are the classification of standards? Write a derived units for the following a) Density b) Velocity c) Pressure d) Luminance e) Illumination Define Relative limiting error? Define standard Deviation for a finite and an infinite number of observations. Define mean standard Deviation and probable error. A 600v Voltmeter is specified to be accurate within 2% at full scale. Calculate the limiting error. When the instrument is used to measure a voltage of 250 Define Absolute units. Define uncertainty in terms of expression. What is mean by a) Static Characteristics b) Dynamic Characteristics Define Calibration: Specify odds What are the calibration methods: Explain any one Explain Lenearity

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20.

PART-B 1.Explain what is meant by: (a) active instruments (b) passive instruments. Give examples of each and discuss the relative merits of these two classes of instruments. 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of null and deflection types of measuring instrument. What are null types of instrument mainly used for and why? 3. Briefly define and explain all the static characteristics of measuring instruments. 4. Explain the difference between accuracy and precision in an instrument. 5. Write down the general differential equation describing the dynamic response of a second order measuring instrument and state the expressions relating the static sensitivity, undamped natural frequency and damping ratio to the parameters in this differential equation. Sketch the

instrument response for the cases of heavy damping, critical damping and light damping, and state which of these is the usual target when a second order instrument is being designed. 6. Define sensitivity drift and zero drift. What factors can cause sensitivity drift and zero drift in instrument characteristics? 7. Explain the difference between systematic and random errors. What are the typical sources of these two types of error? 8. In what ways can the act of measurement cause a disturbance in the system being measured? 9. What steps can be taken to reduce the effect of environmental inputs in measurement systems? 10. (a) What do you understand by the term probability density function? (b) The following ten measurements are made of the output voltage from a high gain amplifier that is contaminated due to noise fluctuations: 1.53, 1.57, 1.54, 1.54, 1.50, 1.51, 1.55, 1.54, 1.56, 1.53 Determine the mean value and standard deviation. Hence estimate the accuracy to which the mean value is determined from these ten measurements. If one thousand measurements were taken, instead of ten, but _ remained the same, by how much would the accuracy of the calculated mean value be improved? UNIT-II