Engineershandboo 00 Buff

o
fafi
03 O
CD
Q-
Copyright, 1914, by
The Buffalo Forge Company

Buffalo,
N.Y.
llCt-CO^ tUFFAlO.
ENGINEERS HAND BOOK

O
OF TABLES, CHARTS AND DATA ON THE APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FANS AND FAN SYSTEM APPARATUS, INCLUDING ENGINES AND MOTORS, AIR WASHERS,
^-^
o g E ^
HOT BLAST HEATERS AND

SYSTEMS OF AIR DISTRIBUTION
PUBLISHED BY
O o
hp
Y.
THE BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY -E

BUFFALO, N.
FIRST EDITION
PRICE
O O -^
o
_0
$3.00
1 o
Chief Engineer
a.
EDITED BY
WILLIS
H.
CARRIER,
PREFACE
THE
purposes.
use of the fan in general engineering practice
is
rapidly-
increasing,
making
it
imperative that both the engineer and
the architect
become
familiar with the fundamental principles
governing the selection and
application
of
fans for various
Some
general information has been published on the
subject
by the
different fan builders, but
what has been given
out has always been incomplete and frequently misleading, and

did not afford sufficient data to be intelligently employed by the
engineer.
Heretofore no effort has been
made
to collect
and
present under one cover the latest and most reliable engineering
data concerning fans and their application to various industrial

requirements.
This book
is
intended to be used as a guide in the selection

of fans, heaters
and application
effort has
and kindred apparatus, and an
been made to so standardize the rules and data given
that they may be used with any standard make of equipment. The greater part of the data presented is the result of tests and research made by the engineering staff of the Buffalo Forge
Company
book.
in the testing laboratories of the
company, many
have
in
of
the investigations being
made purposely
to obtain data for this
The
results of these investigations
most cases
never been heretofore published except in the proceedings of
some
of the engineering societies,
where they were presented by
the engineers of this company, and others.

plications as outlined are the
practice.
The
rules
and ap-
same
as are used in this
company's
In preparing this work the theory has been generally
omitted, except in such elementary form as was necessary to
an understanding of the facts given.
The information
form
for
herein presented
applications,
is
in
complete and reliable

are
standard
but
there
many
cases
requiring special consideration from the engineer familiar with

fan installations.
FAN ENGINEERING
OUTLINE OF CONTENTS
Part
I PROPERTIES OF
Weight
of air. Specific heat of air.
AIR.
Relation of velocity to pressure.

Effects of temperature, humidity
O
and barometric pressu^^
^
on the properties of air. Relation of dry-bulb, wet-bulb and dew-point

atures.
temperC
Sensible, latent
and
total heat.
Psychrometric charts and tables.

Part
II APPLICATIONS.
I
O C 0 ^
Section
Heating.
from buildings.
Heat
losses
Cold storage insulation. Heat loss from galvanized iron pipes.
Heat loss due to infiltration. Heat required for ventilation. Air quantity and temperature required
Section
II
OO ^^ ^ -^
for heating,
q^
Ventilation.
Air
in
f
i^kfl
Standard of ventilation.
Special air requirements.
Application of the fan system of ventilating.
C2 LlJ
Section III
Washing, Cooling, Humidifjring, Drying.'Z^
Air washing,
Humidity
Cooling.
heated buildings.
^"^
O
O
for
Relation of room temperature to outside wet-bulb temperature.
Q^ q^
Drying.
Time required
drying various materials. Practical examples in drying calculations. Moisture removing capacity of air.
O^
^^ C^
Section IV
Mechanical Draft.
Forced and induced draft. Draft requirement.

FAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY
Amount
of air required.
Measurement
of air used.
Mechanical draft in connection with mechanical stokers.
Section
Exhaust Systems.
and velocity required. Dust removal from grinding and buffing wheels. Specifications from Labor Laws of New York State. Dust collectors.
Size of pipes
Friction loss in system.
Standard and slow speed exhausters.

Practical examples.
Section VI
Part IIIAIR
Miscellaneous Applications.
DUCTS.
Pressure losses in air ducts and elbows. Pressure losses in nozzles and orifices.
The diverging
nozzle in air ducts.
Theoretical outlet or blast area.
Proportioning the various losses. Proportioning piping for exhaust systems.
Proportioning ducts for public buildings. Proportioning piping for industrial buildings. Equalizing friction for unequal length. Piping layout. Sizes and weight of piping.
Part
IVAPPARATUS.
I
Section
Fans.
Fan
design.
Pressure characteristics.
Special types and features.
of a fan. Relations of total, static, and velocity pressure. The selection of a fan practical examples.
Horsepower
Section
II
Fan
Testing.
The pitot tube. The anemometer. The orifice.
OUTLINE OF CONTENTS
The converging
Section III
nozzle.
Coefficients of discharge for air
measurements.
Fan Capacities. Section IV Fan Dimensions. Section V Heaters.

Buffalo standard pipe coil heater. Heat transmission through metal surfaces.
Temperatures attained with indirect heaters. Condensation in coils. Velocity of air through heaters. Application of heater tables and curves.
Frictional resistance of heaters.
Sizes
and dimensions of Buffalo heaters. Heater cases and by-pass proportions. Determination of guarantees.
Section VI
Air Conditioning Apparatus.
Air washers.
Types of humidifiers. The dehumidifier.
The design
of humidifiers. Refrigeration required for dehumidifying. Power required for operating humidifiers,
of Carrier air
dimensions and capacity tables

humidifiers.
washers and
Section VII
M. E.
Steam Engines.
P. of high speed engines.
Water
rate of high speed engines.
Brake H. P. per R. P. M. of Buffalo engines. Dimensions of Buffalo engines.
Section VIII
Practical
Applications and the Selection of
Apparatus for Heating and Ventilating.

Part
V APPENDIX.
Specifications.
Miscellaneous engineering data.
Index.
PART
PROPERTIES OF AIR
In this section will be found a discussion of the physical and> -^ chemical properties of air and their general relations with reA complete set of psychrometric "îT spect to "fan engineering."
charts and tables are included.
q^
a mechanical mixture of various gases, ordinarily con- CZ sidered as consisting of oxygen and nitrogen, but also containing <^ a portion of moisture and carbonic acid, and a very small part"
Air
is
of other constituents.
The proportion
of these
components
will
;
-
j
vary under different conditions, but ordinarily pure dry
air is
composed
as follows, in per cent.:
By Volume
Oxygen
Nitrogen The moisture
will
By Weight oio
23.1
20.9
79.1
76.9
vary with the humidity of the air, from O*-. to 4 per cent., and the carbonic acid will vary with the purity q^ of the air from perhaps 0.03 to 0.30 per cent., or as usually expressed, from 3 to 30 parts in 10,000.
-.
Weight of Air The weight
of the air varies with its temperature and barometric pressure and also with the amount of moisture it contains. LjlJ The weight of one cubic foot of pure dry air expressed in pounds ,..
O C '^ C
may be determined by
the formula
^^^982p
459.2
+t
^
^
where p = absolute pressure in pounds per square inch. t=- temperature of the air in degrees F.
a>
CD
A
at
any conditions of temperature and pressure Frank H. Kneeland* is
convenient formula for expressing the weight of dry air as used by
0253b
where
^ ^
+t b = corrected barometer reading in t = temperature, deg. F. 1.3253 = weight in lbs. of 459.2 cu.
459.2
Pitot
(2)
^
c *^
inches oi mercury
of air at 0 F.
ft.
and
1"
barometric pressure.
*
Am.
Soc. Mech. Engrs.,
"Some Experiences with the Dec. 1911.
Tube on High and Low
Velocities"

A formula expressing the weight of humid Smithsonian Meteorological Tables as
0.080723
1
air is
given in the
b- 0.378 e
29.921
^"^^
+0.0020389 (t- 32) ^

deg. Fahr.
of
where
= temperature,
= pressure due
barometer in inches of mercury to vapor in the air in inches of mercury. According to the latest data the above values should be slightly changed, and we will then have the following formulae as convenient forms for calculating the weight per cubic foot of either dry or moist air.
e
r? A For dry
b= height
air
w ^^ =
.
0.0028862 b + 0.0021758
^^^
.^ For moist
air
b- 0.001088 e W = 0.0028862 iô.0021758t

,
^'^
This last gives the weight of a cubic foot of the mixture of and vapor, either for saturated or partly saturated air. The weight of the dry air contained in one cubic foot of saturated air may be determined from the formula
air
^y
_ 0.0028862 b- 0.002886
1
+0.0021758
^^
vapor or density in pounds per cubic foot of saturated vapor at temperature t is given by the following:
of
'
The weight
_ S (144X0.4908 e) 53.35 (459.2 + t)

may
^^
be found as
(8)
where S
is
the specific weight of water vapor and
S =0.6221 +0.001815l/e"+0.000005lT/e3
temperature and specific weight of vapor is shown by the diagram on page 14 taken from W. H. Carrier's paper on "Rational Psychrometric Formulae."* An approximate value for the weight of water vapor contained in one pound of dry air saturated with moisture may be determined from
relationship
The
between
the
G^^^ b-e
It
(9)
may
0.624 for S in the above
be noted from the curve on page 14 that the value of is only correct at about 70.
Soc. Mech. Engra.,
"Rational Psychrometric Formulae " Am.

12
Dec, 1911.
PROPERTIES OF AIR
PROPERTIES OF DRY AIR

Barometric Pressure 29.921 Inches

0.64 60
0.6440
0.642C
.
c^ 53 35(t'4596)Ds I44p
Ds Density in lb per cu. ft
t
fi.f>400
Temperature. Fahr
O.iSSO
p
0.6360
Pressure in lb persq.m
Equa tion of curve 5 --0 6Z2l'>0O0l6l5'ie*0Q00OOSlS?
^0.6300
0.6280
0.6260
0.6Z40
20
40
60
60
100
120
140
l60
180
200
220
240
260
280
Temperature
Specific
Weight
of
Water Vapor
The
table on page 13 gives the properties of dry air for
various temperatures, and the table on page 15 the properties

of saturated air.
These are both based on the standard baro-
metric pressure of 29.921 inches.
The table on page 17 giving the weights of saturated and partly saturated air for various barometric and hygrometric conditions will be found especially convenient in making calcu-
The weight pounds per cubic foot of saturated air is given for even barometric pressures and temperatures. The decrement per degree rise in temperature and the increment per 0.1" increase in barometer are also given, thus readily giving the weight of saturated air at any other temperature and pressure. The last column in the table gives the approximate average increment per degree wet-bulb depression which is to be added to the weight of saturated air to obtain the corresponding weight of partly saturated
lations based on other than standard conditions.
in
air.
Example
will
As an example of the use assume a case where it is desired to

.
per cubic
foot
of
air
on page 17 we weight in pounds at a temperature of 83 dry- and 68

of the table find the
14
PROPERTIES OF AIR
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED AIR

Weights of
Air,
Vapor
of Water,
Different Temperatures,
and Saturated Mixture of Air and Vapor Under Standard Atmospheric Pressure of 29.921 Inches of Mercury
at

wet-bulb (or a depression of 15) when the barometric pressure is From the table on page 17 we find that the 29.40 inches. weight of saturated air at 80 and 29.00 inch barometer is
0.07034 lb. per cu. ft. Also the decrement to be subtracted is 0.00015 lb. per degree of temperature above 80. That is, the weight at 83 and 29.00 inches would be 0.07034- (3 X 0.00015) = 0.06989 lb. per cu. ft. The increment to be added per 0.1" increase in barometer above 29.00 inches is 0.00025, so that the weight of the saturated mixture at 83 and 29.40 inches will be From the last 0.06989 + (4X0.00025) =0.07089 lb. per cu. ft. column in the table we find the increase in weight for each degree wet-bulb depression for a temperature of 83 to be 0.000034-10.3 (0.000039 - 0.000034) = 0.0000355. Then the weight of moist air at 83, 15 wet-bulb depression, and 29.40 inch barometer will be 0.07034 -0.00045 -hO.OOl-H 0.00053 =0.07142 lb. per cu. ft.
Specific
Heat
of Air
heat of air is the ratio of the heat required to temperature of a given weight of air through one degree as compared to the heat required to raise the temperature of the same weight of water from 62 to 63 degrees Fahr., i. e., it is the B. t. u. required to raise one pound of air one degree Fahr. The specific heat of air may be expressed as either of two factors, specific heat at constant pressure or at constant volume. It is the specific heat at constant pressure that is ordinarily The factors commonly used heretofore have been referred to. those determined by Renault specific heat at constant pressure =0.2375, and at constant volume = 0.1689. But recent investigation tends to show that the value 0.2375 is too low, and that it should be Cp = 0.24112 4-0.000009 t or for ordinary purposes approximately 0.2415.* For the specific heats of various substances see the table on page 78.
specific
The
raise the
Relation of Velocity to Pressure
The laws governing the flow of air are perhaps less understood than almost any other branch of engineering data. The flow of air under high pressures must necessarily be investigated thermodynamically and the formulae are more or less compli* "Rational Psychrometric Formulae" by Willis H. Carrier. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., December. 1911, also W. F. G. Swan, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc, Series A. Vol. 210, pp. 199-238. 16
PROPERTIES OF AIR
uoisssjdsa qing
)i{8p/W ui 3se3J3ui 8JJ3AV "xoiddv
4Ba UI
05 00 00
3S!^//rOJ3d
OOO OOO ooo (N(NW OOO ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo coo ooo OOO ooo ooo ooo ooo
OSOOOO
C<3CC(N
qjng Xjq
'3UI
'83Q Jdd
OOO <N<Neo ooo COCOrf ooo OOO ooo ooo ooo ooo OOO ooo ooo ooo coo OOO OOO ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo
OINCO
.-iair>.
t^t^CO
COCDCO
tÔOOi
OfN-*
2 00.
>!V
pajBjniBS 'Jd no J3d -JAV
0500 OTftOO
.-HCOiO .-lOJt^
O05
OTflO
O5COC0
OCOCM
CD CD OOO OOO ooo ooo OOO ooo CD
OOtN-t^
jBg
UI
9si^//roJ3d
(N<N(N <NCN(N ooo coo ooo ooo ooo coo coo OOO ooo coo ooo ooo ooo coo ooo coo ooo coo ooo ooo ooo
05 00 00
t^t^CO
T}<
CO
CO00<N
r-Ô
qing Xjq
DUf *33(] J3d
000000
(N(NCO ooo ooo coo OOO ceo ooo coo coo coo coo ooo coo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooc ooo ooo
CO
t^<OCO
OC00
CDt>-M
050<N
p3)cjn)BS JJ no J3d lAv

jBg UI
eO'-o
ooo
osioea
COCCTf< 10 05C0
ooo CD
CD CD CO
oocoio
ccô
r>-C(N OOtîO
OOt^N OOTfO
00 00 00
coo coo coo ooo
qing ^jq
3UI '330 J3d
t^cooo
p3BinBS -Id no J3d -JAV

JBg UI 3S!^//rO-3d
txDn
O0J>t>
005t^
ooo
^ô ^CO^ <t(N05 OOO ooo ooo ooc

ccma. OS-* 00 OOSt^
t^COCO
OiiOM
(NC0 05
cO'i'C^ CO CO CO
COOiO
MCC(N
.--05l^
CO<N00
05 00 00
oco ooo OOO ooo ooc <N(N(N ooo ooo ooo ooo ooc oo< ooc cor coo ooc ooc ooc coo ooo ooo coo
COCOCO
r^t^co
CDOiO
TfTj^CO
qing Xjq
DUI aSQ J3d
JAV s.J3aa
CCOÔ
iooo
CCCCt>-
00 os-^
ceo 00
^CDO
coo OOO' oco ooo ooo ooo ooo OCO' coo coo oco ooc oco OOO ooo ooo oco ooo
OOOCO
00
!V pajBjniBS -jj no J3d -JAV JBg UI 3S!^//rO-ad

AV s.-'ûi
OOCîO t^cOrf
OS'* 05
OOO ooo oco coo oco ooo OOOI

t^t^co
IN^05
TTOJ-^
00 --om
OOIMCO
COCOCO
ooo
COCOCO
occO'* lOiCiO
00 05 00
ec-ô lOOW <NCt^
rfOSO
OTjtiO
TfOCO'
'3UI
qing /(jq 'S9Q J3d
COCOCO
UJiCO
lOiOiO
IA\ s.jDaa
coo ooo ooo ooo ooo oco
!V pajBjn^BS Jd no J3d lAV
jqsa S33J83Q sjni -Bjadiosx qfng Ajq
r
17
FAN ENGINEERING
cated.
BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

air is at
For ordinary fan work, however, where

is
low
the same formulae are applied to the flow of air as are commonly used for th^flow of water. The basic formula for such calculations is
pressure but slight error
introduced
if
= ^2gh
(10)
where Vb = velocity
in
ft.
per second, or
V = 60^^|2^
where
(11)
V = velocity in ft. per min. = acceleration due to gravity h=head in ft. causing flow
g
also
in feet per
second
But we
have
h=
where
h'
h'^
of
(12)
= head expressed in d = density of water
in.
water
ft.
W= weight of air in
Then
at 70 F.
lbs.
per cu.
and
29.92''
barometer and with dry
air
12W
and we have
12X0.07495
^^''^
V = 60^2gh'-^=4005^^
(13)
Thus we see that the velocity at standard conditions stated for a pressure of one ipch of water will be 4005 ft. per min., and for one ounce per square inch will be
4005 a/i.734
= 5273
ft.
per min.
(14)
of dry or saturated air at other temperatures be found from the tables on pages 13 and 15, or for any special condition of temperature, barometer, or humidity from the table on page 17, the use of which has already been explained, (see page 14). The most convenient formulae for determining the velocity or pressure of air under different conditions of temperature, barometer and humidity, when computing test results are the
The weight
may
following:
V = 1096.5^-^
18
(15)
PROPERTIES OF AIR
where
V= velocity p = pressure
in
ft.
per min.
lbs.
in in. of water.
W = weight of air in
in pressure
per cu.
ft.
The quantity
of air discharged
due to a difference
may
through an orifice or nozzle be determined from
Q = 1096.5
where
CA-J^
ft.
C = coefficient
of discharge.
A = area
p
through
orifice.
of orifice in sq.
= pressure head
in in, of
water causing flow of

ft.
air
W = weight of air in
For values
lbs.
per cu.
of coefficients of discharge see "Coefficients of
Discharge for Air Measurements" in Part IV, Section II. In case the pressure is expressed in ounces per square inch these formulae become:
V = 1444.5.^
Vl444.5/
(17)
(18)
and
Q = 1444.5 CA-v/J^
to be used for
The value
\ W W to be determined for each specific
case, as already explained.
will
Example As an example of the application of the above we assume a case of a fan test made under the same atmospheric That conditions as those assumed for the example on page 14. is, the air to be at 83 F. and 15 depression, with the barometer
.
at 29.40
inches.
What
will
be the velocity
of
this air at a
pressure of 1.5 inches of water as measured
by a
pitot tube?
As
determined on page 16 the weight of air under the above conThen from formula (15) ditions will be 0.07142 lb. per cu. ft. we find the velocity to be
The above formulae are sufficiently accurate for low pressures such as are ordinarily used in fan work, but for high pres19
FAN ENGINEERING
sures such as are
excessive and
compressed air work, the error becomes be found necessary to use the following thermodynamic formulae. For the flow through an orifice from a higher to a lower pressure, where the absolute initial pressure is less than twice the absolute pressure of the discharge
in
it
met
will
region,
V2 = 6552^Ti[lwhere
(^)''']
(19)
V2 = velocity in ft. per min. at discharge. Pi = absolute initial press, in lb. per sq. in. P2 = absolute final press, in lb. per sq. in. Ti = absolute temp, degrees F. of entering air. The discharge through an orifice into a region where the pressure is greater than half the initial pressure, expressed in cubic feet of free air per minute, may then be determined by the formula
Q=63.oocA^V(irrM?fr
where
^^"^
Q = cu. ft. free air per min. C = coefficient of discharge. A = orifice area in sq. ft.
As already shown for dry air at 70 F. and 29.92 inch barometric pressure, the velocity due to a pressure of one inch of
water is 4005 feet per minute and for a pressure of one ounce per square inch is 5273 feet per minute. Since the velocity varies as the square root of the pressure, we have
= VA/Pl ^=^/ôrV Vo \ po \
Po
(21)
Taking
and Vo the velocity corresponding assuming dry air at 70 F. and 29.92 inch barometer, the above relation reduces to
po as unit pressure,
thereto,
When
the pressure
is
V = 4005l/'p~ taken in inches

or
(22)
= 52731/"?"
ounces.
(23)
when the pressure is expressed in The table on page 21 gives the

ounces.
velocity of dry air at standard conditions for various pressures expressed both in inches and
The two
tables on pages 22
and 23 give the correspond-
ing velocities of dry air under standard barometric pressure of

20
PROPERTIES OF AIR
CORRESPONDINQ PRESSURES AND VELOCITIES OF DRV AIR AT AND 29.92 INCHES BAROMETER
70
II

in
m u
t/3
ai
0.0!
UJ
PROPERTIES OF AIR
ccoec
ooo ooo oo OOO OC^-* iOiMW OOOO JOO

^CoM
20)bOOOiOi
0500
MOOC^ .-^(N
t-c^ (NCO
OCO<N
05 cc t^
.
o * r^
t^ 04 CO
IM 05
MM
00 (N
00X00
00050
OOi
CO-* 00
O5 00-*
<*?0<N
SSo>
OS-*00
Mt-O
Tt^M-*
-^<>'z! MCC05
ooTt<o3
(N-rOS
,-i(NM
JcSS
OOOM ^t:5 ^^ti>t^t^

,_^
J^MO
SJi^S OSTt-q?
tôboo
^^--ÔJ
^'^^ M
t~- "-I
oo ooo 'OO
^ ^'^
QO
OINM
COM(N
(N<NO
(n;oo
Tj<M<N (NCO 00
u
Oi
ooeO<N
0<M0
rfiMM Xf-'^ 5o^-*
OOIMI^
OCOO
rô<N
<C?Ot~
Tt^t^CÎ
T*<0<N
t^00
-ôoM
(N^QO r^^"
ICM 'to
U5C05D
t^tÔO
OOOO
OO
ooow tôoo lOOM
MOCO MiOCD l>OM
00 (MOO
<*0<N
lO
^(CO
CO CO CO
O lOOO
.-I
<N (M 00 COCO'-i
t>.t>.00
00O
2s
c^q
><
<is
lo
ICO
IM
ooMO C1MO MM-*
iOooiM
MTf^T}'
oioio CJOCM
OiO0
^<M2S t-^M
!S;*J2 lOt-CD
-^-^lO
OOOO CO 00 MOM OMt^ OM 00 00 00
oocot^
li
o
U.
M00 OOOO-H COMO ,-<(N<N
Mt
rîo-* COCO(N
^Ô lOCOO
TtitÔ
TjH-îO
M.^^ (MOCOI
MM
looio M<Noo
MiOOO
lOiOiO
OOtÔ COO<N OC2>0

CCCOCD
^MOO M'^M bCrîO

COt^t^
Tt*iC'-'
O'ÔO OOMiO
t-0000
COO OM 0<M QCO
iôooo
(Ncoej
coSoo COMOO )-hNN
MtÔ mm-*
r^^ ooo MCOO
^rô
w:::;^!
1-1
TftÔ
Th-'tiO
t-wj;(N^JbiOiO0
.-iM0
00 t^
ow* coco CO
OCC-* CCXO O -"t
OcOh. h-tîO COO-*
OOOO
CCI>t^
(MCOO OOt-iC tôo
w^ (MM 00^ xo
QCt>-
covi-^
SmS COMOO
Sc^?l
lorô
t^t^co
Tf-*-*
MM^
MCDO
555215 J'QCJ^ (M-*t-lOiOiO
TftîO
^.-O coOM
iOOO
ifiO<N
-tiO
^-03;
tô
lOCOcO
(NXt^ tîCO
'2???5
WCOO MM-*
OCOt (N(NO
rfi Tj"
MCOO Tt OOiC
"^r^Q
OX
<NcOt1< t>-C^CO t-i'^CO
CDOiO
iO00
0<NM X lOCOCO
M<N0 ^Tf-4
eocot^
^'<^22
.COM
t^M COOM t^xx

Oj2
S'^ lOCO COO
XX
s^
CDOQ MCOO MtÔ

Tj<XC^
-^t CO M O X O OX M lO
t~-_
OM
o>oo
<Mf CO
lOClO
<NOO
t^
"^
'<<
Ci'mM
M^^
'^.
^. "^^
Tf lO
i(K(r<)
'înê
<ôi
^"t*^
"^"^"J
rJ
ririri
w^
23

One 29.92 inches for different pressures and temperatures. table gives the velocity for even parts of an inch and the other for even parts of an ounce, with the corresponding pressure in the
other unit.
Effect of
If
Temperature and Barometric Pressure on Velocity
considered at the same pressure the effect of changing the temperature of the air will change the corresponding velocity in direct proportion as the square root of the absolute temperatures.
That
is
V = Vo\^0l ^\460
+ to
The
for
(24)
velocities
tables on pages 22
air at
and 23 give the corresponding
various pressures and temperatures, but the velocity for any other temperature may be determined from the above formula. In connection with fan work we have the same relation
dry
power
speed, capacity and horsesquare root of the ratio of the At constant velocity the weight and absolute temperatures. pressure of the air handled will vary inversely as the ratio of the absolute temperatures. The velocity of air at constant pressure not only varies with any change in temperature, but also with every change in baromThe velocity of the air varies inversely as the square root eter. of the ratio of the barometric pressures.
that
is
at constant pressure, the
of the fan varies as the
Then we
will
have
V = Vo>J-^
or
(25)
where we wish to correct
for
both temperature and barometer

(26)
V'VoVUxV?
Relation of Altitude to the Properties of Air
In the above formulae V represents the velocity of the air at temperature t degrees Fahr. and barometer b, while Vo is the corresponding velocity at temperature to and barometer bo-
The diagram on page 25 shows graphically the
effect of dif-
ferent altitudes on the properties of air, and the two lines of relative air velocity and of air pressure and density are especially
convenient in fan calculation.

24
PROPERTIES OF AIR
AdnD^Btî
'
JO 93H0NI
'
Nl
3dnSS3dcl Dldl3jM0dV8
'
'
aN3Dd3d
25

As an illustration of the use of this diagram assume a case where a fan is to handle 150,000 A. P. M. at 0.5 inch static pressure at an altitude of 5000 feet. We must determine what sea level
conditions correspond to these conditions at the given altitude
and so be able to
the chart
select a fan of the required capacity.

is
From
0.825,
we
find the relative pressure at this altitude
so that the sea level pressure corresponding to 0.5 inch at 5000 The horsepower feet altitude will be 0.5-7-0.825=0.6 inch. required to operate this fan will be 82.5 per cent, of the rated
horsepower as given in the fan tables for the corresponding

pressure of 0.6 inch static.
commonly specified will be insame ratio when we consider an altitude of say 5000 feet. Thus if we ordinarily require a definite quantity of air for a certain purpose this volume should be divided by 0.825 to determine the capacity required if the apparatus is to be installed at an altitude of 5000 feet, and a fan
given amount of air as
creased in volume by this
selected to handle this greater volume.
Any
Effect of Temperature
on the Volume of Air
Air at constant pressure changes its volume almost exactly in proportion to its absolute temperature (460 -}- temperature The table on page 13 gives the relative volume deg. Fahr.) of a given quantity of air at various temperatures as compared For instance, the volume at 160 will to the volume at 70.
be 1.17
for
Expressed as a formula times the volume at 70. with other temperatures than those given in the table we will have, where Q is the volume at temperature t and Qo the volume at to
use
The effect of temperature on the various properties of air is shown graphically by the diagram on page 27. As air at 70 is commonly used as a standard, these curves give the various Inasmuch as the fan tables relationships relative to air at 70.
given herein are based on air at 70
F.,
the upper curve of this
diagram
see that
is
if
Thus we especially applicable to fan calculations. the air to be handled by a fan is at 140, the velocity
and fan speed would have to be increased to 106.5 per cent, of that given in the tables. Or if the velocity remains the same, the pressure and weight of air handled at 140 will be only 88
per cent, of the rated capacity.
26
PROPERTIES OF AIR
Effect of
It
Humidity on Velocity
consider the be noted that the tables herein given, and temperature standard the various properties of dry air at of fact, atmospheric air matter a as But pressure. barometric correction is necessary in order to reduce is not dry, so that a to the standard condition of dry velocity observed actual
may
the
air
means of the following This may be accomplished by being determined from air of pound per feet cubic relation, the 37. and pages 36 the psychrometric charts on
Actual
Vel.
vel.
/
Cu.
ft.
per
ft.
lb. air as
Dry
Air
Cu.
per
lb.
observed dry air
(28)
HUMIDITY
the moisture or water vapor mixed with the air in the atmosphere, and the weight of water vapor a given space will hold is dependent entirely on the temperature. The amount
is
Humidity
of
vapor
air,
in any given space is independent of the presence of the only effect the air has being due to its temperature.
Absolute Humidity Absolute humidity is the weight of a given volume of water vapor at a given temperature and percentage of saturation and is usually expressed as grains per cubic foot. The tables on pages 38 to 45 give the weight of water vapor per cubic foot at different temperatures and percentages of saturation.
Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is the ratio of the weight of water vapor given space as compared to the weight which the same space is capable of containing when fully saturated at the same temperature. It is the ratio of the absolute humidity for the given condition to the absolute humidity at saturation. The quantity of moisture mixed with the air under different conditions of
in a
temperature and saturation is usually determined by means of some form of instrument in which a dry-bulb and a wet-bulb thermometer are used.
is the temperature at which saturation is obtained for a given weight of water vapor, or the point where any reduction in temperature would cause condensation of some of the water vapor. Any given amount of moisture must have some temperature at which saturation will occur and any further lowering of the temperature will cause condensation. This then will be its dew-point.
Dew-Point The dew-point
Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Thermometer

Usually the temperature of the air is determined by means The wet-bulb theran ordinary or dry-bulb thermometer. mometer has the bulb covered with a piece of clean soft cloth and should be wet or dipped in water before taking a reading. Care should always be taken to keep the cloth free from dirt This thermometer will give a and to use pure clean water. depressed or lower reading than that of the dry-bulb thermometer in proportion to the evaporation from the wet surface of the
of
28
HUMIDITY
is a measure of the amount of moisture This depressed reading corresponds to the temperature at which the air would normally saturate without any change in its heat contents. That is, the total heat in the air remains constant at a constant wet-bulb temperature. In order to obtain a true reading it is necessary that the thermometer be placed in a strong current of air.
cloth,
and
this depression
in the air.
The Sling Psychrometer

This instrument consists of a wet- and a dry-bulb thermometer strip of metal and provided with a handle which permits of the thermometer being rapidly whirled through the air. When being used the instrument should be whirled continuously until no further drop in the wet-bulb reading is noted. The differ-
mounted on a
ence between the readings of the two thermometers is the wet-bulb depression, and by referring to the tables on pages 38 to 45 or to the charts on pages 35 to 37 the corresponding psychrometric There are other forms of instruconditions may be determined. ments, generally of some stationary type, used for taking humidity readings, but the instrument described is reasonably accurate and is the one used by the United States Weather Bureau.
The Aspiration Psychrometer The aspiration psychrometer shown herewith
is
more accurate
than the sling psychrometer, as it will be noted from the cut that the bulbs of the two thermometers are enclosed in highly polished tubes so the temperature is not affected by radiation from surrounding objects. A circulation of air is induced through the tubes by a small This fan is suction fan located in the top of the instrument.
29
fflsJ
Aspiration Psychrometer
^^^
driven at a constant speed by means of the clockwork, which will drive the fan several minutes with one winding, giving a uniform strong current to produce a rapid evaporation from the wet-bulb. The small rubber bulb is used to moisten the wick or muslin covering the wet-bulb.
Relation of Humidity to Heating To understand more thoroughly the relation of humidity to heating, it is necessary to know that the temperature felt by the body, or the sensible temperature, as it is called, corresponds to the temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer; hence, the drier the air the greater is the difference between the actual and sensible Dry air heated much above the normal will still temperatures. be chilly, slight drafts are very noticeable and colds are easily
contracted.
ture of the
The excessive evaporation from the skin lowers the temperabody very rapidly, and as a result higher tempera-
would be necessary for comfort if the On the other hand, proper amount of humidity were present. if the percentage of humidity is excessive, evaporation from the body is below normal, with the result that the body heat is not In general, radiated as speedily as is necessary for comfort. the higher the humidity maintained the lower the temperature required for the same degree of personal comfort.
tures are required than
Relation of Dry-Bulb, Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperatures The relation between the temperature as shown by the drybulb and wet-bulb thermometer, and the relation to the dewpoint should be thoroughly understood by those expecting to become at all familiar with the subject of humidity. Dew-point, as previously stated, is the temperature at which In saturation is obtained for a given amount of water vapor. other words, the air is at the dew-point when it contains all the
30
HUMIDITY
hold at a given temperature, and when it is immore water vapor without raising the temperature. When air has been reduced to the dewpoint, both wet- and dry -bulb thermometer register exactly the same; for instance, air at 50 temperature, and 100 per cent,
moisture
it will
possible to get the air to absorb
saturation will contain 4.076 grains of moisture per cubic foot,
under which condition the dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometer will both register 50. If this air is heated, both thermometers will rise, but the wet-bulb temperature will rise more slowly and the relative humidity will be rapidly reduced: the dew-point remains constant at 50, since any given number of grains of moisture per cubic foot has a fixed and definite dew-point or temperature of saturation.
If a cubic foot of air at a temperature of 87, containing 4:076 grains per cubic foot with the wet-bulb temperature at 65, is passed through a fine spray of recirculated water, it will absorb
the dry-bulb temperature will immediately begin to but the wet-bulb temperature will remain absolutely constant at 65 until the dry-bulb temperature has dropped to the wet-bulb temperature, namely, 65. As the absorption takes place the dew-point will be gradually rising from 50 to 65,
moisture;
fall,
when saturation is obtained. At ordinary temperatures the absorption of one grain of moisture per cu. ft. lowers the drybulb temperature approximately 83^.
Sensible, Latent
and Total Heat
is composed of the sensible heat or heat due to the temperature of the air as indicated by the thermometer, and the latent heat or heat of vaporization of the moisture or vapor in the air. The total heat is a constant quantity for any certain wet-bulb temperature irrespective of any change in the dry-bulb temperature. This fact has been termed by W. H. Carrier* "One of the four fundamental psychrometric principles," and expressed as
The
total heat of air
"The
entirely
true wet-bulb temperature of the air depends
on the total of the sensible and the latent heat in the air and is independent of their relative proportions.
In other words, the wet-bulb temperature of the air is constant, providing the total heat of the air is constant."
"Rational Psychrometric Formulae" Am.
31
Soc. Mech. Engrs.,
Dec,
1911.

moisture is introduced into a certain quandry-bulb temperature of the air will be lowered until it is the same as the wet-bulb temperature. This is simply an exchange from sensible heat into latent heat required to vaporize the moisture, keeping the total heat the same. If a further lowering of the temperature takes place, the wet-bulb temperature will lower and the corresponding total heat will be less. If the air should be heated without the addition of more moisture, the dew-point temperature of the air would remain constant but the wet-bulb, as well as the dry-bulb temperature would increase, and the total heat of the air would increase a corresponding amount. The two psychrometric charts on pages 36 and 37 will be found especially convenient for determining the total heat of the air for any wet-bulb temperature.
if
Thus,
sufficient
tity of air, the
Psychrometric Charts and Tables

Psychrometric charts giving the properties of air as calcuby W. H. Carrier and published in his paper entitled "Rational Psychrometric Formulae," which was presented before the A. S. M. E. at the 1911 annual meeting, are shown on pages 36 and 37. These two charts are to be used when calculations are being made in terms of pounds of air, while the chart on page 35 should be used for cubic feet of air. For most purposes of calculation it will be found preferable to use the pound as a unit.
lated
The various curves shown on these charts will be found espevaluable in making air calculations. The grains of moisture per pound of dry air are read by passing directly from the
cially
dew-point, or intersection of the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures, to the scale on the left edge of the chart. The B. t. u. required to raise one pound of dry air one degree when saturated with moisture, as also the vapor pressure, may be determined by passing
vertically from the dew-point to the proper curve, and then to the corresponding scale on the left edge of the chart. The total heat, in B. t. u., above zero degrees contained in one pound of
with moisture may be found by passing verfrom the wet-bulb temperature to the total heat curve and then to the left edge of the chart. The volume of air in cubic feet per pound may be found by passing vertically from the dry-bulb temperature to either of the two volume curves
air saturated
dry
tically
32
HUMIDITY
and then to the left edge of the chart. One curve gives the volume of dry and the other of saturated air.
of the use of this chart we will dry-bulb temperature and 60 per cent, relative From the chart we find that the wet-bulb temperahumidity. ture will be 65.25, the dew-point 60, the grains of moisture per pound of dry air 77; the heat required to raise one pound of
Example
As an example
assume
air at 75
dry
of
air
and the vapor pressure

mercury.
saturated at 60 through one degree is 0.24664 B. t. u.; of air saturated at 60 is 0.523 inches
Passing vertically from the wet-bulb temperature curve and thence to the scale on the left, we find the total heat above zero in one pound of dry air This, then, is when saturated at 65.25 to be 29.75 B. t. u. also the measure of the heat in a pound of air at 75 and 60
of 65.25 to the total heat
per cent, relative humidity, since the wet-bulb temperature
is
the same.
may be found by passing from the drj^-bulb temperature to either of the two volume curves, depending on whether the volume of drj' or of saturated air is desired. To determine the volume of one pound of partly saturated air as here assumed, we will have from the
The
cubic feet per pound of air
vertically
chart,
Cu. Cu.
ft.
per
lb.
at 75 sat.
ft.
per
lb.
at 75 dry
= 13.88 = 13.48
.60
.40= Moisture = Rel. humidity

.24
13.48
Cu.
ft.
per
lb.
at 75
and
60% = 13.72
The psychrometric chart on page 35 and tables on pages 38 to 45 are taken from the catalog of the Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America. They show the grains of moisture per cubic foot of saturated air at various temperatures, as well as the relative humidity, the dew-point temperature and the grains of moisture per cubic foot of air for different temperatures as determined by the wet and dry-bulb of the sling psychrometer.
As an example of the use of the chart on page 35 we will assume a case where the drj^-bulb temperature is 80 and the wet-bulb thermometer reads 70. or a 10 depression. From the intersection of the corresponding lines through these two tem33
COMPANY FAN ENGINEERING-BUFFALO FORGE

to be 62 per cent. Passperatures we find the relative humidity point of intersection to the this from left the to ing horizontally saturation curve) we find wet-bulb temperature line (called the If the temperature of 64.5. be to temperature the dew-point wet-bulb readings and dry the the air should be reduced, both 64.5, when the air wil be read both they until will be lowered foot The grains of moisture contained in each cubic saturated. horizontal found by continuing to the left on the
of this air will
line
be edge of the chart, through the 64.5 dew-point to the left If the temperature grains. 6.65 of reading a where we have part of the moisture content will of the air be further reduced, saturation temperature will be or dew-point the be condensed, cubic foot will be correslowered, and the grains of moisture per
pondingly
less.
than can be deterIn case more accurate readings are desired on page 35, the one the as scale mined from a chart on as small a used. be may tables psychrometric
shown on pages 36 ^nf. ^7 NOTE.-Large psychrometric charts as furmshed on "-fj^^^^bythe Garner sub-diiisions for accurate readings, will be New York l.ity.
Air Conditioning
w,.th
Company
of America. 39 Cortlandt
St..
34
HUMIDITY
Noiivunivs IN33 uad
r-
(0
lO
36
FA N v.NaTNEERING-BUFF ALO
FORGE COMPANY
36
HUMIDITY
37
COMPANY FAN E N G TKFF.RING-BIJFFALO FORGE

MOISTURE HUMIDITY, DEW-POfNTS AND GRAIIHS OF RELATIVE ^ PER CUBIC FOOT
r>
HUMIDITY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE. PER CUBIC FOOT Barometric Pressure, 30 Inches
FAN
HUMIDITY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW-POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT
Barometric Pressure
30 Inches

Barometric Pressure
30 Inches
HUMIDITY
Barometric Pressure
30 Inches
^.N
ENGINEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW=POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT

Barometric Pressure
30 Inches
HUMIDITY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, DEW=POINTS AND GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER CUBIC FOOT
Barometric Pressure
30 Inches
PART
The
principles of
for a great variety of
II
APPLICATION
Fan Engineering have found application purposes and an ever increasing use in the manufacturing industries. These applications will be brieflytreated under their proper heading, such as Heating, Ventilation, Drying, Cooling, Mechanical Draft, Planing Mill and other exhaust systems and various other miscellaneous uses. Some of these applications, such as heating and ventilation, are so common as to be more or less familiar to all engineers, while others are of a more special nature and the requirements as well as the apparatus used are not so generally understood.
SECTION
HEATING
Although the heating of buildings is accomplished in many ways, the fundamental requirements and the results desired
are the same in all systems; that is, to provide sufficient heat to take care of the radiation and infiltration losses, and if required, to warm the air needed for ventilation.
Heat Losses from Buildings The heating capacity depends on the amount of the heat losses, so evidently the first step in laying out any heating system is to determine the extent of these losses. The main source of loss will be due to radiation, and as accurate data in the form
of factors or coefficients for the various building materials used are available, the total heat loss may be determined when the
extent of the surface
is
known.
used in building construction has a certain capacity for transmitting heat, or we may say exerts a certain resistance to the transmission of heat, and the transmission of heat may be shown to be the reciprocal of the resistance. This transmission is due to two components, radiation and convection from the surface, and conduction through the material. The radiation and convection factor is independent of the thickness, but varies with the height of the wall, with the difference in temperature between the two sides of the
of the various materials
Each
46
HEAT LOSSES
material, and with variation in the air movement or velocity While for extreme accuracy all of these over the surface. variables should be considered, for ordinary calculations we
may
use a coefficient which will meet the average conditions.

;
by NK where N varies with the temperature difference according to the accompanying table, and K is a constant for any given material, Surface transmission for each material.
We
will represent this factor
NK=
Tj^r^
= Surface
resistance
to
the transmission of heat by

will
radiation and convection.

ness, so that
The conductivity of any material we will have
vary with the thick-
A = Conductivity
per unit thickness.
of material itself
from surface to surface
=
W
A
Resistance of the material per unit of thickness to the transmission of heat.

of the material.
= Thickness
- = Conductivity
of the material.
W 7- = Resistance of the material to conduction.

L = B.
t.
u.
transmitted per sq.

is
ft.
per hour per deg. difference.

of the
t.
As the
total resistance
composed
.
two
factors
W and-^,
,-77^ ^^
we have the transmission
in B.
u.
per square foot per
degree difference in temperature between the two sides of the

material,
_J_4.^" NK * A'
(29)
and the
total transmission per square foot per hour with temperatures ti and t2 on the two sides of the material will be
NK
"^
In case we are to consider a double wall or a wall made up of more than one material, we will have greater resistance due to the extra surfaces adding their resistances and also to the added resistances to conduction, thus giving a lower rate of heat transmission. This will then give us
47

L=
(31)
+ N2K2 (ni] lKi

'
-)-(lM:--)
In case the materials considered are very thin, but slight error will be introduced if we neglect the conduction factor and
consider only the resistance of the surface. This theory of heat transmission was first deduced by Peclet and has been used by the majority of investigators for determining factors of heat transmission. The following values for N,
and
in these formulae.
are adapted from the original tables of factors for use The values given for A are for a unit thick-
ness of one inch.
VALUES OF N FOR VARIOUS TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES

Difference Between
HEAT LOSSES
factors as given apply to wall construction,
or less
movement
of the air over the surfaces

walls.
where there is more due to the current
of air passing
up the
With a
roof or a floor this
move-
ment
of the air will
be greatly lessened and the transmission
consequently decreased. The necessary modifications of the factors for other than wall construction are in a great measure a matter of judgment.
The application of the foregoing formula may best be shown by a practical example, in which it is required to determine the
coefficient of transmission per square foot per degree difference
in temperature for a wall
composed of two-inch pine boards covered with building paper and corrugated iron, with a difference of 50 in temperature between the two sides. From the
accompanying table we
find the value of
to be 0.956.
RNe BOARD
BUILDING PAPER
ORRUGATED
IRON.
N)K|i.Zl8
NjKz-
I.I
N,Ka
1.43a
0.97
HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH WALLS.
We
will
have
six surface resistances to consider,
NK
for the
two surfaces
board being 1.218 and for the two surfaces of the corrugated iron 1,433. On account of the fact that the paper and the iron are quite thin the resistance to conduction would be very small and may be omitted for these two materials without serious error.
of the
We
for the
will
then have the surface resistance

surfaces,
INllVl
^^
t o.o l.Jlo
two board
and assuming the same surface

40
loss

for
paper as
is
given for sheet iron, we
will
have the resistance
for the
two
sides of the paper ,.
^ ^
N2K2
1.15
As already stated the resistance

iron
will
of the
two surfaces
to
of the
be
= ^^ N3K3
1.433
will
.-^
The
be -rA.
resistance
conduction
will
of the two-inch pine
board
2
7^-7^;=-
Then we
have
(j.yy
in
the total transmission in B. t. u. per sq. ft. per degree difference temperature between the two sides of the wall as,
L=
1.218
"^
2~ = 0-224
1.15"^ 1.433
"^
B.
t.
u.
per hour.
0.97
consider a wall composed of two-inch boards and corrugated iron, the transmission in B. t. u. per sq. ft. of wall per degree difference in temperature between the two sides of the wall would be
If
we leave out the paper and
L=
1
"*"
\ 1
1.433
"^
jr
^ 0.97
= 0.279
B.
t.
u.
per hour.
1.218
and 52 are compiled from the best aube found to agree with modern engineering practice. Much of our information on this subject dates back to the time of Peclet and other early investigators, but a great deal of work has been done more recently in an effort to obtain authentic data. The principal reason for discrepancies in this part of the work is due to the great difference in building construction. Thus, although as ordinarily considered, the radiation loss is the principal factor to be considered and reliable data is available, nevertheless, due to poor construction, the convection losses may become so great that the apparatus will be unable to furnish the heat required.
factors on pages 51
thorities
The
and
will
For
this
reason these factors are subject to modifications to
care for special cases such as exposure to winds, unequal distribution of heat, infiltration of cold air, etc.
The German government
standards require these factors to be increased as follows: Ten per cent, where the exposure is a northerly one and the winds are to be counted on as important factors.
50
HEAT LOSSES
Ten per
cent,
when
the building
is
time only, and the location
of the building
heated during the dayis not an exposed one.
Thirty per cent, when the building is heated during the daytime only, and the location of the building is exposed.
Fifty per cent,
when
the building
is
heated during the winter
months intermittently, with long

It
intervals of non-heating.
be noted that some engineers are inclined in a few For instance, N. S. Thompson in his "Mechanical Equipment of Federal Buildings" gives constants for concrete that are 50 per cent, greater than the constants for brick herein quoted instead of 20 per cent, greater as given below, while the constants for brick agree very closely.
instances to use slightly higher factors than here given.
may
HEAT LOSS FROM BUILDINGS

B.
t.
u.
Transmitted per Hour per Square Foot of Surface per
Degree Difference in Temperature

CONSTANTS FOR BRICK WALLS
Thickness Inches

FOR VARIOUS WALL CONSTRUCTIONS
Thickness of Board Inches
HEAT LOSSES
Heat Loss Through Cold Storage Insulation Extensive experiments have been made by various investigators who were interested in the subject of heat transfer through the various materials commonly used for insulation '^ Any apparent discrepancy between the^^*^ in cold storage work. figures quoted by different authors for the same material is "-^ probably due to the different conditions under which the tests were conducted. The following table of coefficients has been compiled by F. E. Mathews, principally from data furnished by the Arm-,S* strong Cork Co. This table was published in Power, August These values are for use under the best conditions, 8, 1911. and builders are advised to increase them by 25 to 50 per cent.,^^ depending on the physical condition of the insulation.
^ E ^
^^
O^
COLD STORAGE INSULATION

Transmission in B.
t.
u. per
in
Square Feet per Hour per Degree Difference Temperature for

0.271 0.308
"
d r"
fcj()
Insulating Slabs
"Nonpareil" cork board (pure cork, no foreign binder) I" "Rock" cork (water-proofed rock-wool composition board) 1" "Lith" plain (mineral wool flax-fibre composition board) 1" "Lith" water-proofed (same as above, water-proofed) 1" "impregnated cork board" (gran, cork and asphaltic binder) I" indurated fibre board (indurated wood-pulp board)
1"
Q^ C^
J^
0.329* i 0.350 0.371 ifr^ 0.417
^H
Built-up Insulation (wood and air space)

1"
%"
American spruce dressed and matched spruce

sp.X
sp.
0.700
(
i^^
J^" sp.
paper Ji" sp.) (K"
sp.
paper
J/g"
C3
0.198 0.177 0.144 0.113
_
sp.) (1" air space) ( H" sp. paper Ji" sp.) 6 thicknesses, J^" sp., 3 papers, 2 air spaces arranged as above 8 thicknesses, J4" sp., 4 papers, 3 air spaces arranged as above
( J-i"
paper H"
^ ^ ^t^
Built-up Insulation (wood, paper and
fill)
H" H" (H" ( H"

(
(
0.198 paper %" sp.) ( %" sp. paper Vg" sp.) 0.092 paper %" sp.) (4" min. wool) ( %" sp. paper "J^" sp.) sp.).. ..0.088 paper J4" sp.) (8" mill shavings, damp) (H" sp. paper 0.066 paper J4" sp.) (1" mill shavings, dry) ( Vs" sp. paper Vs" sp.) 0.079 paper ]4" sp.) (8" granulated cork) ( %" sp. paper %" sp.) 0.129 paper J4" sp.) (1" Nonpareil cork) Hi" sp. paper %" sp.) 0.136 ( J^'sp. paper) (1" Nonpareil cork) (paper H" sp.) ( H" sp. paper) (2" Nonpareil cork) (paper Vh" sp.) "-jlx? ( H" sp. paper) (3" Nonpareil cork) (paper S/i;" sp.) "5?j; ( H" sp. paper) (4" Nonpareil cork) (paper sp.) 9-^^ 0.202 ( Vs" sp.) (1" pitch) ( H" sp.)
sp. sp. sp. sp. ( 14" sp. CA" sp.
t_.
Q>
^ W ^ ^ V^
-
(K"
sp.) (2" pitch) iVs" sp.)
0.177
H"
Built-up Insulation (wood, paper, air space and fill) sp. paper '^4" sp.) (1" air space) ( li" sp.) (6" min. wool) ( H" sp. paper
14" sp.) 0.062 14" sp. paper Ji" sp.) (1" air space) ( H" sp.) (6" gran, cork) ( H" sp. paper 0.061 14" sp.) (14" sp. paper H" sp.) (1" air space) ( 14" sp.) (2" Nonpareil cork) {14" sp. 0.067 paper 14" sp.)
(
63

H" sp. paper %" sp.) (1" air space) (2" Nonpareil cork) (paper H" sp.) .0.088 ( Vi" sp. paper V^" sp.) (1" air space) (3* Nonpareil cork) (paper V^" sp.) .0.071 ili" sp. paper H" sp.) (1" air space) (4" Nonpareil cork) (paper J^" sp.). .0.050 (Ji" sp. paper Vs" sp.) (1" air space) (5" Nonpareil cork) (paper J^" sp.). .0.038
(
.
Brick Wall and Sheet Cork
NOTE Sp.
(13" brick wall) (2" Nonpareil cork) (13" brick wall) (4" Nonpareil cork)
0.115 0,061
designates American Spruce,
The data given in the table following is an extract from a report on Heat Transmission of Building Materials, submitted to the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers,
1913,
by
Prof, L. A, Harding,
These results were obtained in a specially constructed testing plant, using temperature differences that ordinarily occur, either in heating or refrigerating practice. The testing boxes were made up of the various materials stated, having approximately 100 sq, ft, of surface. Heat was introduced inside the boxes by means of electrical resistance coils, the air surrounding the
air
box being artificially cooled, A strong circulation of was maintained both inside and outside of the box by fans.
TABLE OF UNIT HEAT TRANSMISSION
B.
t.
u.
Transmission per Sq.

4-in.
Ft. per
Hour per Degree
of Air in Contact with the
Two
Difference in Temperature Sides
One
Hollow Tile
(1-3-5 Mix.)
to 6 in.)
1 in. Concrete Vi in.
Lumber (T and G)
One Air Space (from 1 in. 1 in. Mineral Wool (Dry)

1 in.
Pitch
1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in.

1 in. 1 in.
Shavings (Dry) Granulated Cork Corkboard (all Cork) Hair Felt Indurated Fibre Board Compressed Mineral Wool Board
0.625 4.29 0.83 1.66 0.666 0.79 0.666 0.479 0.26 0.31 0.416 0.33
Heat Loss from Galvanized Iron Pipes As already explained (page 47) the resistance
to the transmission of heat
is
of
any surface
the sum of the various resistances to be met in each case, and the transmission or heat loss is the In the case of a galvanized reciprocal of this total resistance. iron duct the conductivity of the material may be neglected,
and we have to consider only the resistance to the transfer of heat from the air to the metal on one side and from the metal The air in the pipe would have a to the air on the other side. direction of flow parallel to the surface so that the heat transfer would be as shown in formula (97), page 404, for
54
HEAT LOSSES
longitudinal flow.
The
conditions on the outside of the pipe or
duct would be approximately those of any direct radiation placed in the room. According to the best authorities the coefficient of transmission K for direct radiation from the outside will vary from 1.6 to 1.8 B. t. u. per sq. ft. per hour per degree difference in temperature between the material and the external air. A factor of K = 1.7 B. t. u. is an average value commonly used. Assuming a velocity of 1500 ft. per minute for the air through the pipe, we find from the diagram giving "Rate of Heat Transmission for Longitudinal Flow of Air," on page 406, that for
the internal
surface
of
the pipe
K = 7.5
B.
t.
u.
The
total
resistance of the duct will then be
K = 1.38
For average conditions as outlined above we may assume for the heat transfer through galvanized iron ducts per sq. ft. per hour per degree difference in temperature between inside and outside K = 1.4B. t. u. (ta-tr)=1.4 (ta-tr) where H = heat lost per square foot per hour. ta = temperature of the air in the pipe. tr = temperature of the room.
H=K
Heat Loss Due
to Infiltration
cult quantity to determine,
due to leakage and infiltration is often a diffiinasmuch as it may depend on so many different factors, such as size, height and construction of the building, distribution of doors, windows and ventilators, and the object for which the building is used. For this reason no fixed rule can be given, and the allowance to be made for this loss is necessarily a result of experience and good judgment. It is customary to allow from two changes per hour to one change in two hours as a measure of this loss, depending, as already stated, on the circumstances of the case considered. For the average application one air change per hour is usually a satisloss
The heat
factory allowance.
Thus
if
the building
air
is
very large the ratio of cubic contents

less
to wall surface would be greater than with a smaller building,
hence the
change due to leakage would be

55
frequent,

The existence of large doors frequently opened or of ventilators makes a more rapid air change due to leakage, as does also loosely fitting windows or other faulty construction. Many of
the materials used for roofs and siding, such as
iron, are notoriously
tile
or galvanized
bad
as regards leakage.
this air
the outdoor to the

TT
'
The heat required in B. t. u. per hour to warm room temperature w411 be
from
cubic contents
changes per hour

55:2
temp,
rise
Heat Required
for Ventilation
for ventilating is easily computed when the air supplied per hour is actually known. If we consider the specific heat of air at constant pressure to be 0.2415 and the weight of one cu. ft, of air at 70 is 0.0749 lbs., one British thermal unit of heat will raise the temperature of one cu. ft. of air
The heat required
From
this
0.2415X0.0749 we may deduce the formula.
= 55
90
H'=?î|zA)
where
(32)
= B. Q = cu.
H'
tr
t.
u.
per hour required for ventilation.
ft.
of air per min. required for ventilation.
ti
= room temperature. = entering, or outdoor,
temperature.
above formula will be found in Section VIII, Part IV. For a consideration of the heat given off by the occupants of a room or by various sources of heat, such as lights and machinery, see "Special Ventilation Requirements" on pages 61 and 62.
illustrating the use of the
Examples
Air Quantity and Final Temperature Required for Heating
In heating a building by means of the fan system, there are These are, the heat loss due to transmission and infiltration; the quantity of air required as a heat carrier; the final temperature and the temperature rise of this air in passing through the heater. Ordinarily the heat loss and one of the other factors are given, with the third to be determined. It may be required to use all return or room air, all outdoor air, or a mixture of the two. The relations between the above factors may be expressed by the following equations:
three factors to be considered.
56
HEAT LOSSEl
Q
and
where
,
55.2 55.2
B.
H
,
*^
= -60-Q+*^
t,
....
(^^^
H = heat loss in
and
u.
per hour due to transmission
infiltration.
Q = cu.
t2
ft.
of air per
minute.
= temperature tr = temperature
all
of air leaving heater. of
room.
When
using
or part outdoor air there will be sufficient
heat required at the heater not only to take care of the heat loss, but also to raise the temperature of the air from entering temperature ti, to the room temperature, tr. The total temperature rise will then be t2 ti, and
jj,^ 60Q(t.-tO
OO.ii
^35^
where
H'
ti
= total
heat in B.
t.
u.
per hour required at the
heater,
= temperature
of air entering heater
either outair.
t2
door or a mixture of room and outdoor = temperature of air leaving heater.

of
The amount
steam required
TI/
:
will
lbs.
be
per hour.
TT/
= T heat steam
r
7
latent
of
or approximately lbs. steam per hour
67
SECTION
Any room tion of human
II
VENTILATION
or building used for the habitation or congrega-
beings should be provided with a plentiful supply Strictly speaking, good ventilation is merely a relative term, and the standards as ordinarily accepted are a compromise that will answer the purpose of keeping the air in a building in a fairly fresh condition. The
of fresh air.
ventilation are,
first,
requirements of maintaining certain standards of purity
of the air within the room or building; second, the removal and prevention of odors; third, the removal of the bodily heat of the occupants together with the heat from such other sources as illumination and power; and fourth, the prevention of exces-
sive rise in humidity which usually accompanies the temperature from bodily heat.
rise
in
how much respiration the air has undergone. In this way it serves as an index of the contamination of the air with organic impurities from the lungs and bodies of the occupants.
These
organic poisons are little understood, although they undoubtedly constitute the real danger in impure air. The standard of purity
Many of the existing standards of ventilation have been founded on the belief that carbon dioxide was the dangerous element in expired air. The requirements of ventilation as to air purity are more or less arbitrary, and no rational standard has ever been fixed. Later investigations would indicate that carbon dioxide is harmless, and interesting only as indicating
which has usually been considered satisfactory is from six to eight parts of carbon dioxide in 10000 parts of air, but it is certain that ten times this amount would not be injurious if provision
were made for the removal of organic impurities. In all probgood ventilation in so far as purity is concerned is freedom from objectionable odors.
ability the best index of
estimated that the average adult, at rest or doing light breathe approximately 0.25 cu. ft. of air and exhale 0.01 cu. ft. of CO2 per minute (0.6 cu. ft. per hour), and that
It
is
work,
will
58
VENTI LATION
taken out of a only about five per cent, or less of the oxygen is will show a rooms ventilated poorly of air The air. breath of by a correspondslight diminution in the oxygen, accompanied and moisture. ing increase in carbon dioxide, organic pollution, persons The poisons in the air due to the presence of too many the supply induce a lowering of the vital processes
relative to
and a
loss of muscular strength. four Ordinary outdoor air will contain on an average about ventilation is ordinarily parts of CO2 in 10000 and fairly good not more considered to exist in a room where the air contains
than from six to eight parts
of
CO2
in 10000.
is
amount
of
CO2
exists in the air, it
That is, if a great considered as having been
breathed too often and unfit for further respiration. per hour by the lowing table gives the amount of air required hour, if it is desired average person, exhaling 0.6 cu. ft. of CO2 per the air of parts of CO2 to maintain the corresponding number per 10000. with outdoor air containing four parts of CO2
The
fol-
Parts of
CO,
in
10000
FAN ENGINEERING-BUFFALO FORGE COMP ANY

except where the building is artificially cooled. In crowded audience halls, however, and even in school-rooms it is the determining factor. Each adult occupant gives ofT an average of 400 B. t. u. per hour, of which approximately 150 B. t u may be assumed to be latent heat of evaporation, while not more than 250 B. t. u. will be sensible heat given off by the breath and by convection to the surrounding air. On this basis if each occupant is supplied with 30 cu. ft. of air per minute or 1800 cu. ft. per hour there will be a rise of approximately eight degrees above the temperature at which the air is introduced mto the room, so that in order to maintain we will say 70 degrees in the room, the air would have to be reduced to 62 degrees There is evidently a limit to the difference of temperature
openings as effecting is found in standard methods of ventilation to be between 5 and 10 degrees. Therefore, the limiting quantity of air required for the removal of bodily heat must be taken approximately between 25 and 50 cu. ft. per minute per adult occupant. This, as may be noted, also gives a very satisfactory standard of purity. While 1800 cu. ft. of air per hour or 30 cu. ft. per minute (expressed as 30 A. P. M.), when used as a standard for overthe production of cold drafts.
allowable between incoming air and room temperature,which depends largely on the size and arrangement of inlet
The
practical limit
head ventilation, is in the average case amply sufficient to take care of the heat and moisture from the body, when the air is supplied through many small openings distributed about the room a smaller quantity of air may often be supplied. Several different systems of this character have been used, such as introducing the air under the seats in a theatre, or through a small opening at each desk in a school. By this means a more uniform distribution of the air is obtained than is possible with the
over-head system, with greater assurance that each occupant
of the
room
will receive the desired
amount
of fresh air.
Carbon Dioxide Determination Various methods for making analyses of the air to ascertain the CO2 content have been used, but it is generally considered that the more simple methods are little better than approximations. The more dependable methods require carefully prepared apparatus, and an operator who has had considerable experience in this or similar chemical work. One of the methods quite
60
VENTILATION
generally used for this determination
is
called the Pettenkofer
method.
The Pettenkofer method of analyses for carbon dioxide is absorb the CO2 based on the fact that barium hydroxide will or flask is used to bottle measured A atmosphere. from the of bellows or air pump collect the sample of air, some form This operation bottle. the into air room the being used to force seconds, or until the air in the bottle is continued for several (six to ten). has been changed quite a number of times quantity of standard definite a collected, is After the sample barium hydroxide is inserted into the bottle to absorb the CO2 few drops from the sample of air contained. At the same time a the barium hydroxide in the of penolphthalein is added to The sample should color. bottle, giving the mixture a reddish being frequently then be allowed to stand for at least an hour, till the next left may be operation final the shaken, although titrated day if desired. The excess of barium hydroxide is then reddened into the acid the dropping by acid, with standard oxalic untU the color disappears. This oxalic acid should
solution
burette, be dropped into the sample bottle from a graduated titrate the barium so that the exact amount of acid required to be meashydroxide not absorbed by the carbon dioxide may the Previous determinations having been made to find ured. barium of quantity a titrate oxalic acid required to
amount
of
in the hydroxide equal to that put into the bottle, the difference of the measure is a sample the acid used before and after taking One c. c. of the oxalic CO2. the with uniting hydroxide barium acid is equivalent to ^ô c. c. of carbon dioxide.
Special Ventilation Requirements
There are other factors that
may have
air
making a determination of the

ventilating purposes.
is
to be considered in quantity to be supplied for
of these special cases are where for the heat given off by furnaces care to provision lighting apparatus; or machinery; the effect of gas jets or other of the occupants bodies the from radiated heat or to remove the of the building. as The allowance to be made for many sources of heat, such judgment, good and experience of matter a furnaces, is often power the but in case of machinery using a known amount of
Some
to be
made
61
FAN ENGINEERING-BUFFALO FORGE CO MPANY

heat expended may be determined on the basis of 2545 B. t u per hour or 42.416 B. t. u. per minute per horsepower. The following data concerning the heat given off to the air by various electric lights is based on the standard of 2545 B t u per hour per H. P.; and 1 H. P. =746 watts, giving 3.41 B. t. u per watt as the heat radiated. This gives the B. t. u. per hour for the following lamps:
25 50 400 600
watt watt watt watt
lamps lamps lamps

enclosed arc ;.;.;;
.'
;
.'
.' .'
."
'
q2X ,^^X
;
'
."
."
'
; ;
l^l^
Prof. Kinealy quotes the following values for the heat radiated in B. t. u. per candle power per hour.
Argand burner Auer burner Welsbach burner, 16 Petroleum

Electric, incandescent Electric, arc
Gas, Gas, Gas, Gas,
ordinary
split
burner
onn ^XX
'^x"
c.
p.
.'......
A
1^0 ?V
43
gives the values commonly quoted as the bodily heat given off in B. t. u. per hour per person.
Child 6 years old
'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. Adult at rest 30 years old in an atmosphere with a temperature of 31 F Adult in old age
The following data
Man
o.^ 3I0
' '
ogX
fiOO
usually assumed as given off per person per hour in an atmosphere at 70 F. is 400 for adults
t.
The amount
of heat in B.
u.
and 200 for children. These are the figures generally used when the heating effect of the occupants of assembly halls, auditoriums, or factories is taken into account.
for the above sources of heat is of importance in the design of apparatus used for cooling a building in the summer-time. The heating effect of the direct sun on walls and glass surface has also to be considered,
The proper allowance
especial
ordinary factors in B.
being:
t.
u.
the per hour per square foot of surface

ft.
Sun effect 13-inch brick wall, 6.0 B. t. u. per sq. Sun effectglass, 150.0 B. t. u. per sq. ft. per hr.
per hr.
The Fan System for Heating and Ventilating While for heating purposes the fan heating system may or may not be used, depending on circumstances and the requirements to be met, yet for purposes of ventilation the fan
system
is
practically without competition.

62
The fan system may be
VENTILATION
Three=Quarter Housing Fan, Left=Hand Top Horizontal Discliarge, Blowing Air Through and Underneath Heater into Brick Plenum Chamber
used to supply both heat and fresh air for ventilation or it may be used in conjunction with some form of direct radiation which When used for ventilating puris to care for the heat losses. poses the fan will be required to supply whatever amount of air
is
specified to
meet the ventilation requirements.

Apparatus
consisting of a fan and
Arrangement
of
Fan system apparatus,

indirect heating coil,
may be
some form of arranged either to exhaust the air
through or to blow through the heater, commonly called the exhaust -through or draw-through and the blow-through apparaEach arrangement possesses its own peculiar advantages tus.
but the selection depends largely upon the individual requirements of the installation. An exhaust fan is slightly loss efficient than a blower, but in a draw-through system the air blows directly from the fan into the piping system with but little, if On the other hand when using a blowany, change in velocity. through apparatus the velocity of the air leaving the fan must be reduced through the heater and then raised again through the piping system, both changes entailing a loss in pressure.
6.3

The exhaust-through apparatus
tory buildings on account of
its
is usually employed in faccompactness as well as the
advantage gained by connecting directly to the piping system. In this case the temperature of the air delivered will be the same
all parts of the building. The blow-through apparatus is used in public buildings or wherever different temperatures and independent temperature regulation are required for different rooms of the building. The use of the by-pass around the heating coils permits the mixture of hot and cold air in any desired proportions, by the use of a mixing damper at the point where the two ducts from the heater and from the by-pass join to form one duct leading to the room. In the case of public buildings the fan frequently blows the warm air into a space called a plenum chamber, from which the air ducts radiate to the various rooms of the building. For this reason this system is sometimes called the plenum system of heating and ventilating.
to
Upward and Downward Systems
of Ventilation
For audience halls the problems of air distribution and avoidance of drafts are greatly increased owing to the usual large dimensions of such buildings, and the density to which they are
peopled.
tion.
Two
plans of ventilation are in vogue, usually dis-
downward systems of ventilaIn the upward method the air is admitted through perforations in the floor underneath the seats and is allowed to escape through ventilators in the roof. In the downward system the air is admitted through registers in the walls at a height of several feet above the floor, and removed through vent registers
tinguished as the upward and the
in the walls at the floor line in the
same manner
as in school
is
buildings.
In large auditoriums the upward method
doubt-
makes it permissible. A perfect distribution of the air can be secured, and the air flow is upward in accordance with natural currents induced by the heat of the body and the breath, the products of respiration are immediately carried away, and the incoming air is uncontamThis method of ventilation is exceedingly efficient, as inated.
less preferable
when the
architectural design
line
a high standard of purity can be maintained at the breathing with a comparatively small air supply.
Upward
ventilation to be successful requires a very careful

of the
arrangement
supply openings on account of the greater

64
VENTILATION
liability of drafts.
The
velocities are necessarily low,
and the
number is needed to convey the necessary air. The plenum chamber for the supply is sometimes out of the question, and on this account the downward system, which is in almost universal use in schools, is
registers are so small that a very large
extended to churches, theatres and halls with high ceilings. With a proper arrangement of fresh air and vent registers and ample air supply excellent results are obtained. To insure such results exhaust systems are frequently relied upon, the vent registers being connected with suction fans which maintain a steady draft.
Schoolhouse Ventilation
Modern school buildings offer most exacting requirements in On account of the large number of heating and ventilation. pupils seated in one room, a very rapid air change is required,
must be accomplished without drafts. The temperamust be uniform everywhere, and ventilation must be adeEven elaborate systems can not secure entirely perfect quate. distribution of air, and the only practical and successful method of insuring ample ventilation in all parts of the room is to supply The air considerably in excess of the theoretical requirements. necessity of this added capacity, or factor of safety as it may be
and
this
ture
termed,
is
often overlooked in writing specifications for school
Thirty cubic feet of air per pupil which is usually Infrom six to seven parts CO2 in 10000. dividually this is ample, but collectively insufficient, since to insure that this per cent, of CO2 is nowhere exceeded, it would probably be necessary to supply an average of nearly 40 cu. ft.
buildings.
specified will allow
per pupil.
Ventilation of Industrial Buildings
Where an industrial building is heated by means of a fan system apparatus and no special air requirement exists, except in certain cases, it is not customary to provide for ventilation aside from taking the air for heating purposes from the outdoors.
Certain industrial processes require ventilation either for cooling or for the removal of obnoxious gases and fiimes or of steam.
practicable.
advisable to use an exhaust system where should be exhausted if possible at the point where the heat or objectionable gases escape.
For such cases
it is
The
air
65

It is customary to suspend a hood directly above the source heat or gases, this hood being connected by a duct or pipe to These hoods are the inlet of an exhaust fan or to a vent stack. usually so proportioned as to obtain a velocity of from 75 to 250 feet per minute over their area, according to the location of the Full directions for the design of such a system, with hood. data on the size of hoods and piping to be used, will be found under "Exhaust Systems" on page 93, and on "Proportioning Piping for Exhaust Systems" on page 129. Data on the design
of of piping systems for various purposes "Air Ducts," Part III.
will also
be found under
few of the more
common
air
changes provided for ordinary

size
conditions are:
of the
Laundry 1 to 3 minute air change depending on the room and the concentration of the heat.
Hotel kitchen 4 minute air supply and 3 minute exhaust. This tends to place the room under a slight vacuum, so that any leakage at the doors is into rather than outward from the kitchen.
Engine and boiler room

exhaust.
minute supply and 4 minute

air
is
Foundry
outside.
15 minute change when Roundhouse 10 to 12 minute supply

air
taken from
in order to
keep the
air free
from steam and smoke.

occupied rooms in
Cooling
summer without
refrigeration
usually calls for from 4 to 6 minute air supply.
66
SECTION
III
Air Washing, Cooling, Humidifying,* Drying
AIR WASHING
On account of dust and soot introduced by a ventilating system, some form of air washer or air filter is essential
cleanliness
is
where
of importance.
The spray type has superseded

ventilat-
cloth screens
Its
and other methods of wet cleaning on account of greater efficiency and is now standard practice for
ing equipment.
The advantages to be derived both in industrial establishments and in public buildings by maintaining any desired
degree
of moisture in the air, as well as freeing it
become very widely recognized. This process is generally termed air conditioning. This conditioning can be most successfully accom.plished by passing the air through a spray type of air washer or humidifier where additional moisture is desired, or by using a spray type dehumidifier when the moisture content of the air is already too great and requires reduction.
Humidity in Heated Buildings
In schools and other public buildings the humidity of the is of more consequence than is usually supposed. The amount of moisture which air can hold at saturation per unit volume increases rapidly with the temperature as shown by the psychrometric chart on page 35. Air normally has a humidity varying from 40 to 50 per cent, of saturation, while if much above or below these limits it becomes uncomfortable if not
air
from impurities, have
actually injurious to the health.
Hence
air at 70
should contain
from 3.5 to 5.5 grains per cubic foot, while at 0 it contains only about 0.3 grains and at 32 about 1.25 grains, so that in the usual systems of heating, with 32 outside, the humidity of the air when heated to 70 would be only 15.5 per cent. The effect of this exa general discussion of the subject of Humidity see page 28, For details of the performance and dimensions of Carrier Air Conditioning Apparatus see Section VI, Part IV.
Part
I.
*NOTE. For
67

treme dryness is undoubtedly very harmful to the mucous membrane in the nose, throat and the lungs, and may be considered a contributing source of many throat and pulmonary diseases. The proper humidity to maintain in public buildings is from 35 to 50 per cent. The humidity to be recommended in good practice is 40 per cent., with a room temperature of 68 F. This corresponds to about three grains of moisture per cubic foot of Even this will cause slight condenair and a dew-point of 42. sation on the windows in extremely cold weather and a lower humidity should be maintained in very cold weather if condensation on the windows is objectionable.
Humidity in Manufacturing Establishments

In the case of industrial installations the amount of moisture required in the air will vary widely according to the nature of the process, some requiring high and others low relative humidIn textile mills the necessity of humidifying and cooling ity. Just as in many instances the air has long been understood. the fan system has superseded other methods of drying materials, it is to be expected that air conditioning apparatus with auto-
economy
matic control of humidity will find new applications in which of operation will justify the expense.
COOLING
One
system
of the special of ventilating
developments
is
in connection
with the fan
the cooling of a building so that the indoor temperature in summer will be lower than that outdoors. A limited amount of cooling may be obtained by passing the air
through an air washer in which cold water is used, and for many purposes this will be found sufficient. In case a considerable temperature difference is desired, or when a great amount of heat is to be taken care of, as from machinery and other apparatus in a factory, a special form of washer known as a dehumidiThis is generally operated in two stages or sets of fier is used. sprays, one using cold well water and the second using refrigerated water. With such an apparatus any desired dew-point or per cent, of relative humidity may be maintained in the room to be conditioned, and the air may be delivered as low as 39 or 40. It is not generally considered desirable to have too great a difference between the room and outdoor temperatures, on from the outaccount of the chilling effect to persons coming
68
COOLING
door
air.
difference of
from 10 to 15
air
will generally
heat generated in the room, as well as the heat transmitted through the walls from the warmer outdoor air. In case the relative humidity of this air is then too great, the moisture content may be reduced by lowering the temperature
still
must be cooled to a temperature enough lower than the room to take care of any
the most desirable.
be found
The incoming
to 45.
condensmg a portion of the moisture from the air The amount of moisture contained at different saturation temperatures may be found from the psychrometric tables on pages 38
so
further
temperature at which air can be introduced is evidently the dew-point or saturation temperature at the apparatus. This permissible temperature rise limits the possible cooling effect to be obtained from each cubic foot of air as shown in the table of cooling capacities. This relationship is of primary importance the design of the humidifying system and the disregard of it has been the chief cause of failure or of unsatisfactory
mum
Relation of Cooling Effect to Percentage of Relative Humidity In the moist air system of humidifying it is evidently essential, as shown in the table on page 71, that the difference between the dew-pomt temperature of the incoming air and the room temperature shall not exceed a predetermined value, depending upon the percentage of humidity to be maintained. The
mini*^
operation.
COOLING CAPACITY OF CARRIER HUMIDIFYING SYSTEM

Per Cent. Humidity
FAN
ENG
NEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

In every industrial
air conditioning
dependent on the other.
plant there are four sources of heat which account in the design of the system:
(a)
must be taken
into
From Outside Owing To The Maintenance Temperature Inside. At ordinary humidities this is negligible, but at high humidities and in dehumidifying plants it is an important factor, owing to the inRadiation
Of
A Lower
This creased temperature difference. from the usual constants of radiation.

(b)
may
be calculated
Heating Effect Of Direct Sunlight. This is especially noticeable from window shades and exposed windows and skylights where the entire heat energy of the sunlight is admitted to the room, and from the roof which constitutes the greater amount of sunlight exposure and which in ordinary construction transmits heat much more readily Precautions should be taken where high than the walls.
humidities are desired to shade exposed windows and to Ventilators in the roof are insulate the roof thoroughly. of great advantage in removing the hot layer of air next provided. it and those of ample capacity should always be Operatives. The Of Bodies The From Heat Of Radiation (c) This amounts to about 400 to 500 B. t. u. per hour per
operative, about one-half of which is sensible heat, .the other half being transformed into latent heat through evaporation.
(d)
Heat Developed By Power Consumed In Driving Machinery And In Manufacturing Processes In General. According to the laws of conservation of energy, all power used in manufacturing is ultimately converted entirely Each horsepower of energy, into its heat equivalent. therefore, creates 42 1^ B. t. u. of heat per minute, which must be cared for by ventilation. In high-powered mills this is the chief source of heating and is frequently suffithus cient to overheat the building even in zero weather,
requiring cooling
by
ventilation the year round.
latent It must be remembered that in cooling moist air the heat removed in condensing the moisture is usually of more importance than the reduction in the sensible heat of the air The total heat removed may be determined from the itself. It should total heat curve of the diagrams on pages 36 and 37. on the also be noted that the total heat of the air is dependent temperature wet-bulb the and only, wet-bulb temperature
-
should always be used in such calculations.

70
'
HUMIDIFYING
duiax uioo^ pue )U!0(} -M3Q U3dM)3q 33U3J3JJin .vj
u.
i
oiou:
oi C5 X :îTi:>)
Scoooo
OO'^'-^
CO
MM CO
duiax }U!Od-M3Q
duiax uioo^ puB juioj
u
>u
M3Q
ooo
Ud3M)dq 33U3J3jjj(J
toooo lOOiop
^^
duiax )ui0cf-M3a
duiax moo^ puB juiod U33A\)3q 33U3J3JJIQ
000
Oiot2 CjMm'
0 1>CO ^^ "M
M3Q
J5{2S5t-
MM^.*
t^ ^'
CO t^ uj o
C^J
'
Q S uo o
Otf
duiax Juiod=M3a
duiax uioo^ puB luioj =M3(I U33M}3q 33U3J3JJIQ diuax }U!0d=-M3Q

dUI3X uioo^ pUB ?UIOd
uz c^< w>
tu f-
Sg
u.
^f*<^(\
Ud3M)3q 33U3J3jJ!(I
COt>.'l^
t^ GC GO 00
duiax |uiod=^3(i
coot>.
odco'i^
CO 05 -^
QO m t
<N-43(
<N'.qoq(N
dlU3X UIOO^ pUB JUIOJ

=A\3(I
U33MJ3q 33U3J3JjI(I
^j
N. CO
0 to lO
Qe uj
duiax lU'Od-Aiaa
oioo
"5 lO x:
M, 0 t>. cvjoitN
00 *
M 00
tN.
*'c>-<to6
CC -i t^
^^ S
tu
dUI3X uiooî pUB JUIOJ -AVaQ U33/H)3q 33U3J3JJIQ
OC CI CO t*
w'coco'co
z2
dm3X |UI0d=.M3Q
00 o
c*i
t>.'
M
cî
t>.
r^ CO o
N.' -h"
o ^ <" U Z
duiax uioo^ puB juioj

A\3(J
U33M)3q 33U3J3JJ!(]
666
r>;
^'
IE
o r
dUI3X }U!0d-M3Q
?0 CO
C^
6 -4
^ 00 o
(Xi co'
dUI3X UIOO^ pUB JUIOJ
AV3Q U33M)3q 33U3J3jJig
000000
00000)0
'dUISX )UI0d-M3Q
rococo
c^MOir^
<ot>.rs
oao
71
FAN ENGINEERING B UFFALO FORGE COMPANY

Relation of
ture
Room
Temperature
to Outside
Wet-Bulb Tempera-
During cool weather the dew-point or saturation temperature at the apparatus is secured and controlled artificially at whatever point required. During warm weather however, it is impossible during the greater part of the time to obtain as
low a dew-point as desired without refrigeration, which in the majority of cases of humidifying is impracticable. The lowest saturation temperature that can be obtained with an efficient spray system is the same as the outside wet-bulb temperature, therefore the dew-point in the room will as has been shown; always be the same as the outside wet-bulb temperature. Since the difference between the dew-point and the room temperature is dependent upon the percentage of relative humidity maintained, the minimum room temperature and the percentage of humidity required in the enclosure will be as shown in table on page 71. It will be noted that the lower the humidity carried, the lower the dew-point must be for any given room temperature.
Dew-Point Method of Humidity Control
Any one
of the three
spray types of
air conditioners previously
described are admirably adapted for humidity control by what This system is applicable is known as the dew-point method. only where the absolute moisture content of the air in the room moisis unaffected to any great extent by extraneous sources of It depends upon supture supply or by moisture absorption.
plying the enclosure with conditioned air having a definite dewpoint and maintaining a predetermined relationship between The the dew-point temperature and the room temperature. dew-point of the air supply is determined by saturating the air
free moisture at the apparatus at a definite This dew-point will evidently remain constant It regardless of subsequent variations in air temperature. an in humidity relative of percentage the that shown may be enclosure is dependent upon the difference between the dewpoint temperature and the room temperature, and that it is substantially constant for any variation in room temperature
and removing
temperature.
all
so long as the difference between the dew-point and perature is maintained constant. (See table page 71.)
72
room tem-
HUMIDIFYING
HEAT REQUIRED TO CONDITION 1000 CU. FT. OF AIR (MEASURED AT DEQ. FAHR.) FROM VARIOUS ENTERING WET-BULB TEMPERATURES TO VARIOUS DEW-POINT TEMPERATURES
70
If

It is evident that this system is particularly adapted to thermostatic control of (a) the dew-point (saturation temperature at the apparatus) and the room temperature independently; (b) of the dew-point with reference to a variable room temperature; or (c) of the room temperature with reference to a variable
dew-point temperature. System (a) is generally applied to air washers and humidifiers under winter conditions, where the outside temperature is considerably lower than the room temperature and to dehumidifiers where it is possible to maintain a definite dew-point temperature throughout the entire year.
However, during summer conditions the saturation point and unavoidably be higher Under such variable than the required minimum dew-point.
at the apparatus will frequently
temperature conditions it is necessary to control temperature with reference to the dew-point according to system (c) and a humidifier is employed to give the air complete saturation under A dififerential thermostat effects this control. these conditions.
Automatic Humidity Control

In many industrial installations where humidifying or dehumidifying systems are used, some means of positively and accurately maintaining the proper temperatures and humidities is essential. While much can be accomplished by hand regulation, this would require the constant attention of a highly skilled operator which in most instances is impracticable. In many processes of manufacturing, as, for example, the weaving of silk and in the conditioning of tobacco for the manufacture of cigars, a uniformity of humidity conditions is quite as essential as the quantity of moisture, as any variation in humidity, either above or below a standard, reduces the output and causes lack of uniformity in the product. In many cases a sensitive automatic humidity control is as important as some means of humidifying. There are three distinct methods by which such automatic control can be secured:
(a)
By two separate thermostats, one of which is placed at the humidifier to control the temperature of the dew-point by an automatically operating valve or damper, governing a means of varying the temperature of the spray water, of the entering air, or of both in conjunction. The other thermostat, placed in a room where the humidity is controlled, maintains a constant room temperature, either by controlling the temperature of the air entering the room,
74
DRYING
by controlling some source of heat within the room. these two temperatures maintained constant, the percentage of humidity in the room will remain constant, and will depend upon the difference between the dewpoint temperature maintained at the humidifier and the temperature maintained in the room, as shown by the table on page 71.
or
With
(b)
By
a differential thermostat.
This type of dew-point
control is required wherever it is impracticable to maintain either a constant dew-point or a constant room temperature. In this method there are two elements, one of which is exposed to the dew-point temperature, while the other is exposed to the room temperature. They are so connected that they act conjointly upon a single ther-
mostatic valve connected with operating motors arranged to control the dew-point temperature in relation to the variable room temperature, or to control the room temperature with respect to the variable dew-point temperature.
(c)
By means of some form of differential hygrostat. This controls the wet-bulb temperature with respect to the dry-bulb temperature, so as to maintain a constant relative humidity without regard to the dew-point or variation in room temperature.
DRYING
The drying of materials of various kinds may be accomplished either by means of direct radiation from some source of heat, or by means of air currents, depending on the character of the installation or the requirements to be met. Drying by means of air currents may be done either by means of natural circulation, or by the use of some form of fan either of the disk wheel or steel plate type. This air is usually warmed, either by some form of heating coil or by means of waste heat, the temperature
ranging say from 70 to 200 depending entirely on the nature of the substance to be dried. In some cases this temperature is The time required varied at different periods of the operation. may be anywhere from a few minutes to several days. In many that is, cases a combination of the above systems are used both direct radiation and air circulation. Dryers are ordinarily built in either the room type or the continuous (or progressive) type. In a room dryer the material to be dried is placed in the room and left for a certain period until drying is accomplished. In the progressive type wet material enters at one end, and is taken from the other in a
76
FAN Ex\GINEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

dried condition. The^ entering end of the djyer is termed the In a congreen or wet end and the leaving end the dry end. tinuous dryer it is customary to introduce warm air at the dry end and exhaust it at the wet end, this air being either discharged to the atmosphere or returned to the fan to be recirculated. The apparatus is usually so arranged that any desired proportion of this return air may be recirculated, depending on the varying atmospheric conditions. The drying apparatus itself may take any one of several forms, depending on the material handled, which may be spread on trays, placed in a revolving A drycylinder, on a traveling conveyor, or in a room or kiln. ing room or compartment is frequently referred to as a drying tunnel. Except in the case of cylinder driers or continuous conveyors it is customary, whenever practical, to load the material on trucks or small cars in order to facilitate the filling and emptying of the drying tunnel or kiln. The dryer should be so designed that a clear area for the passage of air is provided
equal to 3^ to
the cross sectional area of the dryer.
of moisture carried in the air is of as great improper temperature in many classes of drying work which require either a high or a low moisture content, or often a varying amount of moisture at different periods of the drying for different substances. Any desired amount of moisture may be obtained by passing the air through a humidifier or a dehumidifier, depending on the conditions desired, or the humidity of the air may frequently be controlled by recirculating varying amounts of the moist air leaving the dryer.
The amount
is
portance as
The temperature drop through

from the
walls, (b)
the dryer or tunnel must be

raise the
sufficient to care for the following heat losses;
(a) Radiation temperature of the material being dried, including the contained moisture, as well as the trucks or other apparatus from the room to the dryer temperature, (c) Heat required to evaporate the moisture removed by the air, which is the principal requirement. Sufficient quantity of air must be supplied to act as a heat carrier without having the temperature leaving the dryer drop too low. The air quantity must also be sufficient to remove the desired weight of moisture without bringing the air to saturation at the green end of the dryer. The relative humiditj^ of the air leaving the dryer is ordinarily kept below 75 per cent.
Heat required to
76
DRYING
The quantity
of the air
of air to
change
in the
at which moisture is every class of installation, in some cases as high as minute air change being used. The theoretical amount of moisture which the air will remove is directly proportional to the difference between the wet and dry-bulb temperature of the entering air, while the actual amount absorbed by a given quantity of air is measured by the drop in dry-bulb temperature between the air entering and leaving the dryer, less a slight correction for radiation. For the same reason the higher the temperature of the entering air (the initial moisture content remaining the same) the greater will be the amount of moisture removed per given quantity of air and the greater will be the economy of the
be supplied by ,the fan, or frequency drying chamber, depends upon the rate given up by material. This will vary with
dryer.
of the air will drop approximately S}^ each grain of moisture absorbed per cubic foot of air measured at 70, or 0.71 of a degree for each grain of moisture absorbed per pound of air. Approximate calculations may be based on air volume, but for exact determinations the weight of air handled should be used, on account of it being a fixed quantity at all temperatures. Knowing the rate of drying desired and the amount of moisture to be removed, it is a simple matter to determine the quantity of air required.
for
The temperature
C.
The following table of drying conditions is given by H. Russell* and will show some of the variations required in
work:
CONDITIONS FOR DRYING DIFFERENT MATERIALS
Material
this
FA^ ENGINEERING BUFFALO F.ORGE COMPANY

The table on page 79 giving the "^foisture Removing Capacity of Air in Fan System Dryers" will be found especially convenient for use in drying calculations, as it will serve as an indication of the results to be obtained under any given condiTwo sets of values are given, for air entering the heater tions. either at 50 per cent, or 100 per cent, saturated. It will be noted that the results given are based on the assumption that the air leaves the dryer saturated, but as already explained, in practice the air absorbs only about 60 to 70 per cent, of this theoretical amount. Under these conditions about two-thirds as much moisture will be removed per cubic foot or pound of air as is given in the table, and the air quantity would be increased 50 per cent.
The
specific
heat of various substances
will
be found below.
DRYING
MOISTURE REMOVIMQ CAPACITY OF AIR
u
IN
FAN SYSTEM DRYERS
FAN
moisture content of this air will still be the same as first conis, 50 grains per pound of air. The amount of moisture which this air will remove may be determined from the high psychrometric chart on page 37. The first step is to find the intersection of the horizontal line through 50 grains per pound with the vertical line through 150 dry -bulb temperature, and by following the diagonal through this point to the saturation curve, we have a wet-bulb temperature of 81, which is the temperature the air would assume if brought to Following the horizontal from this point to the saturation. left edge of the chart, it will be seen that at saturation this air would be capable of containing 165 grains per pound, or an In practice it is impossible to bring the increase of 115 grains. air to saturation, the limit generally being from 65 to 75 per cent, Assuming that the air under conof the theoretical increase. sideration will absorb 70 per cent, of the 115 grains indicated above, gives us 80 grains of moisture absorbed per pound of air. Inasmuch as a draw- through outfit will generally be used for this class of installation, the fan will handle the air at a temperature enough above 150 to care for the radiation loss from the connections. The quantity of air handled will then be based on 50 grains per pound and a temperature of at least 150, or, as found from the psychrometric chart, approximately 13.7 cu. ft. per pound. Then 80-^13.7 gives 5.85 grains absorbed per cubic foot of air. On the basis that each grain absorbed will reduce the temperature of the air 8.5, we will have a drop in temperature through the dryer of 8.5X5.85=50. There will be an additional drop in temperature due to the
sidered, that
radiation loss from the walls of the dryer, as well as due to the heat required to raise the contents to the temperature of the
dryer.
80
SECTION IV
MECHANICAL DRAFT
There are two methods in common use for removing smoke and gases from a boiler, by means of a chimney or natural draft, and by means of a steam jet or a fan, commonly called mechanical draft.
Mechanical draft possesses

draft, in that
it is
many advantages
of
over natural
independent
atmospheric conditions, and
absolute
command
draft.
of the draft enables the boilers to
be operated
at capacities greatly in excess of that possible
when depending
on natural
Indeed
it is
directly responsible for the high
rates of combustion
modern
boiler
and the increased efficiency obtained with plants. Heat in the escaping gases may be largely
it is
used in economizers, since
not required to create draft, reIt

is
sulting in a considerable saving.
also possible to
burn a
cheaper grade of fuel when using the mechanical draft systems.
Mechanical draft produced by a fan is commonly classified under two heads, forced draft and induced draft. Each of these systems has its advantages and each has special features which
recommend
it
for different cases.
Forced Draft In the case of forced draft, air

the
fire,
is
forced
by the fan through
maintaining a pressure in the ash pit and furnace greater than that of the atmosphere. Forced draft is applied in two ways: The plenum system used in steamships, where forced
draft creates a pressure in the entire stoke-hold, and the direct
system where the fan discharges directly into the ash pit beneath the grates. Forced draft is always used with underfeed
stokers on account of the restricted area of tuyere openings.
sufficient to
With forced draft the blower should be run at a pressure overcome the resistance of the grate; the pressure
SX
FAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO ^FORGE COMPANY

losses in the tubes
and breeching
all
being taken care of by the
stack, with an indraft above the

inch.
fire of
from 0.05 to 0.10
of
an
Hence forced draft requires a higher stack than would

its
an induced draft system, since

the surface of the
fire.
action practically ceases at
If
a greater pressure should be carried,

of flame
the result would be a pressure in the fire-box greater than that

existing in the room, so there
smoke when the

Induced Draft
fire-door
would be an out-rush was opened.
and
In the induced draft system the fan

partial
is
placed at the base of
the stack and handles the smoke and gases.
By
this
means
vacuum
is
maintained within the furnace, closely imitat-
Induced draft should not be exthe fuel bed itself. In case an excessive furnace draft is maintained the loss due to air leakage through the boiler setting is greatly increased. A combination system of both forced and induced draft is frequently used to good advantage where a considerable overload
ing the action of a chimney.
pected to create an excessive
vacuum through
capacity
is
required of the boilers.

is
Thus
it is
seen that an in-
duced draft system

narily obtained
of
intended to either supply the draft ordiof a stack, or to so increase the capacity
by means
a stack that variable or overload capacities
may
be carried.
flexible
The use
of
mechanical draft makes a
much more
system than does any system of natural draft, since the pressure or intensity of the draft is under perfect control of the fireman.
Extreme
fluctuations of load
may
be cared
for,
and peak loads
that would be impossible
when depending on
natural draft
may
be readily carried.
Draft Requirement
The
draft or pressure required for a boiler
is
due to the com-
bined effect of two causes, the resistance of the fuel bed and the
resistance of the boiler
itself.
In case the breeching and uptake
are considered, they will cause an additional pressure loss.
The
amount
used.
or intensity of the draft required varies with the rate of
combustion, thickness of the fuel bed, and character of the fuel
82
MECHANICAL DRAFT
Boiler
and economizer
losses
for
which draft
is
required
is,
other conditions remaining the same, the draft loss varies as the square of the velocity and therefore approximately as the square
follow the usual law for frictional resistance.
That
For example, an increase a draft which is 2.25 times the draft at normal rating, and for forcing to 100 per cent, overload would require four times the draft used at normal rating.
of the per cent, of rating developed. of 50 per cent, in capacity requires
The following table gives some of the commonly accepted values for draft required in the furnace to overcome the resistance of the fuel bed under the different conditions stated:
FURNACE DRAFT
IN
INCHES OF
WATER
FAN ENGINEERING BUFtFALO FORGE COMPANY
âXVAA AO SaHDNl
Nl Xji^ftiO
84
dO ÔHOd
MECHANICAL DRAFT
30 per cent, greater than for a steel flue. The loss of draft in an easy right angle bend or elbow will be approximately equal to 0.05" of water. The drop in pressure through an economizer
run from to 3^ inch, at rated capacity. Draft intensity of a chimney is proportional to its height. For a chimney 100 feet high, with flue gases at 350 above the outside temperature, the draft intensity will average approximately 0.5'' of water.
will ordinarily
of Air Required In estimating the amount of air to be supplied, as also the size of fan required, for a forced draft system it is necessary to assume both the rate of combustion and of evaporation for the plant under consideration. These will depend on the size of the plant and the class of equipment installed. The weight of air actually required for the combustion of one pound of coal is approximately 12 pounds, but owing to the fact that it is impossible to perfectly intermingle the air and gases rising from the grate, more air must be provided than is theoretically required. This will vary from 18 to 30 pounds depending on the installation, in the average case between 20 and 25 pounds of air per pound of combustible being allowed. It is customary practice in selecting apparatus for mechanical draft purposes to allow for 100 per cent, excess air for hand
ft. of air per minute at 70 per boiler H. P. for a forced draft fan, and 32.40 cu. ft. per minute at 550 for an induced draft fan. An allowance of 50 per cent, excess air is made where the boiler is equipped with a stoker, or 11.70 cu. ft. per minute at 70 per boiler H. P. for a forced, and 22.80 cu. ft. per minute at 550 for an induced draft fan. Assuming 20 pounds of air at 70 per pound of coal, and 4.5 pounds coal containing 11450 B. t. u. per pound with a boiler efficiency of 65 per cent, as equivalent to one boiler horsepower, gives 90 pounds of air per hour, or 20 cu. ft. per minute at 70 per boiler horsepower. Then the total horsepower of the boiler multiplied by 20 gives the required capacity of the fan with the air at 70 F. This will be the proper size for a forced draft system, but with induced draft where the fan handles the gases and excess air at flue gas temperature, due allowance must be made for the increased volume to be handled, and a larger fan chosen. A fan for this purpose should be of special design, with bearings protected from the heat of the flue gases handled.
Amount
fired boilers, or 16.70 cu.
85

There
is
a definite relation between the analysis ef the flue
gases passing from the boiler and the quantity of air required
on page 89, the results of the be used to determine the amount of air or gases being handled by a forced or induced draft system. The method of taking flue gas analysis by means of the Orsat apparatus is quite generally understood, and will be found described in the various standard works on boiler performance.*
or supplied, and, as explained
analysis
may
A pound of carbon requires for complete combustion 2.67 pounds of oxygen, or a volume of 32.64 cu. ft. at 70. Considered at 70, the gaseous product, CO2, would occupy the same volume as did the oxygen. The volume of the carbon dioxide (CO2), as also its proportion to the nitrogen, would be the same after combustion as had been the proportions of oxygen and nitrogen originally in the air used. Then the complete combustion of carbon, with no excess of air, would give a volumetric"
flue
gas analysis of
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
If the
C02 = 20.91% =79.09%

that required to supply the
supply of
air is in excess of
oxygen needed, the combined volumes of the carbon dioxide and oxygen are still the same as that of the oxygen before combustion. The action of hydrogen in the coal is to increase the apparent percentage of nitrogen in the flue gases. Thus the sum of the CO2 and O2 from flue gas analysis will not be found equal to the theoretical 20.91 per cent., but will approach this amount as the amount of excess air is increased. This is shown by the values given in the table on page 87. Quantity of air required may be determined approximately by means of the following formula when the ultimate analysis of the fuel is known.
Pounds
of air required per
pound
of fuel
= 36.56 (^ + H
-4)
of carbon,
(36)
where C, H and O are per cents, by weight and oxygen in the fuel, divided by 100.
hydrogen
When
fuel (C) is
the proportionate part, by weight, of the carbon in the known, and also the carbon monoxide (00), carbon
Experimental Engineering by R. C. Carpenter. Steam Boiler Economy by Wm. Kent.
MECHANICAL DRAFT
ft
(JUC
si
FAN ENGIxN BERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N) in per cent,
termined from the
flue gases, the total
by volume are deamount of air supplied
may
be found from the following formula,

of air supplied per
Pounds
pound
of fuel
= 33Kco;TCo)xC + (1-A)
where
(37)
of ash
represents the proportionate part,
by weight,
in the fuel.
Ratio
of air supplied per

is
pound
of fuel to the
amount theoreti-
cally required
N- 3.782
The heat
where
loss in the flue gases is
^^^^
H=0.24W(T-t)
(39)
W = Wt.
t
H = B.
t.
u. lost
per
lb. of fuel.
of flue gas in lb. per lb. fuel. of flue gas deg. F. of air deg. F. of flue gas.
T= Temperature
= Temperature
0.24= specific heat
The table on page 87 has been calculated on the basis of burning a good grade of bituminous coal having a combustible The containing 87 per cent, carbon and 5.5 per cent, hydrogen. amount of CO in the flue gas has been considered a negligible quantity, and only the CO2 and O2 used in the calculations. This table gives the air required for different dilution coefficients and the air quantities to be allowed for either forced or induced draft work w^hen operating with different amount of excess air. It also gives the per cent, of excess air corresponding to different per cents, of excess oxygen as determined from the flue gas analysis. This may be readily calculated from the formulae on page 89. As explained on page 89 under air measurement, the values in this table give a measure of the air being handled when the flue gas analysis and also either the weight of combustible burned or of water evaporated are known.
On page 87 the column of air quantity at 70 per H. P. would apply to forced draft work; the column headed 300 would apply to the average induced draft conditions where an economizer was in use, while the column headed 550 would be used for induced These values draft fans handling gases directly from the boiler.
88
MECHANICAL DRAFT
then indicate the increase in volume of a given weight of air at a constant pressure for the different temperature conditions.
The tables on pages 321 to 330 give the capacity under different conditions, both for standard and for special high efficiency fans when used for induced draft service. The standard Planoidal,
Niagara Conoidal and Turbo-Conoidal fan capacity tables
in Part IV, Section III, give the required information for forced
draft work.
Measurement
of Air
Used
analysis. 3 Approximately
flue
by either forced or induced draft systems under different conditions may be determined by either of the three following methods: 1 Pitot tube readings in the breeching or forced draft conof air being used
Amount
nection. 2 By weighing the coal
and ash and taking the
flue
gas
by weighing the water and taking the gas analysis, in case of a boiler with a good setting.
of using the pitot tube will be found on page 190 under "Fan Testing" and need not be repeated here. If intelligently used this instrument has proven itself to be a simple and accurate method of measuring air or gases. It may be used alone or as a check on either of the other two methods mentioned, and in the case of a forced draft system any difference between determinations made by the pitot tube and from the flue gas analysis would be an indication of air leakage through the boiler setting.
fully given
The theory and method
Amount of air used in may be determined from
per cent, of that theoretically required the proportions of excess oxygen and
carbon dioxide as indicated by the flue gas analysis. The relation between these three factors may be expressed by the following formulae, where 02 = excess oxygen and C02 = carbon dioxide from the flue gas analysis, and K = per cent, of excess air being used.
96.6j02_ 20.9 -02
(40)
^
^
K=
Theoretical
1760
L/U2
g^^^^
(4j)
amount
of
cent, of excess air
may
O2 or CO2 in the flue gas for any per be found from the following:

0.=
'"'^. 0.966+ ^
17.60
(42)
100
CO2
0.966 +
Since
it
3^
(43)
requires approximately 12 pounds of air to burn one
K as derived from the formulae shows 100 per cent, excess air, we would know at once that 24 pounds of air were being supplied for each pound of combustible burned, or that 25 pounds of gases were being handled if an induced draft system was installed. The table on page 87 gives the pounds of air required per pound of combustible burned for different amounts of excess oxygen in the flue gas.
pound
of combustible, in case
table just referred to also shows the cubic feet of air chimney gases per boiler H. P. for the different flue gas analyses. Thus we see that if the H. P. developed is known from the weight of water evaporated, the flue gas analysis gives an indication of the amount of air used. Any determinations
The
of
and
of this character are subject to corrections
ing
amounts
of leakage
on account of varythrough the boiler setting.
Mechanical Draft in Connection with Mechanical Stokers

Mechanical draft may be used in connection with boilers with automatic stokers as readily as with hand fired installations. With some forms of stokers either forced or induced draft may be used while others are only adapted to forced draft, or in some special instances to some form of steam jet blower.
fitted
The manufacturers
dinarily install a
of the
jet
steam
Parsons Mechanical Stoker orblower in connection with their
apparatus, although if conditions will permit, forced draft by means of a fan may be used. Their practice is to allow for maximum conditions a pressure in the ash pit of inches for anthracite, 1}4: inches for bituminous coking coals, and 1 inch for noncoking coals. The damper regulators are ordinarily so adjusted
2^
as to give a
parts.
condition of
fire, or a doors or corresponding In special double deck boilers this may be increased to
maximum
indraft
if
0.05 of an inch over the

fire
minimum
inflow at the
0.15 of an inch.
90
MECHANICAL DRAFT
Forced draft is used in connection with the Jones underfeed stoker system, sufficient pressure being maintained to force the air required for combustion into the air chamber and practically
The stack is then depended upon to produce the necessary furnace draft and to overcome the reTo meet the maximum requiresistance through the boiler. ments it is customary to provide for supplying 200 cu. ft. of air per pound of coal at a pressure of not less than two ounces in the air chamber. For approximating the probable coal consumption the company's engineers ordinarily assume five pounds of coal per horsepower which will provide a sufficiently large factor of safety and allow for some reserve power. This allows 16.67 cu. ft. of air per minute per boiler horsepower. Forced draft is used in connection with the Taylor stoker, giving a very wide range of over capacity to the boiler. The pressure required in the tuyere chamber may vary from one to six inches of water according to the conditions and capacity developed. Recent tests on a well known installation of Taylor stokers, with the boilers using an average of approximately 35
to the top of the fuel bed.
per cent, excess air, required the following pressures in inches of water in the tuyere chamber for the corresponding per cent, of
rated boiler capacity.
TAYLOR STOKERS
Per Cent, of Rated Boiler Capacity

from each other, or from a stationary grate if it is kept clean and free from clinker, and an interesting study of results obtained from such an installation will be found on page 84. This data was furnished by Joseph Harrington, Chief Engineer of the Green Engineering Company, based on actual tests under the conditions stated. While no one set of curves
will give the draft losses for all the various kinds of coal or all the different types of boilers, yet a diagram such as the one referred to is of especial value inasmuch as it gives a basis for a
comparative study
of other conditions.
Niagara Conoidal Type "N" Fan Direct Connected to Buffalo Double Vertical, DoubleÂcting Engine
92
SECTION V EXHAUST SYSTEMS

An
fans of
extensive
field
has been developed for the use of exhaust
more
or less special design, for the removal of refuse
industrial waste in shops
and
factories, as well as
and removing the
heated or foul
processes.
air,
or gases, resulting from various industrial

consists of the proper
Such an exhaust system
hood
or receptacle at the receiving end, the necessary piping to con-
nect to the exhaust fan, and if refuse is handled, some form of dust or refuse collector. In laying out an exhaust or conveying system the usual method of procedure is to determine: (1) the number and size of branch pipes necessary to properly do the work; (2) the design and arrangement of piping to give the best results with the least power consumption; (3) the size and most economical type of exhaust fan, and (4) the disposition of
refuse.
Size of Pipe
is for the most part a matter although practice has established standards for the more common applications. The tables on page 94 give the usual sizes of galvanized iron piping to attach to the hoods of the machines indicated. For branch pipes over 25 feet long, increase the size 10 per cent, for each additional 20 feet.
Proper
size of piping required
of experience,
Hood Construction
almost impossible to give standard practice in hood is such a variety of makes and sizes of machines as to obviate the possibility of having any standard design. Furthermore, a hood must be constructed to suit the character of the work to be done. In designing hoods, a principle to keep in mind is to so shape them that the refuse from knives or wheels, due to their centrifugal action, is thrown directly to a point where it will be caught by the highest velocity of air. Hoods should always be made to fit as tight and close as possible, since the suction effect is lost, resulting in poor operaIt
is
construction, since there
tion,
if
this feature
is
disregarded.
03
PIPE SIZES FOR
WOODWORKING MACHINES
EXHAUST SYSTEMS
For the removal of smoke or fumes it is good practice to make mouth of the hood extend out over the kettle or furnace at least six inches in every direction, if the hood is not elevated over two feet. For every additional two feet elevation, the size of the hood should be increased six inches each way. The area of the branch pipe should then be made one-sixteenth of the hood mouth. For instance, a furnace 2x4 feet in size, having the bottom of the hood four feet above it, would have a hood 4 ft. x 6 ft. and the area of the pipe should be one-sixteenth of this, or 1.5 sq. ft. This branch should therefore be 17 inches in diameter. The velocity at the mouth for average conditions should be 75 to 250 feet per minute. In some manufacturing processes it will be found necessary to provide some means for the removal of poisonous and noxious gases that will be more certain in its action than is the common form of open hood or canopy. This can be accomplished by the use of a double hood with about an inch or less of clearance between the edges of the outside and inside hoods. There should also be an opening in the top of the inner hood, located under the exhaust pipes. These openings should be of such a size that a velocity of about 1000 feet per minute will be created through the slot, around the edge and through the central opening.
the
Size of It
Main Pipe
the common practice in blow-pipe construction to add the area of the branch pipes and make the area of the main pipe equal to their sum. This process should be continued back to
is
the fan, choosing a fan with an inlet equal to or greater in area than the main pipe.
Velocity Required
The subject of the proper velocity of the air throughout the system is an important one, and while sufficient velocity should be provided to insure the removal of the material being handled, any excess means an unnecessary increase in power consumption. It must be borne in mind that the power required increases as the cube of the speed or velocity, hence to double the
velocity will require eight times the horsepower.
In planing-mill work, it is customary to allow a velocity of 2400 for light shavings, 3000 for dry saw dust, and from 3600 to 4000 for knots, blocks, etc. This corresponds to operating the exhaust fan at a speed to give approximately 2)^ to 5 ounces
FAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO

of pressure,
FO
RGE COMPANY
depending upon the length of the piping and the The velocity in the piping should either be uniform throughout the entire system, or else higher in the branches than in the main pipe.
velocity required.
Dust Removal from Grinding and Buffing Wheels

Specifications for the design, construction
and operation
of
exhaust systems for grinding, polishing and buffing wheels to comply with the Labor Law of New York State, have been prepared by William Newell, of the Department of Labor, as follows:
dations
Accompanying the specifications are certain recommenby The Buffalo Forge Company on the design of these
systems.
1.
emery
table.
Minimum size of branch pipes allowed for different sized or other grinding wheels are given in the accompanying In case a wheel is thicker than given in the tabulation,
is
or
if
a disc instead of a regular wheel

is
used,
branch pipe no smaller than
called for
by
its
it must have a grinding surface.
GRINDING WHEELS
Diameter of Wheels
EXHAUST SYSTEMS
^'^""'^ P^P"' ^"^^d f^ different ""^ .iJri buffing, ^î'^'^^'^'^vt'" sized pohshmg, or rag wheels, as they are variously ^ called, are given in the table.
work may have a three-inch branch pipe The thickness given for buffing wheels
Buffing wheels six inches or less in diameter used for jewelrv

applies to the thickness
of the wheel at the center. In case the wheel given in the tabulation, it must have
than
3.
IS
above throughout
called for by its grinding surface. Branch pipes must not be less than the
their entire length.
is thicker than a branch pipe no smaller
sizes specified
4. AH branch pipes must enter the main suction duct at an angle not exceeding 45, and must incline in the direction of the air flow at junction with main.
5.
6.
All laps in piping
air
now.
7.
Branch pipes must not project into the main duct. must be made in the direction of the
connected.
All bends, turns, or elbows, whether in the main or branch pipes, must be made with a radius in the throat at least equal to ly^ times the diameter of the pipe on which thev are
mum required
9.
between such end or dead end of the system. For the convenience of those wishing to use it, the table on page 98 is given, showing what the size of the main suction duct should be at any point for any number of uniform-size branch pipes when the main duct is made 20 per cent, greater than the combined areas of the branches entering it, the minipoint and the
tail
8. The inlet of the fan or exhauster shall be at least 20 per cent, greater in area than the sum of the areas of all the branch pipes and such increase shall be carried proportionately throughout the entire length of the main suction duct, i. e., the area of the main at any point shall be at least 20 per cent, greater than the combined areas of the branch pipes entering it
by these specifications. The area of the discharge pipe from the fan shall be as large
its
or larger than the area of the fan inlet throughout

10.
entire length.
The main trunk
lines,
and the end of the main suction duct a removable cap placed on the end.
97
be provided with suitable clean-out doors not over ten feet apart, shall be blanked off with
both suction and discharge, shall

PROPORTIONS OF MAIN DUCT TO ACCOMMODATE BRANCHES
EXHAUST SYSTEMS
11. Sufficient static suction head shall be maintained in each branch pipe within one foot of the hood to produce a difference in level of two inches of water between the two sides of a U-shaped tube. Test is to be made by placing one end of a X* rubber tube over the small hole made in the pipe, the other enc^S of the tube being connected to one side of a U-shaped watei^ gauge. Test is to be made with all branch pipes open and un-"^
obstructed.
In addition to the foregoing specifications, which are compulsory,
number
of
observed, will make for and longer life of the system.

if
which,
"Recommendations" are given below, still more efficient operation'^
^ O,
^m
Recommendations
1. Emery wheel and buffing wheel exhaust systems should^ be kept separate owing to danger of sparks from the former Kfl setting fire to the lint dust from the latter, if both are drawn into the same suction main. " r-
In the case of undershot wheels, i. e., the top of the wheel 2. runs toward the operator, which is almost always the direction of rotation of both emery and buffing wheels, the main suction "J duct should be back of and below the wheels and as close to
should be fastened to the ceiling or the floor below, preferably the former. If behind the wheels, it should be not less than six inches above the floor at every point to avoid possible charring of the floor in case of fire in the main duct and also to permit sweeping under it. For similar reasons it should be at least six inches below any ceiling it may run under.
is
^ ^
them
2P
c^
as
practicable;
or
it
C-> -rn q^
Both the main suction and discharge pipes should be and with as few bends as possible, to avoid loss by friction. If one or the other must be of considerable length, it is best to place the fan not far beyond where the nearest branch enters the large end of the main, as a long discharge main is a lesser evil than a long suction main.
3.
made
as short
o *0
^ O Q
4. Avoid any pockets or low places might accumulate.
in ducts
where dust
5. The main suction duct should be enlarged between every branch pipe entering it, whenever space permits, and in no case should the main duct receive more than two branches in a section
99

All enlargements in the size of the main should of uniform area. be made on a taper and not by an abrupt change.
a likelihood of a few additional wheels being it is advisable to leave a space for them between the fan and the first branch and to put in an extra Or, a space may be left beyond the fan so that the size fan. fan may be moved along and the main extended when it is actually decided to install additional wheels, provided the fan is of sufficient size to still comply with these specifications after
6.
If there
is
installed in the future,
the additional branches are added.
never
main
8.
7.
Branch pipes should enter the main on the top or

at the bottom.
sides
Two
branches should never enter a
directly opposite one another.
Each branch pipe should be equipped with a

or blast-gate as
it is
shut-ofT
which may be closed, Not more than 25 if desirable, when the wheel is not in use. per cent, of such blast-gates should be closed at one time; otherwise, the air velocity in the main duct may drop too low and let the dust accumulate on the bottom.
damper
also called,
is very important that the lower part of the hood shall enough forward beneath the front of the wheel so that the dust will enter the hood and not fall outside of it altogether, even if the accomplishment of this result necessitates leavin-; considerable space between the wheel and the lower part of the hood in order that the hood shall not interfere with the work.
9.
It
come
far
Branch pipes should lead out of the hood as nearly as where the dust will naturally be thrown This is very important. into them by the wheels. 11. An objectionable practice sometimes found where small work is polished is the use of a screen across the mouth of the branch pipe where it enters the hood. Such screens are an obstruction to the passage of material, and the ravelings from
10.
possible at the point
buffing wheels are held against the screen
the result that in a short time the draft
is
by the suction, with almost entirely cut off.
12. The use of a trap at the junction of the hood and branch pipe is good practice provided it is cleaned out regularly and not allowed to fill up with dust. This will catch the heavier particles and so take some wear off the fan. It will also serve to catch any nuts, pieces of tripoli, etc., dropped by accident,
100
EXHAUST SYSTEMS
and in the case of work on small articles, will enable them to be recovered when dropped in the hood. All bends, turns, or elbows, whether in the main or 13. branch pipes, should be made with a radius in the throat of twice the diameter of the pipe on which they are connected, wherever space permits. Elbows should be made of metal one or two gauges 14. heavier than the pipe on which they are connected as the wear
on them
15.
is
much
greater.
of air
from a room by an exhaust sysvacuum and for this reason inlets for air at least equal to the sum of the areas of the branch pipes should be left open.
The withdrawal
tem naturally tends
to create a slight
16.
Recommendations
it is
or dust collector, as
separator must
for the size of the cyclone separator often called, are hard to give, as the be proportioned to suit operating conditions,
light dusts requiring a larger separator
than heavier dusts.
separator should be selected with an inlet area at least as large as the area of the discharge pipe from the fan.
For light buffing dusts, lint, etc., the air outlet from the top be so large that the velocity of discharge will not exceed 300 to 480 feet per minute; then select a separator of which the other dimensions are proportionate. The air outlet should be provided with a proper canopy or elbow to exclude the weather, but should be otherwise unobstructed.
of the separator should

Dust Collectors
The
air
with
its
contents of shavings and dust should be

or collector.
delivered
by the fan into a separator
heavy matter the
air carries here settles to the
Whatever bottom and is
discharged into the proper receptacle, leaving the air to escape As usually built they depend on the centrito the atmosphere. While the different fugal action to accomplish the separation. makes will vary in their dimensions, the table on page 101 will These are built serve to give a general idea of the sizes used. either right or left hand. A properly designed separator should not cause a resistance of more than one velocity head due to the flow. That is, with a velocity of 4000 feet per minute the resistance would be one
inch.
Friction Loss
complete discussion on the loss in pressure due to friction through the piping and elbows will be found on pages 115 to 120. For perfectly smooth piping we may consider that one velocity head, or a pressure corresponding to the velocity, is lost in every 60 diameters of pipes, but for planingmill work it is customary to use a factor of 55 diameters. That is, with a velocity through the pipes of 4000 feet per minute, which corresponds to a pressure or velocity head of one inch, there would be one inch of pressure lost in every 55 diameters. With a pipe 18 inches in diameter, one velocity head would be The fan must operate at a total lost in each 83 feet of length.
of the air passing
pressure sufficient to care for all of the losses, and still leave a For the loss pressure corresponding to the velocity desired.
in elbows see the
diagrams on pages 118 and 119.
Standard and Slow Speed Planing -Mill Exhausters For conveying refuse from wood working machines and carrying off factory waste of similar nature, fans with steel plate housings and overhung blast wheels are usually employed. These fans are of heavier construction than those used for ventilating, and are built double as well as single for use where a double fan avoids unnecessary length of piping and elbows. A description of these fans and capacity tables will be found in Part IV, Section III. In the ordinary planing -mill the refuse is sufficient to furnish fuel for heating and power. The standard type fan is designed for large capacity, rather
102
EXHAUST SYSTEMS
wherever it is necessary to buy fuel, a should be used, and proper design jnakes it possible to combine the features of high efficiency and slow speed. The most efficient type of slow speed planing-mill exhauster has a housing which is very large and narrow in proportion to the
for high efficiency, so
efficient fan
than
more
least 15 per cent, while operating at
and outlet connections, and will reduce the power at about two-thirds the speed of the standard fan. Dimension and capacity tables of these fans will be found in Part IV, Section III.
size of inlet
vacuum
Primarily, the speed of the fan depends upon the suction or to be maintained at the hoods. To move shavings and
saw dust, a velocity in the piping system of from 3000 to 4000 feet per minute is the average requirement, which corresponds
approximately to 13/8 to 2 inches suction in the pipe near the inlets, and a velocity head in the piping of from 0.6 to 1.0 inch. In addition to maintaining this suction at the hoods, the operating pressure at the fan must be sufficient to overcome Piping friction losses, plus the friction losses of the system.
hood
and discharge losses, therefore equals the necessary operating pressure of the exhauster.
collector loss, plus intake
Examples. As an example, take a planing-mill installation having three 7-inch branch pipes, three 6-inch branch pipes, two 5-inch branch pipes and one 4-inch branch pipe. Assume that the longest run of piping on the suction side of the fan is 57 feet, that there are three right angle elbows in the same (radius of elbows \]/2 diameters), and that the fan discharges its refuse into a collector located 60 feet from the fan, with one right angle elbow in this pipe. Adding the areas of branch pipes, the diameter of the main Referring to the data on friction suction pipe will be 18 inches. losses on page 102 the loss in 55 diameters of pipe equals one
velocity head.
57 feet of suction and 60 feet of discharge piping {\]4 foot diameter) is equivalent to
^ =78
57-1-60
-o diameters J.
Referring to the curve of friction loss in round elbows on page 118 it will be seen that the loss in each of the four elbows will be 0.17 of a velocity head. For a perfectly smooth well built system this would mean each elbow was equivalent in friction
103

to 9.5 diameters of pipe, but
ten diameters to each elbow.
the general custom to allow then have the four elbows equal to 40 diameters, in addition to the 78 diameters of piping. Allowing the customary 55 diameters as equal to one velocity
it is
We will
head
lost
we have
as the loss in the piping
and elbows
r-
GO
=2.15 velocity heads.
Intake and discharge loss = 1.5 velocity heads. Loss in refuse collector = 1 velocity head.
Pressure due to the velocity = 1 velocity head. Total operating head =5.65 velocity heads.
Assume 4000 feet velocity required, which corresponds to a pressure of one inch or 0.5768 ounces per square inch. The necessary operating pressure of exhauster will then be 5.65X0.5768 = 3.25 ounces. From the dimension and capacity tables, an exhauster having an 18-inch inlet, or the 45-inch size should be used. If a slow speed exhauster were chosen we would find from the table on page 345 that for 3 oz. pressure the necessary speed would be 742 R. P. M., the capacity 6620 cu. ft. per minute and the power required 8.97 H. P. But as the pressure required is 3.25 oz. the accompanying conditions must be calculated from the
above
factors.
That
is,
the speed will be
742a/|^ = 770R.P.
M.
^^ = 6880
and the power
will
cu.
ft.
per min.
be 8.97^// A?5\
=10.10 H. P.
If a standard exhauster is used the speed will be 1245 R.P. M.; the capacity the same as above; and the power 12.15 H. P. The power as stated would be maximum, that is, the amount required when all the branch pipes are open. In pattern shops, all of the machines are seldom used at once, which means that
less air is
handled, with resultant reduction in power. tables on pages 343 and 346 which have been compiled with velocity as a basis, will be found more convenient in computing speed and powers than the above method and for
The capacity
104
EXHAUST SYSTEMS
most installations same conditions as
use follows:
will
in the preceding
be sufficiently accurate. Assuming the problem, an example of their

pipe, 117 feet.
Length Length
of suction
and discharge
of pipe equivalent to four
elbows equals
4X10 = 40
diameters.
40 diameters X 13^ = 60 feet. Length of pipe equivalent to collector equals one velocity head or 55 diameters.
55 diameters X 1 3^ = 83 feet. Total equivalent length =260 feet. The tables are based on an assumption that the system will contain an equivalent of 275 feet of piping, and corrections for 15 feet will be necessary. For each 10 feet difference, the speed must be decreased one per cent., or 1.5 per cent, in this instance, and the power three per cent., or 3X1.5 = 4.5 per cent. From tables, pages 343 and 346, the following is obtained: Slow speed exhauster Speed 790 less 13^% = 778 R. P. M. Power 11.1 less 4i^% = 10.60 H. P. Standard exhauster Speed 1295 less 13/^% = 1275 R. P. M. Power 13.3 less 43/^% = 12.70 H. P.
105
SECTION VI
MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS
Fans are used for a great variety of purposes, many of which have special engineering features which make it impossible to Even lay down any easily applied rules for their installation. where a standard fan is to be used, a full knowledge of all of the features of the case are necessary before making a selection. One large field for the use of fans, propellors and disk wheels is in connection with drying and cooling work, a brief discussion Fans and blowers are of which is given in the following pages. used for many purposes requiring air under considerable presblast supply for sure, such as foundry and furnace service; forges; for sand blast machines, pneumatic tube installations, mine ventilation, tunnel work, in glass factories, and many other
special applications.
For forge service either the volume blowers listed in the table on page 335 may be used, or the pressure blowers already For exhausting the mentioned, depending on the conditions. smoke and gases from forges a pressure of from one to two ounces is required. The blast is usually run at three to six ounces pressure. Piping should be properly proportioned to allow for friction.
Special blowers and exhausters, either low or high pressure, are built for handling gas at gas works, or for removing acid or other chemical fumes. These latter may be made of special acid-resisting metals. For gas works the low pressure exhausters range in capacity from 30,000 to 1,500,000 cubic feet per hour at a pressure up to 15 inches of water. High pressure exhausters range in capacities from 30,000 to 3,000,000 cubic feet of air.
In connection with blast furnaces a special gas cleaning fan used, in which the inner surface is kept wet by sprays. The centrifugal force throws the dust particles against the water covered surface of the interior of the fan, so cleansing the gas. In the case of gas producers the same form of fan, or gas scrubber, is used to remove the tar from the gas.
is
Forge Shop Equipment Table on page 107 gives sizes of blast and exhaust fans for School Forge Shops and table on page 108 sizes of blast and exhaust tile.
106
FORGE SHOP EQUIPMENT
is
a U
tr,
o a * O -a r 2 w -g
(ti
S"
s
o

SIZE OF BLAST
AND EXHAUST TILE FOR FORGE SHOP EQUIPMENT
Sizes of
FOUNDRY BLOWER PRACTICE

Foundry Blower Practice
The air required per ton of iron melted has been variously given at from 30,000 to 33,000 cu. ft. per ton. As it is almost impossible to measure the air directly it is necessary to resort to indirect methods of chemical analysis of the escaping gases. By analyzing a sufficient number of samples, the amount of air used in the combustion of the coke can be determined with considerable exactness.
The following weights and volumes
of air
are required per ton of iron in different melting ratios.
MELTING RATIO

TABLE OF AIR PER MINUTE AND
Static Pressure at
H. P.
FOR CUPOLA SERVICE
Cupola in Oz. Per Sq. Inch
10 oz.
12 oz.
14 oz.
16 oz.
18 oz.
5690 1423
7.4
6230 1558
9.7
6730 1688
12.3
7200 1800
15.0
7640 1910
17.9
CAP.
A. P. M.
H. P.
7740 1935
10.0
8480 2120
13.2
9170 2293
16.7
9800 2450
20.4
10390 2773
25.9
CAP.
A. P. M.
H. P.
10120 2530
13.2
11080 2770
17.3
11970 2993
21.8
12800 3200
26.6
13570 3393
31.8
CAP.
A. P. M. H. P.
12810 3203
16.7
14030 3508
21.9
15150 3788
27.6
16200 4050
33.7
17180 4295
40.2
CAP.
A. P. M. H. P.
15810 3953
20.6
17320 4330
27.0
18700 4675
34.0
20000 5000
41.6
21210 5303
49.6
CAP.
A. P. M. H. P.
19130 4783
24.9
20960 5240
32.7
22640 5660
41.2
24200 6050
50.3
25660 6415
60.0
CAP.
A. P. M.
H. P.
22770 5693
29.6
24940 6235
38.9
26940 6735
49.0
28800 7200
59.9
30M0
7635
71.5
CAP.
A. P. M.
H. P.
26730 6683
34.8
29270 7318
45.7
31620 7905
57.5
33800 8450
70.3
35840 8960
83.9
CAP.
A. P. M.
H. P.
30990 7748
40.3
33950 8488
52.9
36670 9168
66.7
39200 9800
81.5
41570 10393
97.3
CAP.
A. P. M.
H. P.
35580 8895
46.3
38970 9743
60.8
42090 10523
76.6
45000 11250
93.6
47720 11930
111.7
CAP.
A. P. M.
H. P.
40480 10120
52.6
44340 11085
69.2
47890 11973
87.2
51200 12800
106.5
54290 13573
127.0
CAP.
A. P. M.
H. P.
CAP.
blowers.
of metal melted per hour. A. P. M. is cu. ft. of air required per minute. H. P. is power required to deliver air at pressure given with steel pressure
is lbs.
110
PART
III
AIR DUCTS
Under the subject of "Air Ducts," will be found detailed information pertaining to the design of various duct or conduit systems used for the conveying of air. The data relating to
pressure losses and friction in piping and elbows is based on actual experiments and tests, and in many cases where required information was not to be found, special experiments were made to obtain data for use in this hand-book. The subject of the
proper proportions of piping in different systems, as well as the proper velocity of air, is also completely covered.
Material of Air Ducts
any heating and ventilating ducts or conduits used to convey the air to the desired points in the building. These ducts may go under ground, when they are usually constructed of tile, brick, or of concrete. When the system is an overhead one warm air is usually carried through galvanized iron pipes or ducts, the vertical risers being either of brick or galvanized iron. A very common construction is to run galvanized iron risers inside brick flues. In any event the inside of the duct should be made as smooth as possible, in order to avoid excessive friction and for this reason iron ducts are generally preferred to brick or concrete, unless low velocities are employed. The piping systems for industrial buildings and those for public buildings are designed according to two distinct methods. In industrial buildings the problem is chiefly to convey heat units with as great an economy of power, material and space as possible, while in public buildings there are the additional requirements of freedom from noise and prevention of drafts. In industrial buildings air is usually conveyed through one or more main lines extending lengthwise of the building, the areas of such pipes decreasing as they extend, to give a uniform distribution of air throughout. On the other hand in public buildings individual ducts are carried from the apparatus to each room, so that it is evident the same method is not applicable to both systems.
of the essential parts of
of the
One
system consists
Ill
1
!
<J
1
s
i
3
1
o
FRICTION
IN AIR
iTfTt*
DUCTS
OOmCC
_iin-i --i-H i-KNCO OOO Oii-t O^^ OOO eOlNOi ÔO OOO OOO
iÔ
OOÔ 05'*'*
0-H50
t-005
lOÔO
CîCOW OSCOOJ fNtÔO tpt-OJ
t^ D
i-l
0050 t^QO^ (NW* (NCO-*

O500CO
M<MO
CO OSCO .-H(NiO
11 t--C<D
iCO^
COIN
OCiî
888 8oo
Ci O) c^
g.3
Q0tÔ (NOCiO
t^C*30
OîM
00<^ O5O00
0(NCO
'-IO-* t>>C0O
t^
-^
05
CC(Nt^
r-cco - ->0 qo,c
CO ^ QOOOiO
-^
OOO O^rH OOO OOO MINCC

io-*o
T-iCOCD
oo<Nr-
OOr-^ 0(N<N
00'<t(N
CCOCO
(NCOI^
lOQO^
tô
O-iM
ô> ^ ^ (NOJtj op
o
o E
OfOGO OOO OOO OOO (MCOfO OOO Oî-H

cocooo
iCCicO
iOQri>
(NrÔ
C0(N0
CC-Ô
0'-H(N
COr-iO
<*(t^r-i
CC*! OiCiO ooooo

<(N05
t>-i-icO
OC50 00CO<
t0>i-<
tOC CO
<ô
OOSTt*
OTfO OCC<N OOO OOO OOO (MM-* OOO ^^(N

(A
0<Mt^
00tDO
00
OOOIN
^ to t^ o 0
<
Q.
00>-iCC
<*0'^
.-i.-i(M
CC-HOO
oo-.
1>C5 00
,-iCCcC
OOO OOO OOO OOO (NM-*

OkO-H
1.0
ootot^ (N'ÔO
OS-" CO
U.
coo
o z
CDCO'-H I (MOO
CCCOt^
(NO0-*
TfOCO <N-hO
Oi<N00
005t^
tÔSOO
CCl'iO
*OCO
o B
ai
u.
OOO
COO-H (NMCO 0<N>0
<N
lO $2 00
a>
o
bt
(N-hO
lOOO
lOOJCO
i-HCOt^
(NiOOJ
-Ôt^ COiOCO OOO OOO OOO oor rH(N(N
<N05C0
00(N
OCCO
-H(NC5
ooo O'Ô
(NiMiO
UJ
^^^
(N
8 u > o
? o u
a u
0^
u
c^
^
c/J
UJ
a<
ui Jiy |o X^po|3/\
oog OOO goo OOO OOO III M^^ WOS 00. "5! 2SS '^'^' MN 'jr^'T
113

Pressure Losses in Air Ducts
Losses in piping systems are

losses
and
friction losses.
made up of two parts, dynamic Dynamic losses are due to changes

and are composed
either in direction or velocity of the air flow,

of loss at
entrance and loss in elbows and connections. The first is the pressure required to produce velocity in the pipe, and may vary from 1 to 1.5 times the velocity head, i. e., pressure corresponding to velocity, depending on whether the pipe is connected directly to the fan outlet or through a plenum chamber. It is expressed as a multiple of the pressure corresponding to the average velocity produced in the pipe. Where velocity in the pipe is the same as at the fan outlet this may still be considered a loss, in view of the fact that with a reduction of velocity through a gradually diverging outlet to a larger area the difference between the velocity head at the fan and the velocity head in the pipe is largely utilized by conversion to static pressure.
The other chief source of dynamic loss is in elbows, and depends on the radius of curvature of the elbow and not on its size or on the velocity of the air. This loss may be expressed directly in per cent, of velocity head, and, with a round five-piece elbow, having a center line radius of one diameter, the loss will be 25 per With a five-piece elbow cent, of the average velocity head. having a center line radius of one and one-half diameters the loss will be 17 per cent., or only two-thirds that of the first case. This shows the advantage of an intelligently designed system and the possibility in power saving, for elbows may be of so short a radius as to cause loss of an entire velocity head in each
one.
The second source
of pressure loss in the piping
system
is
due
This loss will vary directly as the length of the pipe, or as the square of the As length velocity, and inversely as the diameter of the pipe. is a fixed quantity for any system, the only factors subject to modification are the diameter and velocity, which determine the relation between power cost and piping cost.
to friction of air against the sides of the pipe.
As
in the case of heaters,
it is
the usual engineering practice
to proportion piping arbitrarily, either from
assumed
velocities
depending upon the velocity

better engineering practice,
of the air at the fan outlet, or, in
by determining the velocity which

114
FRICTION
will give
IN AIR
DUCTS
an assumed resistance considered suitable and within the fan capacity. It is the best practice to gradually decrease the velocity in the main conduit as the latter is decreased in
size
owing to partial delivery
of the air
through the branch
outlets.
This practice serves three useful purposes: 1. A proper proportioning of the velocity permits a uniform delivery of air through all the branch outlets without dampers and regardless of distance from the fan. 2. By a gradual reduction in velocity a considerable proportion of the velocity pressure is usefully converted to static pressure, thus largely compensating for piping friction. 3. It decreases friction in the smaller piping, where it would otherwise be greatest.
Friction in Air Ducts
Resistance to flow of air through piping varies with several

factors such as velocity, roughness of the contact surface, or
obstructions such as dampers, deflectors,

resistance or loss in pressure
is
and elbows.
This
is
ordinarily expressed as the
equivalent head in feet of
air;
or in velocity heads (that
the
ratio of the friction loss to the theoretical pressure correspond-
ing to the average velocity in the pipe);
or as the equivalent
As explained on page 16 under pressure in inches or ounces. the subject, " Relation of Velocity to Pressure," one velocity
head
is
the pressure corresponding to the velocity of the

S.
air.
The formula used by the U.

head due to
friction in a
Navy Department
is
for loss of
round pipe
H=4f^V2
where
(47)
H = loss of head in feet of air. L = length and D= diameter of

either in feet or in inches.
f
pipe,
both expressed
V = velocity of flow through the pipe in feet per second,

= 0.00008 for first class piping. Since in air measurements it is more customary to velocity as feet per minute, this formula reduces to
express
H = 0.000000089^ V2
For rectangular ducts the formula becomes
115
(48)
H
where
=0.000000045-'-^
n
~\^
1
(49) ^
H=loss
i
of
head
in feet of air.
V = velocity in feet per = short side of pipe. n = long side of pipe.
minute.
L= length
f
of pipe.
= assumed
as 0.00008.
loss in head as given by the above expressed in feet of air, while the head or pressure ordinarily considered in air measurements is expressed either in inches of water or in ounces per square inch. As shown by
It will
be noted that the
formulae
is
Equation (12) page

is
18,
the velocity head expressed in feet of air
^2^
times the head in inches of water.

of
Taking a value
of
d =62.31 as the density
water we then have
= ^, 62.31 ^ ^12WVo =
where
^
ft.
1096.5
(Seepage
18)
Vo = vel.
in
per min. corresponding to one inch of
water.
From
= weight of air per cubic foot. the above and from equation (48)
L
/
\ 2
where
h'=loss of head or pressure.
V = velocity
of air in feet per minute.
Vo = velocity corresponding to unit pressure. L= length and D= diameter of pipe in feet.
^=
/V
length of pipe in diameters.
\2
\^J~]
= velocity
head or pressure corresponding to the velocity.

of the
,
.
A
as
more general form
above equation may be expressed
where
of
constant depending on the character of the pipe. The constant C in the above formula represents the length pipe in diameters causing a loss of one velocity head. For
116
C=a
cdQ
L /V \2
(51)
FRICTION IN ELBOWS
smooth unobstructed pipe we may take C = 60, but for smooth work such as the piping of a planing-raill exhaust system a safe factor would be C = 55. For heating and ventilating work where there exist more or less obstructions in the form of dampers, deflectors, etc., and where the piping is usually swedged, we may consider one velocity head lost in from 45 to
perfectly
fairly
For such systems we may usually take C = 45. 50 diameters. For tile or brick ducts C = 40 will meet the average conditions. From the above we see that if the velocity in a 12-inch pipe is 2832 feet per minute (corresponding to y^ inch) and the pipe is 45 feet long, the loss in pressure will be one velocity head, or If, for instance, a pressure of inch is required at the Y2 inch. outlet end of the pipe, a pressure of 1 inch must be maintained
at the entering end.
Friction in rectangular pipe may be determined by using the tables on pages 156 and 157 which give the circular equivalent of rectangular pipes computed to give equal friction for the same air quantities. By means of this table the corresponding
diameter of round pipe determined as above.

Friction in
may be
found, and the friction loss
Elbows
in
of
The two diagrams on pages 118 and 119 of pressure loss elbows show respectively the loss by friction through elbows
either
round or square
section.
obtained at the testing plant of and of the results obtained being described in a paper presented before the A. S. H. & V. E. on "Loss of Pressure due to Elbows in the Transmission of Air through Pipes or Ducts."* The loss in per cent, of a velocity head is given for elbows of different radii, the center line radius being expressed in per cent, of the pipe diameter or width. It may be seen from these diagrams that with R = 13^D,
details of the tests
These curves are based on data the Buffalo Forge Company, full
an inside throat radius of one diameter, fairly good results be obtained without making the elbow unduly long. Practically nothing is to be gained by making R greater than 2D. It is also evident from an inspection of these diagrams that if it can possibly be avoided an elbow with R less than one D should not be used. Even with these an elbow in a square duct will cause a loss of 17.5 per cent, and in a round duct 25.5 per
or
may
*Ain. Soc. Heating and Ventilating Engr8 1913, by Frank L. Busey.
117
FRICTION IN ELBOWS

cent, of the velocity head. In case R = 3/^D (throat of elbow square but outer side rounded to a radius of one diameter) the loss will be 95 per cent, for a square duct and for a round duct 75 per cent, of the velocity head. The loss indicated on the diagram for R = D represents tests on elbows of two-piece construction, or with both inside and outside made square. It is evident that this is a construction that should never be used, since in the case of the square pipe one quarter of the loss may be saved by making the outer side round (R = 3^D).
From
head.
If
the curve for round ducts
elbow having
we
it will be seen that with an the loss will be 17 per cent, of a velocity consider one velocity head lost in 50 diameters of
R = 1 }/^D
means that this elbow is equivalent in friction diameters of pipe. If the elbow was in a square duct the loss would be equal to 4.5 diameters (or widths) of pipe. With a velocity of 4000 feet per minute through the duct (corresponding to one inch pressure, or a velocity head of one inch) the above elbow in the round pipe would cause a loss in pressure of 0.17 inch and in the square duct of 0.09 inch.
straight pipe this
effect to 8.5
circular pipe
For ordinary calculations one easy long radius elbow in a may be considered as equal in friction loss to 10
diameters of straight pipe. This is the factor given by N. S. Thompson in his book, "Mechanical Equipment of Federal Buildings," as applied to elbows having a center line radius of
1 }/2
diameters.
Pressure Losses in Diverging and Converging Nozzles and in

Orifices
It
may
be stated as a general principle in
air flow calcula-
tions that
"The
coefficient of pressure loss

i.
is
reciprocal of the coefficient of discharge,"
the square of the e., the coefficient of

c,
pressure loss, m, in terms of the coefficient of discharge,
may
(52)
be stated as
(i)
and the
loss in static pressure will
be
(53)
pe
= m(^)'
where
V = velocity
of air flow
and Vo = velocity corresponding

120
PRESSURE LOSSES
to unit pressure.
IN
NOZZLES
Then
tt-)
will
be the velocity pressure.

will
Coefficients of discharge to be used in air measurements Coefficients for pressure loss will be be found below. for sharp edged orifice 2.78 for short length (2i^ to 3 diam.) of pipe 1.47 1.11 for short pipe on fan outlet
m m m
The
coefficient
for
angles of convergence between the

Angle of Convergence
converging nozzles having different two sides will be

Diverging Nozzle in Air Ducts
diverging nozzle
is
used in an air duct
increased in order to reduce the velocity, or
when the area is when blowing into
an enclosed space or plenum chamber. Any change from a higher to a lower velocity is accompanied by a conversion from velocity to static pressure, but inasmuch as there is always some loss in making this conversion, the total pressure is not the same after making the reduction in velocity. That is,
sure lost in
always a certain portion of this converted static presmaking the change, and the efficiency of conversion is never the full 100 per cent. As will be seen from the chart on page 123, the efficiency of conversion depends on the per cent, of slope of the sides of the diverging nozzle, the more gradual
there
is
the slope the less the loss in pressure.
The diagram on page 123 shows the

actual
to
theoretical
efficiency, or ratio of
obtained with diverging nozzles of different slopes to the sides. That is, while theoretically we should obtain an increase in static pressure equal to decrease in velocity pressure we will really convert only a part of this decreasing velocity pressure to static pressure, depending on the slope of the nozzle. While theoretically we should have
P82
velocity head
- Psl - PtI - Pv2 =

we
will
Vi\
\^^J
V2\
\^-^j
(56)
as a matter of fact
have
(57)
p.-p.,=e[(^)'-(^)^]
where
nozzle.
e represents a factor
depending on the^ proportions of the
For instance,
is
if
half the difference
a length of five efficiency of conversion of 51.5 per cent. In case the side of a nozzle makes an angle of say 30 degrees, the slope will be 0.577 and we may see from the curve that there will be no gain from the cone outlet. From the foregoing it may be seen that length of a diverging nozzle should be made as long as the case will permit in order to get the greatest possible benefit
we have a nozzle whose length is five times between the diameters of the two ends, that times the slope or a slope of 0.20, we will have
an
from
it.
The length should be
at least from five to ten times
the slope, giving a slope of from 0.10 to 0.20 or an angle of approximately 6 to 12 degrees.
122
DIVERGING NOZZLES
XN3D H3d
123
ADN3IOIJd3
FAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPXNY

Conversion from velocity to mined from the formula
static pressure
may
be deter-
and
loss in pressure
p,
due to the increase
in area will
be
(59)
= (l_e)[l-(^)']p.
where
= static press, converted from vel. press. = loss in total press. pv = velocity press, at inlet of nozzle. e = efficiency of conversion. Ai = area of inlet to nozzle. A2 = area of outlet from nozzle.
Pb
pt
be found a diagram plotted from actual tests showing the per cent, of velocity head converted into static head by using nozzles having different ratios of length to diameter of outlet, as well as outlet to inlet area. While these tests were made with round pipe, it was found that the same relations held for those of rectangular section. As an example of the use of the diagram we may select a nozzle having a length equal to twice the small or inlet diameter and the outlet area twice the inlet area. From the diagrams we will find that a nozzle of these dimensions will convert 50 per cent, of the velocity head into static head.
125
will
On page
of diverging nozzles,
The line marked "Curve of Maximum Efficiency" indicates the best ratios of outlet to inlet areas for different fixed lengths of nozzle and inlet diameter. It will be noted that for the
different ratios of
there
Di
is
a certain ratio of outlet to inlet
area that will give

pressure.
maximum
conversion from velocity to static

to
Example.
Assuming a case where a diverging nozzle

in order to increase the
is
be used on a 24-inch pipe

space the nozzle can be
diameter and
ratio
so decrease the velocity in the pipe, and owing to the limited
made
only six feet long.
Then the
will
=
Di
3,
and according to the diagram we
obtain
the
area of the enlarged pipe
conversion from velocity to static pressure when the is made 2.3 times the area of the 24-inch pipe, or 36.5 inches diameter. In this case 57 per cent, of the
124
maximum
DIVERGING NOZZLES
'
-^= RATIO OFOUTLETAREA TO INLET AREA.
A,
^^
DIVERGING NOZZLES.
125

change in velocity head
at the nozzle outlet.
will
be converted into static pressure
Then
A diverging nozzle on the outlet of multivane fans is often used to advantage, giving a reduction of the comparatively high velocity at the outlet of this type of fan, with a corresponding
increase in static pressure.
Theoretical Outlet or Blast Area

It is a well known fact that air (or water) under pressure in passing through an orifice in a thin plate will not deliver the volume indicated by the actual area of the orifice, because the resistance of the orifice, depending on its character, will tend to
It follows then that there will in each instance an equivalent or blast area, differing from the actual area This blast area of an air conveyin proportion to the resistance. ing system is the area which would be theoretically required to deliver the same amount of air at a velocity corresponding to the total pressure resistance offered by the system.
restrict the flow.
exist
Every point
as stated above,
entire
in a fan blast
is
less
system has its blast area, which, than the actual area by an amount de-
The blast area of the pending on the resistance at that point. system may then be computed, inasmuch as the total re-
is the sum of the various resistances passed in series. In case the air passes through parallel channels the blast area of the system is the sum of the blast area of the separate channels. Blast area based on the total pressure drop may be deter-
sistance
mined from
Blast area
=
4005
A P
y total
^^
^^^^
press,
drop in inches
Representing the blast area of an entire system by At and the blast area of the various sections by Abi, Ab2, etc., we will
have the relation
As an illustration of the above principles, we assume a case where a fan blows through a short pipe into We may a heater and thence into a single duct piping system. determine the drop in static pressure for the various sections of
Examples.
will
126
PROPORTIONING PIPING
the system, and calculate the blast area of each by means of the
formula
Blast area
= actual
area
4
'
^.
'static loss in vel.
heads
-h 1
Assuming the connection between fan and heater to have an area of 4.9 sq. ft. with a loss of entrance of 0.1 vel. head and 0.25 vel. head lost in the connection itself, we find the blast
area of this section to be
Abi=4.9-.
=4.24
sq.
ft.
\0.35
be found by means of the The blast area of the above general formula. With 10000 A. P. M. and a pressure drop of 0.5 inches through the heater, the blast area will be 10000 rT= = 3.53 sq. ft. 4005l/0.5 If we assume 0.5 velocity head lost by entrance to the piping system, and two velocity heads lost in the ducts and elbows, we will have as the blast area of this part of the system, if the main pipe is 35 inches in diameter
fifiS^/
1
+ 1.0 heater may
= 3.58 sq.
1.0
ft.
\2.5 +
The
blast area of the entire system
may
then be found from

sq. ft.
Ab =
..
? xa
"*"
7-1-^. = 4.68
(,3.58/
U-24/ ^ \3.53/
Proportioning the Various Losses In addition to loss of pressure due to friction in piping and elbows, there is a loss of static pressure due to entrance to the In addition piping system of from 0.1 to 0.5 of a velocity head. to this, one velocity head must be maintained to produce the In case the piping is connected required velocity in the system. directly to the fan outlet this loss of entrance is frequently
is larger than the fan outlet This is the case in a draw-through system, where the fan draws the air through the heater and blows directly into the piping or ducts. Where the system is a blow-through one, that is, the fan blows into the heater and the air passes through and into the ducts, a considerable loss will occur at the entrance to the piping system, depending on the
neglected especially
is
if
the piping
and
made cone shaped.
127

character of the layout. Where the piping is connected to the heater casing by an easy cone shaped approach, the loss of static In case the pressure may be only 0.2 or 0.3 of a velocity head. fan blows through the heater and into a plenum chamber, from
which the pipes radiate to different parts of the building, the loss of entrance to these pipes may be as much as 0.5 of a velocity head. In any case the pressure required at the fan must be one velocity head greater in order to produce the velocity desired in the piping.
tion
evident from the above that loss of power due to fricin a draw-through than in a blow-through system. Loss of pressure through the heater would be the same in either case, and may be determined from the table on page 446.
It
is is less
In the case of the draw-through system, the sum of all the pressure losses is to be deducted from the total pressure at which
the fan
is
loss is to
operating, while with the blow-through apparatus be deducted from the static pressure.
this
In an ordinary draw-through system it is usually considered advisable to keep the sum of all piping losses approximately one-third to one-half, and the loss through the heater at less than one-half of the total pressure. The balance is then available
for producing velocity. In case a system has been laid out and the pressure loss is found to be greater than desired, the size of the piping may be reproportioned by means of the following formula so as to obtain the desired pressure drop.
where
\ pi Ci = present pipe area. C2 = required pipe area. pi = present pressure loss. P2 = desired pressure loss.
if
C2
= Cia/p^
(62)
sired to operate at a total pressure of not
a system which it is demore than one and onehalf inches, and find that at the velocity required to handle the air through the sizes of ducts selected the piping loss will be say one inch, we may reproportion the size of the ducts by the above
Thus,
for
we have made a layout
formula.
is
Assuming that a maximum pressure
loss of 0.75 inch
to be allowed instead of the above 1.00 inch,
we have
^='=^^n/I1=^-'^<^^
128
That is, the area of all the ducts in the system must be increased 15 per cent., or the diameters increased 7 per cent. Then if the heater loss is found to be 0.60 inch, and the velocity through the main duct is to be 1800 feet per minute, corresponding approximately to 0.2 inch, the total pressure required at the
fan will be 1.55 inches.
Proportioning Piping for Exhaust Systems It is recommended in the design of piping for an exhaust system where no dampers are provided, to make the area of the main pipe approximately 20 per cent, greater than the sum of the area of the branch pipes at that point. This results in greater uniformity of distribution than where the increase in area is not made.
Where dampers
tained
are provided, as in the vent system from
buildings, uniform velocity through the system should be main-
branches.
by making the area of the main duct equal the area of the Where the exhaust ducts in a public building con-
nect directly to the exhaust fan, a velocity of from 1200 to 1500 feet per minute may be allowed in both branches and main.
Where the exhaust register or opening is placed near the floor, a velocity of from 600 to 750 feet per minute should be allowed in the register box. Velocity of the air should be kept uniform throughout the entire system.
For public buildings where a plenum exhaust system (vent
stacks connecting into one large chamber, such as an attic) is used and the air discharged from this chamber by means of an exhaust fan, it is customary to allow a velocity of 600 to 750 feet per minute through the vent stacks and remove the same amount of air delivered by the supply fan. When the air is discharged from the exhaust chamber by some other means than an exhaust fan, about two-thirds the amount of air supplied to the building is ordinarily taken as a measure of the air discharged, with a velocity in the exhaust stacks of from 400 to 500 feet per minute. In either case this makes the exhaust or vent stacks the same area as the supply risers.
For industrial buildings, a velocity of from 1500 to 2000 feet per minute may be allowed through the exhaust system, the velocity being made uniform in both the mains and branches. The actual velocities assumed in any case will depend on the best proportion between the first cost and the operating cost. A study of the relation between these two factors will be found
on page 130.

The design
of the piping
system as well as the

II,
size of
branch
pipes required for a refuse exhaust system will be found discussed
under "Exhaust Systems," Part

Proportioning Piping for
Section V.
Maximum Economy
most economical velocity of air through piping systems has been discussed in a paper* presented before the A. S. H. & V. E. at their 1913 annual meeting, some of the more interesting conclusions of which will be here given,
The subject
of the
decrease in velocity increases the size and cost of the air
conduit, but decreases cost of power
consumed
in
overcoming
the conduit or piping resistance. From a point of economy the question to be determined is what relation between power cost and conduit cost, as determined by the velocity, will give mini-
mum
annual total
cost.
This relationship
may
be shown to be
or
Vm = 0.7 Vo(^)^^
(64)
Cpo and Cwo represent respectively cost of power to overcome piping resistance and an annual charge for interest and depreciation on piping designed for an assumed velocity Vo; and Vm is the relative velocity required for maximum economy.
Where
Comparing these relationships with those obtained for the heater on page 414, it is evident that they are almost identical. It will be seen in this case that for maximum economy the annual cost of power consumed by piping resistance should be practically one-third of the annual interest and depreciation
That is Cp =0.335 Cwfor This annual allowance on the piping system for interest and depreciation may be assumed to be about 25 per cent, of the original cost of the installation.
charges based on
initial cost of piping.
maximum economy.
While these lower velocities and consequently lower resistance would require the use of large fans in order to operate at high efficiency, considering the entire installation of heater, piping and fan, the annual cost of power should be practically
"The
Economy
Carrier.
of
design of Indirect Heating Systems with Respect to Maximum Maintenance and Operation," by Frank L. Busey and Willis H
130
PR0P0RTI0NINJ3 PIPING
30 per cent, of the total annual allowance for interest and deIf this allowance is taken at 20 per cent, as an average, we would have approximately 6 per cent, on the first cost as the most economical yearly rate to be allowed for power.
preciation.
Practical Applications
For the purpose of illustrating the application of the foregoing principles to a system of galvanized iron piping, different cases will be assumed and results shown. A system handling 30000 cu. ft. per minute, at a velocity of 1950 ft. per minute, will require a pipe 53 inches in diameter, or an area of 15.32 sq. ft. These quantities will be taken as a constant condition, but different arrangements considered in the system of piping.
Assuming one straight duct 200

diameter, delivering
fan,
all
of the air at the
have two sources of loss dynamic loss due to the velocity of 1950 feet per minute (or one velocity head), and second, the loss due to friction, amounting to one velocity head in each 50 diameters of length. The pressure due to the velocity of 1950 feet per minwill
we
and 53 inches in end farthest from the to be overcome by the fan.

feet long
First, the
The
ute in the pipe (one velocity) will be 0.237 inch, water gauge. loss of pressure due to friction will be
"T-TTT
4.42
=7:
50
=0.905 velocity head

water
will
This loss expressed
in inches of
be
0.237X0.905 = 0.214 inch

total loss will be the sum of these two, or 0.451 inch. In the piping system a part of the velocity is converted to static pressure, hence the power calculated should be based on total At pressure with a corresponding fan efficiency of 50 per cent. a rate of $20 per H. P. yr., the annual cost due to the piping resistance will be Cpo = 30000 X 0.000324 X 0.451 X 20 = $48.
and the
round galvanized iron pipe, 53 inches in diameter, would of No. 18 iron, weighing 2.3 pounds per square foot, and would contain 14.2 sq. ft. per running foot. This would make 32.7 pounds per running foot, or a total of 6540 pounds for Allowing 25 per cent, annually for interest and the entire pipe. depreciation on an initial cost of say 10 cents per pound, the yearly allowance would be 2.5 cents per pound of iron. Then we would have as the yearly allowance for interest and depreciation
be
made
131

Cwo = 6540
X 0.025 = $163.50.
for the
From equation
(64)
we may determine that

air in
most
economical conditions the velocity of
the pipe should be per min.
Vm = 0.7 X 1950
/^^)^^ = 1670
ft.
Assuming the case where 30000 cu. ft. per minute is to be uniformly distributed by a galvanized iron pipe 200 feet long, with equal openings every 20 feet of its length, each discharging 3000 cu. ft. per minute, we will have an example of another common form of installation. Referring to the chart, page 138, we see
if the first 20 feet of pipe is 53 inches in diameter, the next 20 feet carrying 90 per cent, of the air should be 51 inches in Treating each successive section in the same manner diameter. we may determine the diameter and weight of each section, and will find the total weight of the piping to be 3922 pounds. Then the yearly total allowance for interest and depreciation on the piping system will be Cwo = 3922 X 0.025 = $98.05 Loss in pressure due to friction will be the same as in the first case considered, or 0.214 inch, but loss due to velocity will be only 40 per cent, of the loss as calculated in the first example, or 0.095 inch. The total pressure loss will then be
that,
0.214
+ 0.095 = 0.309
inch,
and the annual power cost at $20 per H. P. yr. will be Cpo = 30000 X 0.000324 X 0.309 X 20 = $60. As before from equation (64) we will have as the velocity most economical operation
for the
Vm = 0.7 X 1950 (1^)^'^ = 1575

Proportioning Ducts for Public Buildings
ft.
per min.
In public buildings the
sizes of air-conveying
ducts from fans

flues.
or heaters to vertical induction flues,
and the
sizes of these flues,
depend upon the velocity
of flow in
such ducts and
The
Limitations of economical relative speed of fans from the standpoint of power; limitations of air velocities on account of noise or by reason of
essential factors in determining these velocities are:
increasing friction as velocities increase; limitations of velocity of inflowing air through registers into rooms; desirability of as high a velocity of air as is permissible under the limitations
referred to in order to get as quick a conveyance of the
132
warmed
PORPORTIONING PIPING
air as possible;
to
and necessary initial and intermediate velocities overcome the resistance existing in each particular system
or case.
Register Velocity
O
rooms i^^
avoidingCI
The
drafts
size of vertical flues to the registers in the
determined by the
maximum
velocities allowable in
shown that the^ best velocities for the registers should be from 200 to 400 feetC per minute over the face of the register, depending upon theO* size and location; floor registers from 125 to 175 feet. Velocity
and noise
in the rooms.
Practice has
in the vertical flues leading to the registers should
to 750.
risers
Sizes of these vertical flues
be from 400 are determined largely b;^s-lJ
O"
the size of register desirable. In general, the velocity in these 'oS should be low, in order to obtain as uniform a flow as possible over the register area. ^r
STANDARD SIZES OF REGISTERS AND RISERS FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Cu. Ft. of

Duct Velocity
The
velocity in horizontal ducts leading from the apparatus
is determined chiefly by the resistance of In practice these velocities will vary from 700 feet to 1200 feet depending upon size and length of duct, number of A designer with considerable experience may proelbows, etc. portion these ducts so as to give very uniform distribution without going into any extended calculation. However, it is desirable to have a correct method as a basis. For the benefit of engineers and architects we give here the method that may be employed in the determination of duct velocities and sizes.
to the vertical risers
the duct.
Allowing for Friction
The
principal losses in piping systems for public buildings

is
are in the horizontal ducts where velocity

in these ducts
highest.
Losses
of duct,
depend upon
velocity, size
and length
with a considerable An ideal system should take all these factors into consideration and so proportion the velocities that the resistance may be practically equal in all ducts regardless of the length, etc. The system above mentioned accomplishes this in a practical manner and at the same time avoids any laborious calculation. For each duct a factor may be obtained by inspection in accordance with the following formula:
of elbows, together
loss in pressure as the air enters the duct.
and upon the number
F = 2}i +
^+^
(65)
This factor represents loss by friction in terms of velocity head. The first term, 23^, is approximately the number of times the velocity head is lost by entrance to the pipe, entrance to the The second factor vertical flue, and loss in riser and register. represents loss due to length and size of pipe; L is length in feet
and
is
approximate width
in inches.
The
third term repre-
sents that proportion of the pressure lost in elbows,
and
is
is
the
number
of long radius elbows.
One square elbow
equal to two long radius elbows. layout the factors for the various ducts are first found as above and from these factors the velocity in the respective ducts is ascertained directly. In determining these velocities it is usual to allow a loss not exceeding one-quarter of the total fan pressure, which in practice usually amounts to about one-quarter
134
considered In checking over the piping
The velocity corresponding to a pressure of oneof an inch. quarter of an inch is 2000, and since the velocities vary as the square root of the pressures, the factor F and the velocity V will give a loss of one-quarter of an inch if
Example. As an example of the above system we will = 18 assume a case where the longest run of pipe L = 50 feet, inches, and the number of easy elbows N=4 We will then have
F = 2.5 + -^ +-=- = 4.0

be
50
velocity heads
Velocity which will cause a loss of one-quarter inch will then
V = ??22 = 1000ft.
1/4
permin.
Proportioning Piping for Industrial Buildings
Supply
or Blast
System
In proportioning main and branch pipes in industrial buildprimary aim is to secure as uniform a distribution as possible without the necessity of dampering, as well as to secure economy of power and economy of material. It has been found good practice in proportioning piping systems to decrease the As velocity in the main pipes as the air quantity decreases. already stated, this principle of proportioning has three advanFirst: It utilizes the velocity of the air in producing tages. Second: By this means a nearly static pressure in the system. uniform static pressure may be secured in all parts of the pipe line, giving a very uniform distribution of air throughout. Third:
ings, the
It reduces the friction in the smaller pipes,
which would other-
wise be excessive.
135

Equations giving ideal distribution of static pressure for round
pipes are
^'
Vi
and
\ 40Di
+^+1 5
i
(67)
^=./^</lLL+.A + ^ ^
D2
C2 \ 40Di
(68)
These equations
for rectangular pipes are
80 a b ^ 5 or when the short side a remains constant and the long side b changes
Vi
b2^^^
bi
Ci^
/(a
\
where
+ b)Li^_N__^^ 80 ab 5
1
'
(70)
Vi
= an assumed
or
predetermined
velocity
in
length of pipe.
V2 = velocity in the preceding length of pipe. Li= length and Di= diameter both expressed
feet of the length of pipe
in
N = number of
having the velocity Vi. easy long radius elbows in section Li.
air quantities
Ci and C2 = the corresponding pipes Di and D2.
in the
a = short side and b =long side of a rectangular pipe.

is clearly shown by a reference to the sketch on page 135, where velocity Vi is known and velocity V2 is to be determined. The decrease in velocity between V2 and Vi will then be sufficient to care for the static losses of the section having the velocity Vi.
The
application of these formulae
carefully tested
method of proportioning piping has been and has been found to give a satisfactory distribution when applied to the reduction in size of the main duct with a series of outlets along its length, or to branch pipes of
following
The
equal length. It also facilitates the calculation of friction. When the branch pipes are of unequal length a correction should be applied as explained under "Equalizing Friction for Unequal Length" on page 139. The principle involved is to so proportion the velocities in the various pipe sizes as to give equal friction
in all air pipes per
running foot regardless of their

136
size.
It
may
easily be shown that the equation which relates the carrying capacity of a pipe to its size to suit this condition is
^=
Where di and d2
iW
two pipes and Ci and C2 are the relative air quantities. As an equation in this form would be difficult of computation, the diagram shown on page 138 may be conveniently employed. In using this chart commence with the main pipe equal in
are the relative diameters of
area to the fan outlet, or larger, as circumstances may require. All sizes are proportioned directly from this main pipe size. It will be noted that the curve is plotted for per cent, capacity and
diameter according to the formula for constant For instance, if we have a branch pipe wWch is required to carry 50 per cent, of the capacity of the main pipe, we find the point on the curve which corresponds to 50 per cent, capacity and which gives a corresponding point of 76 per cent, diameter; that is, a pipe to carry 50 per cent, of the capacity with the same friction per foot must have 76 per cent, of the diameter, which may be easily calculated or be read directly from the chart for various pipe sizes. It will be seen that straight lines are drawn for pipe sizes from 20 inches up to 80 inches in diameter. Supposing the size of the main pipe is 60 inches in diameter, then following to the line of 60-inch pipe, we find from the scale above a diameter of 46 inches, which is the size of pipe which has half the capacity of a 60-inch pipe with the same friction per foot. By this method the sizes may be read off rapidly without any intermediate calculation.
for per cent,
friction per foot of length.
Example. Let the main pipe from the fan be 48 inches in diameter in the form of a straight duct having ten equal outlets. The first section of piping is 48 inches, the second section has a capacity of 90 per cent., the third section 80 per cent., the fourth 70 per cent, and so on. Corresponding to 90 per cent, we find a diameter of 96 per cent, which for a 48-inch pipe gives us 46 For the third section we have inches for the second section. 80 per cent, capacity corresponding to 91 per cent, diameter, or again following from left to right to the 48-inch line, we find a diameter of approximately 44 inches. For the fourth section we have 70 per cent, capacity with a corresponding pipe size of 863/^ per cent, of the main pipe and a diameter of between 41
137
138
'
PROPORTIOiNING PIPING
inches and 42 inches determined as before. For the last section we have 10 per cent, capacity or 40 per cent, diameter, which
gives a diameter of between 19 inches
diagram, but are proportioned so as to give the desired velocity ta^ the air leaving the outlets. This velocity will be determined the size of the room and consequent distance the air Ls to be-* carried, and by the required freedom from drafts due to high velocity of the air leaving the outlets. Outlet velocities vary- r^ ing from 500 to 1400 feet per minute are ordinarily used, depending on the circumstances. The most commonly used velocity'cx
The
sizes of the outlets are
and 20 inches. not calculated by means of this
hy^
is about 1000 feet per minute. 2 As already stated, the above system of proportioning pipin g 7l applies to the reduction in size of the main pipe where a series of outlets are taken off, or to branch pipes of equal length. qJJ When these branch pipes are of unequal length, a correction should be applied as explained in the next paragraph under ^^ "Equalizing Friction for Unequal Length." .5
at the outlet
Equalizing Friction for Unequal Length
The above system
of proportioning piping refers to cases
where outlets or branch pipes are of equal length. In case one* or more of these branch pipes are of unequal length the shorter îv pipes will tend to discharge more air than intended. It will then be necessary to so design the various branches that the frictional resistance in each will be equal, or adopt the common^ZS practice of placing a damper in each pipe and partly closing it in the pipes which deliver too much air. C-^ The better way of equalizing the friction through a system .__ having runs of unequal length is so to proportion the different qJ runs that the resistance of each is the same. This may be t,^ accomplished either by using a smaller pipe and higher velocity in the short pipes, or by making the long run of greater diameter with a corresponding lower velocity and pressure loss. The change in diameter required to accomplish this equalization of friction loss due to unequal lengths of piping may be
O ^
O *0
Qu
^ O
computed by means
of the following formula,
di^
^/
rmsTi
,-2)
\l2+45d2 di where di and d2 are the diameters, and h and I2 the lengths of the two runs of piping, both expressed in feet, as originally laid out, and di' is the diameter di, corrected so as to equalize friction
139
FAN
140
between the two branches.
tioning
The regular method of proporpiping as described on pages 135 to 139 results in equal friction per foot of length, but formula (72) gives equal
friction, and therefore the desired distribution, for different lengths of piping.
This formula may be readily solved by means of the curve on page 140, which gives the fifth root of the various ratios of (li + 45 di) to vl2 + 45 d2). This ratio, should be applied after the piping has been laid out for equal friction per running foot
according to the method explained in the preceding section.
Assuming a piping system has been proportioned method explained in the example on page 137, and that there area number of branch pipes ten feet long and one branch pipe to a distant room is 50 feet long. To carry the desired amount of air, according to the method already referred to, we will assume the short pipes are to be 15 inches and the long pipe 12 inches in diameter. While friction in this long run will be the same per lineal foot, owing to the fact that it is longer than the other branches, total friction will be greater and air delivery will be less than desired. Letting li = 10 and di = 1.25 as the length and diameter of the short branch, and l2 = 50 and d2 = 1 as the length and diameter of the long branch, we may determine the corrected diameter di' by means of the factor obtained from the curve on page 140. We will have
Example.
for equal friction per foot of length according to the
li l2
+ 45di _ + 45d2
=0.93 or
10
50
+ 56.3 + 45
ratio
and from the curve (page 140) the corresponding
^
di
d2'
= 1.075 :^'=^ d2 0.93

inches.
In this case diameter of the longer branch should be increased to
= 12 X 1.075 = 12.9
Piping Layout Values in the tables on pages 144 to 152 are taken from the diagram and for rapid work may be found more convenient than the curves. They give directly the diameter of the branch pipe required to carry, with equal friction, any given percentage of the air carried in the main pipe whose diameter will be found across the top of the table.
141

In reducing from one pipe size to another the taper should be 13^ inches to the foot until the area is reduced to the size required.
The branches should leave the main at any angle

45, preferably 30,
rigidly.
less
than
this,
but
it
is
not necessary to adhere to
Elbows
of 90 should
to the center of the pipe.
be made with a radius of 1 )^ diameters In mains having high velocity two
diameters is a better radius. Outlets which discharge directly from the main or branches, as is often the case in industrial buildings, should be made about two diameters in length. By the foregoing method of proportioning piping, it becomes unnecessary to consider the resistance of each section of pipe independently as the friction is constant per foot of length. It is simply necessary to know the length of the longest run of piping in feet, number and sizes of elbows, and diameter and velocity in the largest pipe, as the loss is exactly the same as though the entire amount of air was carried through the largest pipe the entire distance. It is usual to make the area of the largest pipe approximately equal to the area of the fan outlet.
Example
As an example
of this
method
of figuring,
assume
120 feet as the length of piping to the farthest outlet with a main pipe of 48 inches diameter and with three reductions of 39, 30 and 20 inches diameter, each containing one 90 elbow. We may then compute the friction in the following manner: The main pipe is 48 inches or 4 feet in diameter. 120 feet is equivalent to i|^ or 30 diameters of 48-inch pipe. 1-48-inch elbow is equivalent to 10 diameters of 48-inch pipe. 1-39-inch elbow is equivalent to 10 diameters of 39-inch pipe or 11 X 10 = 8. 13 diameters of 48-inch pipe. 1-30-inch elbow is equivalent to 10 diameters of 30-inch pipe or If X 10 = 6.25 diameters of 48-inch pipe. 1-20-inch elbow is equivalent to 10 diameters of 20-inch pipe or 11X10 = 4.17 diameters of 48-inch pipe. Then the total equivalent length will be 30 -1-10 -t- 8. 13 -I- 6.25 -I4.17 = 58.55 diameters of 48-inch pipe. The equivalent loss in velocity head will then be
58.55^50 =
1.17
times the velocity head in the 48-inch main. Further, there is a velocity head remaining in the 20-inch pipe which gives an
142
additional loss evidently of ^%8 of one velocity head or 0.42 times the velocity head in the 48-inch main. This gives a total
loss in the piping
system, neglecting the loss of entrance of
1.17 + 0.42 = 1.59 times the velocity head in the 48-inch main. If we allow a velocity in the 48-inch main of 2000 feet per minute the corresponding velocity head will be 0.25 inch. The loss in pressure in the piping system is
0.25X1.59
Carrying Capacity of Pipes
= 0.398
inch.
Carrying capacity of round ducts at various velocities may be found from the tables on pages 154 and 155. Capacity of rectangular ducts may be determined from the table of equivalent sizes on pages 156 and 157. Thus if we are to handle 20000 A. P. M. at a velocity of 1800 feet per minute a round pipe 46 inches in diameter should be used. In case a rectangular duct is to be used the size may be found by selecting from the table on page 157 the proper sizes to correspond to the dimension 46 inches in the body of the table. Thus we might use a 35X50, a 38x46, a 42x42, or any one of a number of other combinations.
Three-Quarter Housing Planoidal Type "L" Fan
143
COt^000500'-i<N(N(>4COM-<i<-<t-îCiOCOtCit^l^t^l>-OOOCOOOOOi050S
<t^000iOO^^(NC<l(MC0C<3T(<-*Tt<iOOOOir>CDCOt^t^r^t^0C000000
Ot>'G0000500'-HrH(N(N(NMCCCC-<*<-*Ou:)0OlOCC<CCD<Ct^l>t^tÔOOO
CO t^
OC OJ 05 o o
KNWMCOCOCC-^rti-îOiOiOiCiOcDCOCOCCiCt^t^l^
<Ot>OOOS050000-HC<|C^(N(NCOW*-*-<f-<f<tOlClOIOOCDiCCOCCCO
tOt^00000505000'-^'^<-i(NC^<NCOC<5MCCW*Tj<TfTtiiCiOiCOiOCCC
cOt^tÔOOOOSCiOOO^^'
i<N(N(NCCCCCO(rCCCTj<Tt'
<
* 0
iCi
lO lO
<ICt^0C000J05OOOOl^^(N(^^(M(N<^^COCOCCCCM<t<J^<*^<!t<T}^<J^
tOtt*OOOOOOOSOOSOOOO^'-i^<M(N(N(N(N(NCCCCCCCCCOeC't'1<
OOt't^WOOOOOSOOSOOOOrHr^^-H.-KNWCîMfNC^lCCCOCCMW
C0il>t^l^000000050S0S05OOOOOr
tf)Dr^t^t>-OOOOCOOOOSOS05050500000'
'
(N CJ (N
W (N (N CO
CCwb-t^t^t^QCX00000505050505OOOOOOO
cocoi>tîîîôoooooooojaia>050>0500oooooo
cD50(Ct^r^t^t't*X'OOOC00000505050iOiO>0500COO
<occcocot^t*t^r^t^rôooooco5050JOiOi0505050>050so>
CDOCOi50t^t^t^t^t^t^tÔOOOOOOOOCOO00000>50S
iCOO<OCOOt^t^l>t^t>.t^t^t*00000000M00!00
!V |o
%
144
DIAMETER OF BRANCH PIPES

00OOOOC3iOHÔSOC^JC5OCCI>X0500)CO"*'<**0CtÔOOiOC
<J<05
rf IC -^ r- GC
CO
'
1<X^
<.
(Ncccc'^'^'Oiccci^rôo
jfVJO%
r'cnivot>.oeo'0 (src-riv
146
(M
C^l
C-J C-l
CJ I^ !M CJ IM
(N (N CM
M eC fO M CC M
1^1 (>4
(M
C^l
(N C^
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^) M ^^ M (N M c^
Cv^ (>)
I
Cvj cî
/;
-:
C^J
(N C^ IN <M
(N
M M (M (N
I
Ci 35 C5 05 OS 03
C^ "M
C-l
C^ <N
CC'OCXCJCJSOSOSOiC
OOXOCQOOCXXOOOOidCiOC
I
M (M !N (M 04
ii;t^t>.t>.1^0000XXXC(000O5C5OSO>O5a)C
CCOcD'.C:Ct^tÎÎ^t^XXXXXXXaiC5 0--OJOSOi050COOOOC^'H
ioocc'-c-^'x;-îu;r^t^t^t^t^t^xxxxxxxxxo>cs05ai05050oco
ic-oiccioioxw-wcocc'-c'^t^r^r-t^t^^-t^xxxxxxxxxososooi
j"^'i"îoiominicoic>o-X'0--o-^cccDxt^r>'r^t^t^t^t^t^t^xxxorx
cc?0'r'^'^'^'i"t"*"Ooiooioooo;ci:ccccccDcccccct--t^t^t^t^t^r^t^
C0C0MCCCCC5TfT}(TfTji'>*TtTjiTfHCiOOiO>OO>CiCO<CCCCO5CC',C<CiOI>-
ClC^lC^<M'NMMC0f0C0C0MM-^'<*"t'^'<t^Tl<'<tOOiCmnOOiOtOOcO!C
^(NCJC^C^(N(N(NM(NCOeCCOWC0WC0e<5MCC-*-*->tTji-*'l<Tj<'
iMiMC^<N(NC^liN^)iN(MCOC<5COeCC0C0COWeCCC'
ooooo-
i(MM(M!M(NM(MM(NiM(NCOC5C5MCOM
I
,0000000000.
Oi0>a30>a>a>o>ooooooooooooo<
M W CI <N IM (N (N (M IN (N M
oooso>o>ojo>ooa>oc50a>osoooooooooooooooo
IV JO
%
147
"^
I
^^^
'OOO--i^C'lC^lCCCO'*^
|(N'MCC CCCCfiCiCiCi-OCC: Icccccc
^: 'T '+
Tt-
lo
!
cc fc ^: re cc cc
'Tl
M 'M CC C! * Tf
T}
rf
CC CC CC CC CO CCI
J!V io
%
148

IiOOCDtÔC00050-^^MCCM'^C>0Ot>.OOOOOSOSOO^C^4C')C5M'*'*0
jx>cocOwco;ct>.tt^t>-t^t^t^t^t--t^t^t^t^t^t^t>'Xxxxxxxxx
l-fiOfOt^xxoscso^ (Mccfc-îoiocixr-xxocjco :-)Mcc'r'<r
I'1<>00:Ot^t>.XOSOO'^-HC^MM-^'îOiOI^r>.XOSOJOOCCC^lC>) -^-J5-.0:0C0^<Ct^t^t^t^t^t^l^t^t^t^t^t^t^t^t^t-I^XXXXXXX
|rC'îO'0---X;t^Xi030^ <MMW*-<*"00tC?Ct^XX0SOOC^'^lNN
|-^-.c-.c--c-^-^y;->c--ct^tî^t^t^t^t^t^t^r^t^t^t^t>.t^t^t^xxxaoo
|^JW<*0OXt>-t^XO>C500 C^l!MW^'^'OiO:Ct-t>-r>.X00500<-<W
|c^MM'<t'<l<iO-^t^t^XC>C500'-iMC^CCeCiO00;?CcCt^XXCiOSOO.
|:cx!;c-^'.c.c-^'^X'^-.ct^t>.r>.t^r^r^t>.rî^t^t^t^t^t^t^t^t^t>.xxxoo
I-HMCOW^-<<<OCCt^r^XXOSOO^'-iC^lC<3'*'^Tt<0OCCtCt^t>-XX03050
IO^MCCCCi-*iOLO-i'.Ct^XXC;00-^^0)f<3TCCO'<tOiOCCCC!CXXXOJOS
lo-H
I
'.c -sC -.o
lOsO'-
-^ c>^^^^:T}<lOlO.t^^^xxc-05CC^c^c>lcceott^ClC;c^t^^^xx X -^ -c c; -c :c :c w -c cc -^ t^ t^ (^ i^ t^ i^ t^ t- 1^ r^ t^ r^ t^ t^ t^ r^ t^ MMCO-^'OiO'^:CtÎ^XCiC5CO'-< C^lfCCOW^îOiCCOOt^t^

-.c
-<MfCOC-*-*'00-^t^t^XXCSOOO^?)C^'Me<0'^'*>0<fl;CtOC losOO -^ -^ -^ IS t^ t^ t^ t^ r^ t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ t^
I
o lO
-x; -.c
-.c
-X: ->c
-.c
o ; ; ; X
1x050500 C')ccec-*-îo-':cccct^xxo:ooO'-<'^<NcîeoeO'^-*c"5cc X X cc cc X t^ t^ t^ t^ t- 1^ t^ r^ t^ t^ i- i- t>- 1*

lO lO ic -c
I
xXXXXXXxxX X ' X X X X X X
'-C
|t^X050500-<'MMCC1<'1<0OXXt^XXCiC5
iC lO lO iC
I
OlCÎCCeC'^'^'O 1^ t^ t^ t^ X X CO X X X X X t^ t^ t1> t>- 1>t> t>-
|t^t^XOJO>00-<iNINMCC'*-<t>OCCwt^t^XX05000 CJC^COW*"^
--C --c
-.c
|iOOiO0OXCC?CCCXXXXX?CtCXCCCCXXOt>tt>-l~-t^t>-t^t^l^t>-t^
C^WMCC lot^t-XXOJOO WINeCfC-^-îCi-TXXXXXOOOO 1^ r^ t^ X X x X X X X X X t^ t lO c o lO lO o X X X X o X X

t>- 1-- 1>I
IiOCCt^t^XXOOO-^C-lMC^lfC-^-îCiOXr^t^t^XXOOOOO-* MM iO0OiOiO0'OXOXXXXXXXXCCXXXXCCCXCCt>-t^t*t^t^t>-t<i|ioioiocoo":)ioxx'-cxxccxxi:cccxc;xccxccxx!Ct^t>-r^rr^
|Tj<io0'>cxt^xxoi0500 Mccfcfîoioxxt^r-t^xxoaoo. iiOiC0iCiCO'0i0OiOXcCXXtCtC<C!C50XC0CCXXCCCCXCXXr>'t^t^
lioioxt^r^xxooo -^MMccccîOioxccr^t^t^xxososco M
i|w*ioioxxr>-xxOiOsoO'---McicofC'*'<t'Oioxccr^xxxxososo
i|ir5i0ioicio0'0'ni0io0'-ccc'-cxccxxxxxxxccxxccxccx!ccci^
IMW^'OiOX'-Ct^XXOOCO'- CIMfCCC'J'-îOiOiOXr^t^t^XXOSW
lM'CM1'^'-'5!CCCt>.N.XX05C>CO MMCCCC^'^'^'CXXCCN.t^XOO |iCiO>0OiOiO'OkO'00OiCiOOXXCCCC5CCOXCO<CCC5CCXCCC0<C
l-'MCOMTTTfiCXCCt^t^XXOOSCO ^^WCCW*^CÔ<CCDr^^
|lOÔ^ClCÔÔÔ^ClCÔOlC^CCÔCOCOCCtf>CO?C0:!C<ClC5C;cCCC0
iMMM-^'îOiOCCtDt^XXOSCTiOOO --MMC0C2M-*-*inCJCCCD |iC"500'0000iC0000iCi0CCCOXXXCCXXXXXXC^CCX

I
O - M M M -^ 't lO 0 X t^ X X O C: O O O O -- - M M M M >* -* lO lO JC
|oO--i--MM'*-*Ou:iXt^t^t^XXX<5OO-;.-'-MMW0'*;*;*jC
'-^'IC'lCCfC'^^ I050SO-'--^'>'MMC5^'4<CXXt-t^XXXO'-Oi020C ic 'C-C'^, c^ "~
^ ^ lO lo o >flo lo lO lo lO ico ic o o lO o lO lo
'-':
"-C
*-.
'lx0J05OO---MMC<3'!f't>0i0X'X;r^t>>t>'XXX0505CO <-" ^^'^^wcc

|!^:^^!;^;^sjiotooiQtoicto>ctofltoioiQiotQ
,|.^^^,/3,/3,/5U500>COiC0000C000OiCCkCXCCCCi:CX!CX!^5C
ilxxo>0500-''-MMMW<f'*"0'0'-oct^r^xxqooooo-;'-M2i tciooioococoxccxx<c
,
i|:DI^XXX05000 MMMCCM'*^0CiOCtCXt^tXXXOOiOO<
ilxxr^r-xxooco Mcocc-*'^'00'flcr-t>-xxxoaQ
149
l(N(NiM(N(N(
C^
M (M (N (M (N (N
I
C^ (N(N CM <N (M <N (N
coooooooos0505oo5a>05C5(
I
C^l
(M (N <N (N
t^ t^ 00 00 00 00 GO 00 00 OC
X X 05 C5 C5 Ci O Ci C; C- Ci C5 C5
<
t^t^t^t^t^t^t^t^t>.tôcxxxxxxxxxxxxo5ai0500iC". 05050503
coo'X)-Xi->cx:ococot^t^r^t^t^t^tî^t^t^tî^t^xxxxxxxxxoc
ioio>oicioooiO;ccocci)?oocccccccccccc^t^t^tî^t^t^r^t^t^r>-t^t^
Tf^T^T}<-<^'<tU5iOOiOiO00OiOiC0CiC>COiC<C5CCCCCCCC?CCCCCCCCC
CCeCCCf0MMT}(Tj<TtTtTj<TjtTj<Tj<Tt<-*-<J<T}<T}<Tf<l<ifliCOiOiCiCiCCiOiOOC
MC^CêOCCCOCOCCMCCeCMCOCCCCCCCOCC^rfrf'^TfTj^TjiTjiTj'TtTfrJiTfrtrf
i<NiNiN(NiNiN(N(NM(N(NiN(NM(NeOMWCCeOCOMCCeCOCCCMe<5CCCOfO
(sl.
C^l
IM (M (N (N IN (N <N C)
M (M (N (N (M W
!v
J" lo |vo>o>ot>it^t>i>.tt>ir>it>.r>.i>.ooooQoaoQOooaoooooooo>>a>ovo*Ovo^>
150
rN|tôoooosos050JOOO'H,-(^(N(N(Necoorow'<*<'*-ôooc(C(ccDt^t^t*
i-^^^fNMNN
*iyV' io
>0'0>orNr>.t>.t>rNt^t>.t>rNr>iaeQOaeacooooaeo.>>a>o>o>'0>
151

ICCC0CCTj<r)<iCOCDCb-l^C0000J0JOO
)00O5O5OSO3<
>!V
10
%
162
"
wfl * U5 >o rN 00 >(
LAYOUT OF PIPING
153
CARRYING CAPACITY OF PIPES

This table specifies the diameters of pipes required for the passage of stated volumes of air at given velocities. The column, "Cubic feet of air per minute,'* indicates various quantities of The figures at top of table give the air to be moved per minute. velocities in feet per minute at which the air is to be moved, and the figures in the body of the table state the required diameters of pipes for the passage of the volumes mentioned at the given
velocities.
^-i


-r
ci-':
-^' t>I
^ i^ re rj c r. CJ x c s; cc Ci :c c x x' c; d c ci ci X si c ?i re -T -c
c-i
'
<;
t-i r-i
'
5: 5s c; t^ x' si
XX
r4~jM:)xrefer;?;:erererer:r:r:r:T^'r'r'^
"t c :c ri x ^ c re X c ir X "T q c ~i re ce t -^ x x si c c ri
I-; r-^
i-e
r-^
!'
c^ ?< re ce T-i o ' t>^ x' ss
c X o "T q d d ci
^ ri
t-;
re' :e'
c< -r id
i-':
^qmx q c; r x '' d t^ x o d C
j
'i;
<*<
r-^
?c t^ t^
i:
c X q ~i q X re c q r: q -T -^ t- ?i x ce 't^xx'ddd
-i;
ri ce -r
?i ce q X 1; X ?> ce q ^ -^ cqqX -^ ^ d d t^ x d d d ri r ce -r t d t^t^v.'X. o

t>; -e t>;
t>-
t>.
i-e i-e
-r ce c^
q
c^j
t>.
i^ ?j
t-.
ri
i-e
-^
X -T q -r q q T Le d d r^ X
i>^
cî
X ce q :s ~J q T q -r q T C; T q ^ -r d d x' d d d c ce ce -r t' dd d ri d 71 ri d ci n ci ri ri ri c^ n r< n re ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce t-rixcecericsii^'"?<xcr)x-e i-ecexrexcexrexcex

X -^ 5i q X X q -?
'
t>.
'T
J ce'
c'
t-^
'
'
i-e i-e
rj 1^ ?) i^ -c
-c ce
r>.
ce
:c ce t^ CI t^ T* t^ ~j r^ CI t^
l:ii2^;i?!?i?3;^^5^f^^^?i^?;gS;:;:îHH;^^
a
Q^
:.
CIRCULAR EQUIVALENTS OF RECTANGULAR DUCTS

00

Sizes
and Weights
of Piping
Conduits through which air is conveyed may be either round or rectangular, depending on conditions to be met, and the terms piping or ducts are used for either cross section. The accompanying table gives the gauge of iron generally used for galvanized iron piping in heating and ventilating work, and also the weight per lineal foot of such pipes. For method of proportioning piping see page 135.
WEIGHT PER LINEAL FOOT AND GAUGES FOR GALVANIZED IRON PIPES ORDINARILY USED IN HEATING AND VENTILATING
i
SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF PIPING

heavy line indicate the gauge used in heating and ventilating work. Thus a pipe 20 to 29 inches in diameter would be made of 24 gauge and a pipe from 30 to 39 inches of 22 gauge iron. The dotted line indicates the gauge to be used for planing-mill or other exhaust work. Other gauges than those indicated may be used under special circumstances, but those shown as above repreThe small table on page 158 gives sent good average practice. the same information regarding weights of iron in tabular forms as explained above. In the table on page 162 will be found the weights of black steel pipe of various diameters and gauges in pounds per lineal foot, and also the material used in square feet per running foot for the different sizes. The tables on pages 163 to 167 give the weight in pounds per lineal foot of rectangular galvanized iron ducts. These tables also show the gauge of iron ordinarily used for the different sizes of ducts. Thus a pipe say 20X50 inches would be made of No. 22 gauge iron and would weigh 17.5 pounds per lineal foot, while for a pipe 20X70 inches No. 20 gauge would be used, and the weight would be 26.3 pounds per running foot.
The
figures to the right of the
of iron ordinarily
Niagara Conoidal Type " N " Fan
159

WEIGHT OF GALVANIZED IRON PIPES POUNDS PER LINEAL FOOT
Diam.
WEIGHT OF GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
WEIGHT OF GALVANIZED IRON PIPES POUNDS PER LINEAL FOOT

Diam.
of
Pipe

WEIGHT OF BLACK STEEL PIPES POUNDS PER LINEAL FOOT
WEIGHT OF GALVANIZED IRON DUCTS

o^coiocDoqpcocco
t*Tj<
t^Tjl
-^t*
^23S!?5^050^t^C^H005C^COO
r^
oqoMTj.cqx-;ioo5Tj<QoouV.-2ioo
X QO 00
oo'
00 05 oJ OS
d d ^ î
-<'
cî
eo
C<3'*-1Ttt'>Ji-*T*iOidd
ooqq(NTi;oqco?:oiSoifla.coS
t^ r^ 00 GO
CO ec
oo'
00
oo'
d d d d ^' ^' -J
cvj
cj
^ ^ ^'
Tji Ttt
o lO lo
J^S^S3S!5'^'^'*'^^'^^'fl05CJcoo C0iOQCqC^Tj;-^îOO5-*Xct)t>.i-io
00
Tt
:C GO CO CD CO
O
'*'
<
CO
i-O
^ 0
t^ r^ r- 00 00 00 00
<1<
Tf< Tt"
OO
d d d d d ^' -. ci w
-Heo.ooqqcvji;ooeot^(N'5oioosJ2
COeOCOCC^'TTjtTjdOi.'J
t^ t>. t^ t^ 00 00 00 00
dddd
'
-.'
-4 1 :
u
0^
-jcoiccqcoO'îooq-^
'
z o
cc ec
co' co' co'
*' *'
>*'
-^ lo
O CO iC -C X O CO :c O
N o
co'
CO
co' co' co' co' -*'
>*" Tji"
LO
o CO r^
r^q^-eoiocoq-ôocorîMcooict
r>.'
N.'
r>.'
oo oc
x d d d d Ji
"
(A
c^ CO CO CO CO
co' co"
t' Tt
<^'
iot-q-.coiOX(M'.c-ô^x?ih.
5C
-X)
CO t^ r^ i^
t>.'
00 00
ddddd
'
-h"
!i S!
oooo.-<cooscpcoco
^ '^ "^ <="^

co'
"^t^
Tji'
O o
u.
<n'
<n ci CO
CO
co'
-^
*"
cc -o
cc t^ oj 'S 5 lo q ic q ^ CO lo q rJ x x x d d c d '^
r>.
Tj< OC'
t>^
r>.'
'
-.'
u z
<
"scqoopc^'
c4
w CO
co'
c6 co' CO *'
lO OS -t X (N .-. . d(coco(t^b-t^x x'ddddd^'

.
CJ
M M (N CO CO CO CO
*' -*'
xqc^jiflt-q-îoo-^xcohlwSo locococoddt^t^'xxoo'dddd-^"
c^'
-^ ^_ CO 0 -^ 00 QC < (N fi i>i CO CO CO CO -"t
O O
qxqMiot^qcooq(Nq--ioq-ôc
"3 u5
o d d d
!>'
b-'
00 x'
ddddd
X 00 P- iM ^
M cs ci m'
.--.coiopoqococcc
csi c^'
CO CO CO ^'
o> ""
<i;
I
>oiocddddt>.'t>:x' 00 x'dddd
q X q c> lo
r>.
-< lo
"*
K'
163
(S(SN(SNf<S
N
>
ea
es
SI
g o

* _
ocodod ^rH^
ocoios
^^^
Ct>;q ooodoi
oioic)
r^^(N
ddo (NCM(N
0>00
-i^'w
(N(N<N
U500
cic6e6
(N CM
Cs(
O * W
t2
(NiOr-;
q<NiO
i^t^t>^ ,-<,-(^
t>;q(N
t>.'o6o6
(NiOt>.
cooco
^^_
q<Niq
o?oco
to
,-(^rH
io
^rH,H
oJoioi
.-(
^ rt
odd <N
(N (N
0(NiO
I>Wb:
dr-i'^"
Sb-M
(Npico
<N (N IN
M (N <N
m
(N
t^q(N
cot^t^
in
ifi
"5t>.q
i^'n.*o6
iNiot^ ^,-Hrt
ioo
oo-iui
^^^
rHrt^
^^^
if?
oooo'od
oJoJd
,-1,^^
o lo
ddd .-i<N(N
otô
lo
tôcM
loio
oqio
di-n'^ (N(N(N loicio
r-I
(N(M(N
ooo ddco
lo
m (N
15^55 t-q(N
lococo ,-<^rt
.Îf'^ oN:q
iNct>;
i>t>^t>^
"'
"^ qiNo
060606
,-i,_(,-i
i^q<N
rt,-i,-(
ocor^ rH^,-i
T-,^,-,
ocdd
ddd dd IMC^(N
,-i,-i(N
db-w
>oioo
i-Imcm'
b-c^S
(N(N(N
S m (N
o
CO (N
ift
iot>.q
(Nior>.
loiod
<OCO
t^t^l>-
tÔOOO
ooooc
osdd '-!.-<.-(
qtcq
ddi-H
(NC^(N
ooc
.-<(n'(n
<N(N(N
loioid
ddd
dh-'t^
t>-'tô6
060606
ddd
00 05 oJ
,-H,-lr-l
d<
O
Of
q(NU5
"Old 10
l0t>;0
loqio
ddt>^
10
oicq
r^ T-ôi (N (N (N
oido
rH<N(N
No
>
Q M U
JO^kO b.q(N
<*iu5d
'o^^q ididd
lO
10
c^^î^
CO '0(6
qiNo
N^t^^t^.'
U5
>o tôw
10
iotN.q
06 06 05
10
lOiOiO
<N
t>-
lOiCUS
t^ CM t^
1-J
r-<'
kCi
ts!o6o6
ddd d M CM CM CM M CM
r-i i-H
(N
CM
oa
U.
>0t>;0
Tt* *<
qico
aiaio
.-Hr^CM
o 10 10 t^CMt-^
lO
000
COCDCO
COt^t*
NiN.'o6
CMCMCM
o 10 o
d
'
lOOiO
-<' '
^' '
o
cm'
3
cior>.
qcMo
ioioo
O O
U.
t^qcM
lOh-o
10
rs.
Tj< Tj(
ujdd
ddt^
CMt^Cl
t-^t^t>^
oc
aiai
--lrH,-C
(6(6 ^' CMC^JC^
^
CM
<
t^qcM
Tjtidid
qcîio
lOiOCC
ic 06
COCOCO
-i.-(r-(
q 10 q lo o dd d d -H CMCMCM
r^csih-
t^qcM
co^Tjt
otv.q
^^^ ^<*io ^^^

lOiO
c^>">t^
>*Tj<T}< r-.rt,-4
cMiOb. ioio>c
.H^rH
lO
qî>o cocod
t^qc^
dt^r>^
't^q
t-tô6 ,-H,^^
CMb-CM
e^
i-I
rt^^ iO0 ,H^^

tn
^^^
0
o6o6d ^^^
Cbod
^CMCM ooio
CM
0 ct~>;q
ncc-^
q*^"?
ieii6i6
^^^
ip
^^^
lo
^q'-^l i6c6(6
ddt^ .-HrH^
lo
"?'^q
lOiO
cMot^
ou?
ooocd
,-l^rt
^rH^
10
t>it>it-^
ddd ^CMCM
mmiA nScm
o
-<
C^l
lo
c^jiot>.
_ to qcMiq
*<Tj<nJ
coecco
t>:qcM îdui
ot^q dicd
m eîor^ qô KSS ddd t^r>^^ t>ô6o6 ddd d

lo
ooio
!>:
qriio
ccooco
i^qcM co^'^
lOiO
lO
ot>.q
Tt*Tfio
lOiO
cM'Ot>.
loicid
ddd
qcMio
lO
>^qcM dN^h-
lOiO
>ooo
Nio6o6
o>oo doid
10
.So 3
'OtNOO
0>0
i/s^CN WJ'^ CMÔ ^>O00 ON^ 0 00O> N <S(S<S <SNM JfJ0 m
165
g
Q
<
o z
:
TtirjiTl<
^JiTjt'^
000 ^.od
Ci(N
---
Ô'OOi
---
conn
9=i
JSJS^
<*;o)
rtiiOip
"5
d 50
00r}<0
"CiNOO
^'^'^
coccco
^2?2 COCO'*
2n:2J ^ *
Tj(
i?2^ ***
OcO(N
-"fOiO ^""I'd ***
OC!(N
-- -
00-*O<

<W05
^J^f;;
OOO ^^n
OJoq
N-'oOOJ
WO0t<
OOtJho ^'^'i^
?'^"
^^^'
-^cxd
-*-*-*
.-I(N(n'
iOOCO ^^5"
(NXTfO
^-i^5
q(N-*
C
N.' I^;
eocoeo
<M.oqco <r>C05;
cocmoo
cococo
cocoeo
OJOO
CO-'*'-*
woo-*
COCOtjJ
Oioq
lO ic <C
*-**
00
coMco
cc*o
q*q
qc^QO
coccco
ccqio
h-tôo cococo
^-ô
ooin
(âid coco*
oo*o
d^'(N ***
(NOO-
co(nqo
cvjcceo
-*oio
-*ioio
TfC'ji'*
o<C(moo
***
dccN-V
****
qq<N
cococo
oocoq
co't^V-'
loqq
cococo
io>od
cococo
oooo)
do.
D(NOO
OCOM
(N(NCO
00
-*q
loqqw
o
co-*o
dd
t>^
o
r>;Coq
. -
"*.9'^
N ^ S
tU
(n'coco Mcoco CO CO CO
cococo
*ioo
^QOW
cp<t>.
qiOO
r^cooJ cococo
cococo
ddd CO**
qq(N
aJoJq"
-*0(C
^'csIcm'
(NX*
OiCOO
uiin^'^, *** coco* *** ^^^^
z a o
rHi^co
i
ni l
q*o
co*"o cococo
qiNoq
coqio
5^5^00 cococo
cîMco'
cococo
1255 cococo
qqiN odd
coco* tOOCC
x*o ***
dôi
;d(n
oinn *iti^
*diod ****
X-*OiO
eo'
*OkOO
io^_t>. -iricsi
coqCOCO' cococ
XCOOl
cococo
CO coco
w X -* Cd -***
(N
q q cj
(N (N
r-i
***
Co'
*'
d o
qio^
o-hc^
CCCOCO
t^^noi cococo
'^,c>'0^
oinn
woqco
<o<r>.*
anno
COTOM
i>.'xc>
cococo
*-'5o
cococo
ojdd ^r^ri ^w^-^. M** *^^ ^^^J^
-*oco
(nx*o
cococo
d d -H
*qio
'î^co
im'
q-*q
CO*
m' co'
cococo
cococo
* d 1222 cococo
ooM
12'o cococo
qc-ix
cococo
coquo t:to
coco* coo
ddd d^'iN c^'co'co* *** ****

(noo-*
qq<N
oc*o
ccc^x*
oq-*q
S^?
cococo
^.-i^^.
MO?"*
S2S22I cococo
xcooi
db-'N.'
;:;?^2J cococo
cococo
cococo
xdd dd^' *** cide **5

cocjx
o<c(n
MCO-*
oi
oic^co
dd d cococo
q-o-H
-h' c^'
r>.coq
-*qq
cîxco
osioo
*ooM
eocoeo
-*qiO oor:?
-;t>:co
JL?? cococo
eocoeo
eo*io
q*q
noo
eoeo
in<6(6
eooic
Nih-'x cococo
coco*
oom oJdd
x*oi d^'(N(N ****
ot3
-OQO
(s-*o
aor<
;^;^?5
^J?;?
;s
j?5^
5S?s
167
PART IV
APPARATUS
The essential elements embodied in most installations using fans, more especially those for heating, ventilating, or similar work, are the fan, heater, ducts or piping system, and some form
of motive power for driving the fan. In this section will be found complete data relative to the performance and dimensions of fans, heaters and engines, together with detailed directions for making fan tests. Data on the performance and dimensions of cast iron heaters are also given.
SECTION
FANS
Fan Design
Centrifugal fans may be roughly divided into two classes, those having rotors with straight radial blades, and those having rotors with blades curved with reference to their direction of rotation. Curved blade fans have quite diverse characteristics, depending on whether they are curved forward or backward with reference to their direction of rotation. The mathematical theory of the radial blade fan is very completely and clearly discussed in Prof. Carpenter's book on Heating and Ventilation. In any centrifugal fan there are two separate and independent sources of pressure. First, pure centrifugal force due to the rotation of an enclosed column of air. Second, kinetic energy
contained in the air by virtue of its velocity upon leaving the periphery of the fan rotor. The amount of centrifugal force imparted to the air depends largely upon the ratio of the tangential or rotational velocity of the air leaving the periphery of the rotor to the tangential or rotational velocity of the air entering the fan at the heel of the blades. When the flow of air through the rotor of a fan is partially obstructed the centrifugal effect in the rotor produces a compression corresponding to the centrifugal force, which is known as static pressure. On the other hand, the kinetic energy of the air leaving the periphery of the rotor must first be converted
largely into potential energy in the form of static pressure before
168
FAN DESIGN
being serviceable.
This conversion from kinetic energy or veloc-
ity into potential energy or static pressure
is ordinarily accomplished in the scroll formation of the fan housing. A still further conversion is often secured, where the velocity leaving the outlet is
high,
by means
of a diverging nozzle
The
is
principle covering the design
and application
on the outlet of the fan. of such nozzles
discussed on page 122.
STRAIGHT
FORWARD
BACKWAR!)
TYPES OF FAN BLADES.

The accompanying diagrams represent the parallelogram
of
forces for the three general types of blades, the first a straight
blade, the second a blade bent forward and the third where the
bent backward. The line U2 represents the tip speed wheel and the line V2 represents the radial velocity of the air leaving the tip of the blade. The diagonal line R then represents the actual velocity of the air with respect to the fan casing. The amount of total pressure developed by a straight blade fan may be determined by means of the following formula:
blade
is
of the
(U'-U;)-f- MU'-(l-M)V'-(NV.)2
(73)
yl.
where
p = total press, developed by fan. Vo = velocity of air through inlet. Vp = vel. corresponding to unit press.
V2 = radial
vel. of air
leaving tip of blades.
Ui= lineal
U2 = lineal
vel. at heel of blades.

vel. at tip of blades.
M =per cent,
velocity pressure conversion in fan scroll.
N= ratio
of actual to effective area of inlet.

It will be noticed from the two diagrams of curved blade wheels that when the blade is bent forward an accelerated velocity will be obtained, while with the blades bent backward the opposite efifect will be the result. This explains how it is possible to build a fan with a small wheel, such as is used in the multiblade type, and obtain the desired pressure and velocity without using excessive speeds. By curving the blades forward a pressure greater than that due to the peripheral velocity is obtained, as indicated in the diagram.
The velocity of the air leaving the tip of the blades and the corresponding velocity pressure is greatly in excess of that ordinarily required in the piping system, and at the same time the static pressure is too low. By enclosing the wheel in a casing having a properly designed scroll, this velocity is reduced, and a part of the velocity pressure is converted to static pressure. Since the static pressure due to the wheel varies as the difference of the squares of the rotational velocities at the periphery and inlet, it is evident that the shorter the blade the greater must be the dependence on the scroll-shaped housing to obtain the desired static pressure. For this reason the proper design of the housing is of greater importance in the case of a short blade multivane type of fan than with the older styles.
There are frequently cases where a fan is to be direct connected to a high speed unit, where the corresponding pressure obtained would be greater than required. In this case the backward bent blade is used, since, as may be noticed from the diagram, a pressure less than that corresponding to the peripheral velocity is then obtained.
The standard
fan, as
steel plate fan
is
essentially a straight blade
curved blade multivane type, although, as just shown, when the tips of the blades are bent either forward or backward the fan will have different characteristics from one with straight blades. This fan as ordinarily built does not give as high an efficiency as the multivane type owing to the fact that it is designed for large capacity rather than for high efficiency. But if these long blade fans are built according to special design they may be made to give greater efficiency than may be obtained from the curved short blade fans. This calls for a tall narrow fan with the inlet diameter smaller than that used on the standard fan. It may
later styles of short
compared with the
170
FAN DESIGN
a certain diameter of inlet that If the diameter is increased the loss by impact at the heel of the blades is increased as the square of the diameter, and the loss by entrance is decreased as the fourth power of the diameter. The opposite holds true in case the inlet diameter is decreased. The proper size of the fan inlet depends on the cubic feet of air per revolution handled by the fan. It has been determined both mathematically and experimentally that the most efficient diameter of inlet is given by the simple relationship
is
be readily shown that there

will give
maximum economy
of operation.
D,
-^'1
in feet.
(74)
where
Di = inlet diameter
Q = cubic feet of air per minute. N = revolutions per minute. C = a factor determined experimentally,
to wheel diameter.
and
is
practically a constant for all ratios of inlet diameter
COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF BLAST-WHEEL PROPORTIONS UPON THE EFFECT OF STRAIGHT BLADE FANS OPERATING AT THE SAME CAPACITY AND PRESSURE

It will be seen from the second and fourth columns that the height of the fan increases rapidly while the width decreases. This means, then, that these special high efficiency fans are tall and narrow, which naturally makes them more exratios.
pensive than the ordinary commercial steel plate fan.
These special tall narrow fans are frequently used for induced draft work, partly because the narrow wheel makes a shorter
over-hang on the fan bearing, and partly because they may be operated at lower speed and are therefore more suitable for direct connection to steam engines. A table of special induced draft fans will be found on pages 328 to 330, giving the size of engine and dimensions of fan for various boiler capacities.
Pressure Characteristics
The relative performance of the different styles of fans may be shown by the performance curves given for each style in Section III. The diagrams on pages 214 and 215 or on pages 224 and 225 are typical of the straight blade fan, while the diagram on page 276 shows the performance of the Niagara Conoidal fan, it being typical of the forward curved blade style.
In making the tests on these fans from which the diagrams was operated at constant speed with varying sized discharge orifices. Horsepower, pressure and capacity readings were taken and the efficiency calculated. The horsepower, pressure and efficiency were then plotted to capacity, giving the performance curves of this test fan. This set of curves shows the power consumption increasing with the capacity, but not at the same ratio. The efficiency increases to a maximum and then decreases to zero. The rating of the fan may be taken at any point adopted as a standard, but the desirable point will generally be determined by the point of
referred to were computed, the fan
maximum
As
will
efficiency.
be noted from the diagrams already referred
to,
the
relative pressure developed
by
centrifugal fans will differ for
fans having straight or curved blades. A further comparison of the two types may be made from the diagram on page 173. The two curves indicate the ratio of the total pressure developed to the pressure corresponding to the peripheral velocity of the
wheel,
when operating
at different per cents, of the fan's rated

172
FAN CHARACTERISTICS
;^?
i
r
o Q 00
o
ID
00
A1I3013A 'Id2d 01 ONIQNOdSaadOD S93^d 01 SS3dd "IVIOI dO 0\1VH

173

Thus we see that at rated capacity the straight blade fan gives a total pressure of 87 per cent, and the forward curved blade type gives 208 per cent, of the pressure corresponding to
capacity.
'the peripheral velocity.
When the Niagara Conoidal fan is operated up to 50 per cent, overload the total pressure increases, but when operating at less
than rated capacity the pressure decreases. Just the opposite holds true in the case of the straight blade fan. From this we
note that if a forward curved blade fan is intended to operate at a certain pressure and capacity and if for any reason, such as resistance greater than expected, the quantity of air handled is less than the fan's rating for the speed maintained, the total pressure will also be less than that specified. With the straight blade fan just the opposite holds true, for as the capacity is
reduced the pressure
will increase, at
constant speed.
Care should be taken in the selection of a fan with forward curved blades in case it is to be driven with a motor. If for any reason there should be a tendency to operate at over capacity both the air quantity and the pressure will increase, which may overload the motor in case sufficient margin has not been
allowed.
Special Types
and Features
of fans intended to
There are numerous special types

various requirements.
meet
foundry and forge shop blowers and exhausters or planing-mill exhaustThere ers, are adaptations of the ordinary straight blade fans. are other types, such as the disc or propeller wheel, that differ These essentially in the principle of their design and operation. special types will be found described under their proper heading, together with their capacity and dimension tables.
of these, as for instance
Some
The steel plate fans may be divided into two classes, namely, blower or exhauster, depending on whether they have two inlets With the double inlet fan, or blower, we have the or only one. total inlet area divided between the two sides of the housing, therefore each inlet may be made smaller in diameter for the same size of fan wheel, and so approach the more efficient type For this reason the of fan as indicated in the table on page 171. steel plate blower is a more efficient fan than the single inlet fan, Either may be made full housing or three-quarter or exhauster.
174
FAN CHARACTERISTIC
The multihousing, depending on the size and requirements. vane fan as ordinarily built is a single width fan with but one
inlet.
These are also built in a double width style, with two being essentially two fans placed back to back. They have the same characteristics as regards full or three-quarteiC^ housing, as also the angle of discharge, as has the steel pla-t. o ^ .
inlets,
exhauster.
Both the
steel plate
and the multivane fans are ordinarily
on each side of the housing. In the case of the exhauster, where any substance is to be handled that would^Q be injurious to the bearing located in the intake, they are usually 1i^ made with an overhung wheel, a pedestal supporting an extra
built with a bearing
C ^ C
O
^ C
Special''-'-^ bearing being attached to the back of the housing. exhausters, as for instance planing-mill exhausters, are built ^^ with an overhanging wheel in order to avoid obstructing the^^ Induced draft fans are built with an overhung inlet of the fan. wheel to avoid drawing the hot gases over the bearing. In any fan handling hot gases the bearing attached to the back of the Lhousing should be of a special water cooled type to avoid heating. QJ The regular discharges of fans and blowers are designated as top or bottom horizontal discharge, up or down blast, and* special, which are described by giving the angle of the discharge from the horizontal. The hand of a fan or blower is determined i^ by the side on which the pulley or engine is located. Standing facing or nearest to the discharge outlet, the fan is right or left*^ hand, according to whether the pulley is on the right- or left-hand C
^
^
side.
Cof
Horsepower
Fan
foot of air per minute
against a total pressure of one inch water gauge, equivalent to 0.577 oz. per square inch, or 5.19 pounds per square foot, represents the
Each cubic
moved
^ U
^
*
expenditure of 5.19 foot-pounds of work. We then have as the theoretical expenditure of energy in doing this work
c
1Q
335^
and also
1
= 0.000157
H. p.
0.000157
6370 A. P.M.
That
to
is,
move one
with perfect efficiency, it will require 0.000157 H. P. cubic foot of air per minute against a pressure of one
175

inch, or
6370
cu.
ft.
pressure will require one horsepower.

of
60 per cent, will minute per inch total pressure
minute moved against one inch Assuming a fan efficiency give 0.000261 H. P. per cubic foot of air per
of air per
H P - ^'
TT
^'
MX0Q00^57X total
M.X 0.000157 X static
press, in inches
total efficiency
A. P.
press, in inches
static efficiency
where total or static efficiency refers to the efficiency based respectively on the total or static pressure. The ratio of total to
static pressure will remain constant for any style of fan at rated capacity but will vary for the different types.
In the case of straight blade fans we may determine the horsefor any given air delivery by assuming twice the pressure corresponding to the peripheral velocity with a corresponding efficiency of 100 per cent. This will give approximately the true horsepower regardless of actual pressure or efficiency obtained. Thus if we have a straight blade fan delivering 30000 A. P. M. at 230 R. P. M. with a fan wheel 833/^ inches in diameter, we will have a peripheral velocity of 5040 feet per minute, and twice the pressure corresponding to the peripheral velocity will be 3.17 inches. Then the horsepower required by the fan will be
power
H. P. =30000X0.000157X3.17 =
Relations of Total, Static and Velocity Pressure
14.9.
a certain static pressure system and in addition has imparted to it a This velocity is dependent certain velocity at the fan outlet. on the amount of air required and on the area of the fan outlet, and the velocity pressure expressed in inches corresponding to this velocity may be determined from the formula (see page 20)
air is delivered against
In fan work
or resistance of the
Pv
= inches
of
water
where the term velocity
refers to the velocity of the air through the fan outlet in feet per minute.
When it is desired to express the velocity pressure in ounces per square inch the following formula should be used:
176
FAN CHARACTERISTICS
(velocityN 2
-5273
=oz.persq.m.
air is
The
total
energy imparted to the
composed
of the static
pressure of the system and the energy of discharge corresponding to the velocity pressure or velocity head as
hydraulics.
it is
termed
is
in
The
total pressure is the
sum
of the velocity pres-
sure at the fan outlet plus the static pressure produced, and
the
is
pressure
upon which the performance and
efficiency of the fan
In the case of an exhaust system, the static head on the fan should be taken as the difference in static pressure at the inlet and outlet of the fan. The method to be used in making these various pressure determinations is fully explained under "Fan Testing/' Part IV, Section II.
usually based.
The ratio of static to velocity pressure at the fan outlet is very important in fan engineering. This ratio varies as the capacity of the fan is varied at constant speed, and bears a definite experimental relationship to the efficiency of the fan. The rated fan performances which represent the most desirable conditions of operation are based on certain relationships of static For instance, the rated performance of to velocity pressure. the Planoidal fan is based on a relationship of
-2^
Pv
= 3.88
ratio
of
The performance of the Planoidal fan with reference to this As an illustration is shown by the diagram on page 215. its use we will assume an 80-inch Planoidal exhauster operat-
ing against a static pressure of

ft.
% inch and delivering
12000 cu.
Since the outlet of this fan is 5.54 sq. ft. (see table on page 207) the velocity at the fan outlet will be 12000-^5.54=2170 ft. per minute, and the velocity pressure
air per
minute.
will
be
-=^=0.294
The
in.
ratio of static to velocity pressure will then
be
Pv
P'~
Q-75 o^g -"^-^^ 0.294
From
ratio,
the diagram on page 215 we find that with the above the fan will be operating at 111.5 per cent, of rated
177

capacity, with correspondingly increased power consumption and lowered efficiency. Further examples illustrating the application of these diagrams will be found under "Selection of a Fan" on page 182. For certain kinds of work a low velocity in the piping system is desired, while in other cases it is necessary to maintain a high velocity. In case a lower velocity is required in the piping system than that maintained at the fan outlet, the area of the main pipe should be gradually increased. This is termed a diverging cone on the fan outlet, and if properly proportioned the loss due to the reduction in velocity at this point will be reduced to a minimum. Rules for the design of cone outlets and their effect in increasing the static pressure will be found given under "Diverging Nozzles in Air Ducts" on page 122.
The Relation Between Pressure, Velocity and Air Density in Fan Work
For low pressures, as in fan work, we
may
consider that the
pressure varies inversely as the absolute temperature and directly The volume of the same weight of as the barometric pressure.
air is directly
and the weight
of the
same volume
is
inversely
proportional to the absolute temperature.

'^
We
lo
will
then have
(77)
^ = -f and^=-iorp = pX^X^
p
lo
= pressure at absolute temp. T and barom. b. Po = pressure at absolute temp. To and barom. boabsolute temp, of the air in deg. Fahr. b= barometric pressure in in. of mercury. Then in order to correct any given pressure reading p, at temperature t and barometer b, to the corresponding pressure for standard dry air at 70 F. and 29.92'' barom. we will have
where
T=
Po=PXli60TT^
will
530
0.075 p b 29:92'-
._g-
~^r~
^^^^
Since at constant capacity and speed the power consumption vary as the pressure, and the pressure varies as the density
of the air,
we
will also
have
i60+i 29.92 b _ (H.P.)o H P -rH P H.P.-(H.P.)oX -:53o-X - 0.075

Thus, standard
if
^^"^
a fan
is
to operate under
air,
corrections can be
178
made
some other condition than for pressure and horse-

FAN CHARACTERISTICS
see
power by equations (78) and example 5, page 188.
(80) respectively.
For
illustration
In a centrifugal fan working under a constant

tion
and at known
air
density,
orifice condithe theoretical velocity and
pressure developed each bears a definite relation to the peripheral or tip velocity of the fan wheel. That is, the air velocity
at the fan outlet
and capacity is directly proportional to the peripheral velocity and fan speed, and the pressure developed varies directly as the square of the peripheral velocity and
Since the horsepower proportional to the product of the pressure and capacity, the horsepower evidently varies as the cube of the fan speed. These combined relationships may be expressed by the followis
therefore as the square of the fan speed.
ing formula:
p -^
Po
=-
N'W N^Vo
5
and
where
N =
of
revolutions per
= N'W (H.P.)o NjWo minute, and W = air

,
H.P.
(81)
density.
Laws
ity,
Fan Performance
In the selection and operation of fans, the size, speed, capachorsepower, and pressure each has a fixed and definite relation to the other, which may be expressed as follows:
For a given fan

1
size,
piping system, and air density
Capacity varies directly as speed. Velocity varies as speed or capacity. 3 Pressure varies as the square of the speed. 4 Speed and capacity vary as square root of the pressure. 5 Horsepower varies as cube of the speed or capacity. 6 Horsepower varies as (pressure For a constant pressure and at rated capacity 7 Capacity and horsepower vary as square of the 8 Speed varies inversely as 9 At constant pressure the speed, capacity and horsepower
2
)^'^2
size.
size.
vary as the square root of the absolute temperature.

10
At constant capacity and speed, the horsepower and presas

the
sure will vary directly as the density of the air and approximately
inversely
absolute
temperature.
Thus increasing the
temperature from 50 to 550 practically cuts the horsepower and pressure in half if the speed and capacity remain the same.
179

It has been shown that the pressure loss or resistance (ps) of a given system of air passages varies as the square of the air velocity and therefore as the square of the air quantity, (Q). Also, since the pressure produced by a fan varies as the square of the speed (Law 3) under constant outlet conditions, it is evident that the air quantity delivered by the fan through a given system of air passages will vary directly as the speed, (Law 1). The relation between pressure loss and the air quantity passed through a given system may be termed the coefficient of resist-
ance (R) of that system in the formula ps
=R
Q^, and
R = -^
Also on page 125, it has been shown that each system has an equivalent or blast-area (A), where the pressure loss may also be
/
expressed as ps =
\
)
,.
and where Vq
is
the velocity corres1
\* 0^^/
ponding to unit pressure.
Hence
R=
/
(
\
j
If the coefficient of resistance or blast-area of
a system to
is operated at constant speed, then the air delivery will undergo a change which is complicated by the fact that the fan pressure also changes with the quantity of air delivered, as shown by This is best illustrated the pressure-capacity characteristic. by the accompanying diagram. In the first case suppose we have a system whose coefficient of resistance is Ri = 142/l0^ and in the second case the system is changed so the coefficient of is
which a fan
applied should be changed while the fan
SELECTION OF
resistance
is
FAN
Curves Rj and Rj show
reduced to Rg =42/10^.
the pressure losses will vary with the air delivery in the respective cases, and curve P shows how the pressure produced
how
by a 90-inch Planoidal exhauster

air delivery.
the
first
at 330 R. P. M. varies as the evident that the air delivery will be Qi for case and Q2 for the second, with corresponding static
It
is
pressures pi and pj.

Selection of a
It
is
Fan
of
well
known and capable
demonstration in practice as
two straight blade fan wheels, the one having longer blades gives greater pressure, and that curving the
well as in theory that of
blades forward in the direction of rotation increases the pressure, the converse also being true. It is not a fact that a fan with forward curved blades is on
that account any more efficient than one with radial blades; the two types have radically different characteristics, and each a
field in
which
it
excels;
with the short forward curved blades
good
fan.
efficiency requires a greatly increased
number
as
compared
steel plate
with the few blades of the radial type familiar in the
In both types the need of careful design does not end with the proportions of the blades; the design of the scroll or housing, the area and position of the outlet and the diameter of the inlet
are very important factors.
As explained under "Pressure Characteristics," the performance at other than rated capacity of the older style straight blade fan is entirely different from that of the curved blade multivane type. With the straight blade fan the pressure drops off rapidly when operated at overload, but increases when the In the case of the fan is operated at less than rated capacity. multiblade fans, the static pressure is greatest at normal load, and decreases at capacities either above or below this rated
point.
Thus we
quantity
is
see in the case of a system

desired,
where a uniform
ventilating,
air
whether
for
heating,
forced
draft or for drying processes, the steel plate fan will come nearer giving this uniform quantity in spite of variations in resistance, throttling effect of closing dampers, and similar conditions.
On
the other hand,
it is
sometimes very desirable to be able

181
to throttle the capacity of a fan without increasing the pressure

and velocity, as for instance, if one wing of a building is closed off and it is not convenient to change the speed of the fan, the steel plate fan would deliver an increased amount of air into the remaining part of the system on account of its increased pressure, while the multiblade fan would be more sensitive to the increased resistance and would show only a slight increase in velocity through the ducts which remain open. In general, the multiblade fans, of which the Niagara Conoidal
is a type, require less space than steel plate fans of equal capacity and efficiency. Another important advantage is the fact that the higher speeds of these multiblade fans make them
more suitable
for direct connection to motors, or
at least give
better pulley ratios than

of equal efficiency.
may
be obtained with radial blade fans
After determining the style of fan to be used, there are two

its selection. It must supply a defiminute and it must supply this air at sufficient static pressure to overcome the friction loss of the system, which should be calculated or determined with reasonable accuracy. The performance of the fan under this condition is determined from the capacity tables. Example 1. Assume that it is required to deliver 16500 cu. ft. air per minute against a static pressure of 0.95 in., and determine the size of Planoidal exhauster to be used, with the From the diagram on corresponding speed and horsepower. page 214 we see that at rated capacity the Planoidal fan gives a static pressure which is 79 per cent, of the rated total pressure. Then the total pressure corresponding to 0.95 in. static will be From the table on page 208 we see that we may 1.20 in. choose between a 90-inch fan operating over capacity or a 100inch fan operating at less than rated capacity. A 90-inch Planoidal fan has an outlet area of 7.10 sq. ft. (table page 208) so that the velocity through the outlet will be 16500^7.1=2325 feet per minute. From formula 21 on page 20 we have the pressure varies as the square of the velocity, and from formula 13 on page 18 the velocity for dry air at 70 F. corresponding to one inch pressure is 4005 feet per minute. The velocity head or velocity pressure at the outlet of the 90-inch fan corresponding to a velocity of 2325 feet per minute
things to be considered in
nite
amount
of air per
will
then be
pv
= (2325^4005)2 =0.337
182
in.
SELECTION OF
The
will
FAN
total pressure against
then be the
sum
of the static
which the 90-inch fan must operate and velocity pressures, or 0.95
ratio of static to velocity pressure Referring to the diagram on page 215, we find a point on the bottom scale corresponding to a ratio of static to velocity pressure of 2.82, and from the intersectioi(LJ of a vertical from this point with the curves above we mayj^^
+ 0.337 = 1.287
be 0.95
inches,
and the
will
-^0. 337
= 2.82.
determine the relative performance of the fan from the scale on CI Thu^ we find that the fan will the left-hand edge of the chart. be operating at 108 per cent, of the rated capacity, and require 104.5 per cent, of the rated horsepower.
is
^ C ,5 ^ required to deliver 16500 A. As already stated, the fan M., the rated capacity M.; so that 16500-^1.08 = 15300 A. ^ From the table on page 208 we see"^ the fan at the speed used.
P. P.
of
require 6.65 H. P.
that this fan will deliver 14890 A. P. M. at 334 R. P. M. anc^^ According to the relations given on page 179 the speed varies directly as the capacity and the power as theOJ
cube of the capacity. 15300 A. P. M.
We will
= 334
then have for a rated capacity of
Actual speed
(jfl^)
= 344
^
R. P. M.
Rated power
= 6.65
(|||^)
= 7.22
H. P.
^ ^ g ^
^ G
^
But as already stated, when operating at 108 per cent, of the rated capacity, or 16500 A. P. M., this fan will require 104.5
per cent, of the rated power, so
we
will
have
H. P.
Actual power
= 1.045 X 7.22 = 7.55

be 0.95 inch
static
The pressure developed

total.
will
and 1.287 inches q-
In case a 100-inch Planoidal fan should be selected for thi*^ service it will operate at less than the rated capacity, and the power required may be determined in the same manner as for The outlet area of a 100-inch fan is 8.75 sq. ftQ, the 90-inch fan. so the velocity at the outlet will be 16500-^8.75 = 1885 feet per minute and the corresponding velocity pressure will be (1885 -^ Since the fan is required to develop 0.95 in. 4005)2 = 0.221 in. static, the total pressure against which it will operate will be 0.95-1-0.221 =1.171 in., and the ratio of static to velocity pressure From the diagram on page 215 we will be 0.95-^0.221 =4.30.
183
^ ^

find that with a ratio of static to velocity pressure of 4,30 the
fan will operate at 97 per cent, of the rated capacity and require 98.5 per cent, of the rated power. As 16500 is to be 97 per cent, of the fan's rated capacity at the speed used, we have 16500-7-0.97 = 17000 A. P. M. as the
rated capacity. From the table on page 208 we note that the 100-inch fan at 300 R. P, M. will deliver 18370 A. P. M. require 8.20 H, P, To obtain a rated capacity of 17000; A. P,
and^
M
it will
be necessary to reduce the speed and consequently the
power to
Speed
= 300
(j||^)
=278 R.
P.
M.
As determined from the diagram, the power at 97 per cent, capacity will be 98,5 per cent, of the rated, so we will actually require
0.985X6.50
= 6.40
be
H. P.
Thus we
fan.
see that while the first cost of the 100-inch fan will
will
less
be greater, the cost for power
than with the 90-inch
fans
is
Example 2. A case frequently met in the application of is where the resistance against which the fan must operate different from any of the pressures given in the fan capacity
tables.
We
will
assume that 12000 A.
P.
M.
is
required at 0.20
in.
static resistance.
What
size of fan shall
be the speed and horsepower? If operate at rated capacity at a speed corresponding to the 0.20 in. resistance, we may select a Planoidal fan from the table We note that the lowest pressure given in the on page 210. inch, but from the ratio given on page 179 we may detable is termine the speed, capacity, and horsepower at 0.20 in. as follows: Since the capacity varies as the square root of the pressure, and we require 12000 A. P. M. at 0.20 in. the corresponding capacity at % in. will be 12000 (0.375 ^0.2)^2=. 15450 A. P. M. We see from the table on page 210 that a 120-inch Planoidal exhauster at inch static will have a rated capacity of 16030 A. P. M. at 152 R. P. M., and 2.62 H. P. We would use this size
be used and what will a fan should be required to
184
SELECTION OF
and operate A. P. M. at
it
FAN
at slightly over the rated capacity to give 16450 The rated inch or 12000 A. P. M. at 0.20 in.
will
speed of the 120-inch fan at 0.20 inch pressure

^0.375)^2 = 111 R. p. = 1.02 H. P. When
be 152 (0.20
M. and the rated power
will
be 2.62
(^)^
operating at 16450^16030 = 102 per cent, of the rated capacity, the power required would be 1.08 H. P.
In order to determine the performance of a smaller fan under we will assume that a 100-inch Planoidal exhauster operating at over capacity is to be used. The outlet area of a 100-inch fan is 8.75 sq. ft. in area so that the velocity through the outlet will be 12000-7-8.75 = 1370 ft. per minute and the corresponding velocity pressure will be (1370 h- 4005)^ = 0.118 in. The ratio of static to velocity pressure will then be 0.20 -4- 0. 1 18 = 1.7, and from the diagram on page 215 we note that with this ratio the exhauster will operate at 118 per cent, of rated capacity and require 110 per cent, of the rated power.
these conditions
118 per cent, of the fan's rated capacity meet the assumed conditions, we will have 12000^1.18 = 10150 A. P. M. as the rated capacity. The table on page 210 does not give the speed and power required for 10150 A. P. M., but does give 182 R. P. M. and 1.81 H. P. for 11140 A. P. M. Since the speed varies directly and the power 182 as the cube of the capacity we will have for 10150 A. P. M., (10150 -^ 11140) = 162 R. P. M.,and 1.81 (10150-^11140) = 1.28 H. P. as the rated speed and power. As already found from the diagram on page 215 with a ratio of static to velocity pressure of 1.7, the power required will be 110 per cent, of the rated, which gives us under the assumed conditions 1.28X1.10 = 1.41 H. P. when delivering 12000 A. P. M. against 0.20 in. static resistance at 162 R. P. M.
If
is
12000 A. P. M.
at the speed required to
We see from the table on page 210 that a speed of 182 R. P. M. corresponds to a static pressure of 0.375 inch, and as the pressure varies as the square of the speed, the pressure for 162 R. P. M. will be 0.375 (162 -=- 182)^ = 0.296 in. That is, although the resistance of the system is only 0.2 in. and would call for a 120inch fan, we may reduce the initial cost by using a 100-inch fan operating at a speed corresponding to approximately 0.3 in. with but 30 per cent, increase in the power consumption. Where the fan is to be direct connected to an engine and the exhaust
185

steam used in the heating or no consideration.
coils, this
additional power
is
of little
Selection of a Niagara Conoidal
Example
either
3.
Fan The Niagara Conoidal fan may be The
selected
from the
static pressure tables
on pages 232 to 273 or from

total pressure
the total pressure tables on pages 228 to 231.

of this fan at its point of rating only.
tables, like the tables for Planoidal fans, give the
performance
The
static pressure tables
give the performance at other than the rated capacity, and give the speed and power required on both sides of the most efficient
The tables on pages 274 and 275 indicate the efficiencies obtainable under different conditions of pressure and outlet velocity with these fans. Thus we see that there is one point in each pressure column at which the fan will give the highest efficiency. In the selection of these fans it may often be found
point.
expedient to operate at other than the most efficient point.
When
selecting a fan for use in a public building
it is
advis-
able to use a velocity of about 1800 feet per minute through the
maximum allowable velocity of 2200 for such For industrial installations, where higher duct velocities are the rule, outlet velocities up to 4000 may be used, without varjîng greatly from the most efficient performance.
fan outlet, with a
work.
To
illustrate the use of the static pressure tables
we
will
assume that it is required to deliver 17000 cu. ft. of air per minute against a pressure of one inch static. By an inspection of
the corresponding tables, we find that we may use a No. 6 at 419 R. P. M., 6.59 H. P., and an outlet velocity of 3200 feet per minute; a No. 7 at 332 R. P. M., 5.19 H. P., and an outlet velocity of 2400 feet per minute or a No. 8 at 291 R. P. M., 4.86 H. P., and an outlet velocity of 1800 feet per minute. For use in a public building the No. 8 should be selected, but in case it is desirable to use higher duct velocities and absolute quietness of operation is not essential, either the No. 7 or No. 6 may be used.
Example 4. A common case of variable resistance in a fan system of heating and ventilating is where a fan is selected to supply a definite amount of air, and during the winter this air is drawn through the heater, but during the summer the damper to the by-pass is open so that the air may be drawn through both the heater and by-pass. As shown by the tables on pages 446 and 447, the resistance due to the heater will depend upon its From depth and the velocity of the air through the clear area.
186
SELECTION OF
FAN
page 457 we see that under average conditions, we may assume two velocity heads lost due to the by-pass. Assuming a case where the heater is four sections deep with a velocity of 1000 feet per minute through the clear area, we find from the table on Allowing a loss page 446 that the resistance will be 0.382 in. of 0.24 in. static in the piping system, the fan will be required to operate against a static pressure of 0.382+0.240 = 0.622 in. This is under normal working conditions when the in. or
by-pass damper
is
closed.
assume that a Planoidal exhauster is required With to deliver 25000 A. P. M. under the above conditions.
will first
We
this
type of fan at rated capacity the static
will
be 79 per cent,
of the total pressure, so that with a static resistance of 0.622 in.
or approximately
the corresponding total pressure will be 0.622^0.79=0.787 in. in. From the capacity table on page 210,
inch static a 130-inch Planoidal exhauster at pressure has a capacity of 24150 A. P. M. at 180 R. P. M. and As this capacity is within a few per cent, will require 6.57 H. P. of that required, it will be taken as the rated condition.
find that
we
According to the data given on page 457 the resistance of a standard by-pass is approximately the same as that for four sections of Buffalo heater, so that in the case assumed when the by-pass damper is opened the effective area will be doubled. Since the loss due to the resistance varies as the square of the velocity and the velocity is to be reduced to }4, the resistance of what it was when for the same air quantity will be (3^)^ or That is, with the by-pass all the air passed through the heater. damper open, the resistance at the heater will be one- fourth of
0.382 or 0.095 inch.
With the damper in the by-pass open the static resistance of the system will be reduced to 0.095+0.240 = 0.335 in. providing the same air quantity is handled and it will be required to
determine the results obtained under this new condition.
The
area of the outlet of the 130-inch fan is 14.85 sq. ft., so the velocity through the outlet under rated conditions would be 24600-7-14.85 = 1685 ft. per minute and the corresponding
velocity pressure (1685-^4005)2
= 0.177
in.
With the by-pass

air
damper open the

is
static pressure
based on the same
quantity
and the ratio of static to velocity pressure will be 0.335^0.177 in. = 1.89. From the diagram on page 215 we find
0.335
in.
187

will be 65.5 per cent., the capacity 116.5 per cent, and the power 109 per cent, That is, we will have of the rated as given on page 187.
that with this ratio the actual static pressure
actual pressure actual capacity actual power
=0.622X0.655 =0.407 in. static. =24150X1.165 =28150 A. P. M.

H. P.
= 6.57X1.09 = 7.15
Correction for Temperature
Example 5. A case frequently met in selecting a fan is where the air to be handled is specified at some temperature other than the standard of the fan tables (70 F.). For instance, a "B" Volume Exhauster is required to handle 5500 cu. ft. of air per minute at a temperature of 600 F. against a pressure of two What size exhauster should be used and what will be ounces. the speed and horsepower? This fan is to handle the air at 600 while the capacity tables are based on air at 70.
As explained on page 179, if the speed and capacity are kept constant the pressure and horsepower will vary inversely as the Thus an increase in temperature from absolute temperature. 70 to 600 doubles the absolute temperature (1060-7-530 = 2)
handle 5500 A. P. M. at 70 have the same capacity at the same speed against two ounces when the temperature is 600 and the power will be half that given in the table for four ounces. From the capacity table of "B" Volume Exhausters on page 335 we
and
if
we
select a fan that will

it will
against four ounces
find that the nearest size to that required will
be No.
8,
operating
at 1420 R. P. M.
and requiring 10.20^2=5.1 H.
P.
Another exam^ple illustrating the effect of temperature would be to assume a fan is delivering 3500 A. P. M. at 1000 F. against What will be the 1 3^ oz. pressure with a speed of 920 R. P. M. speed and capacity of this fan at 500 and 2 oz. pressure?
The relative pressure of the air at 1000 and 500 is given by the ratio of the absolute temperature, or 1460 -^ 960 = 1.52. That is, if this fan handles the same volume of air at the same speed, due to the change in the temperature the pressure developed will be 1.5X1.52=2.28 oz. But this fan is required to operate at 2 oz. instead of 2.28 oz., which calls for a lower speed. We may see from page 179 that the speed and consequently the capacity will vary as the square root of the pressure, so the speed at 2 oz. will be 920 (2 -=-2.28)^2 = 708 R. P. M. and the capacity
188
SELECTION OF
will
FAN
be 3500 (2 ^2.28)^'2 = 2700 A. P. M. Thus we see that this same fan will deliver 2700 A. P. M. at 500 against 2 oz. pressure when operated at 708 R. P. M.
Correction for Altitude
Example
6.
The following example represents the
calculasea-level
tions required to correct the fan performance to a
(29.92 inches barometer) basis.
Required a fan to handle 40000
pressure at an altitude of 5000 feet with a temperature of 70. As the fan tables are based on air at sea-level, we will have to reduce the above specified pressure to a sea-level basis. From the diagram on page 25 we note
in. static
is 0.835, so that a seacorresponding to a pressure of 0.5 in. at 5000 altitude is 0.5-^0.835=0.6 in., or approximately in. The horsepower required to operate the fan will be 83.5 per cent, of the rated horsepower as given in the capacity tables for in.
A. P. M. against 0.5
that the relative pressure for this altitude
level pressure
static.
We find from the table of Niagara Conoidal capacities on page 248 that a double No. 8 fan with an outlet velocity of 2200 feet per minute would answer the requirement at in. at 238 R. P. M. and 8.66 H. P. At 5,000 altitude the power consumption will be 8.66X0.835 = 7.23 H. P.
Another example illustrating the correction for altitude would be to require an induced draft system for 1600 boiler H. P., at an altitude of 5200 feet with flue gases at 550 F. and a static pressure of one inch required. From the diagram on page 25 we find that the factor for 5200 altitude is 0.83. The corresponding pressure at sea-level will then be 1 -e- 0.83 = 1.20 in.
From the table on page 325 we find that a 150-inch Planoidal exhauster operating at 305 R. P. M. will have a capacity of 63110 A. P. M. at 1.25 in. static with a temperature of 550 and reWith an allowance of 32.4 A. P. M. at this quire 34.0 H. P. temperature per boiler H. P. this fan will be capable of supplying draft for 1950 H. P. of boilers at sea-level. The air required per boiler horsepower at an altitude of 5200 feet will be 32.4 -^ 0.83 = 39.0 A. P. M. so that the draft capacity of this fan at 5200 altitude will be only 63110^39.0 = 1620 or 1950X0.83 = 1620 boiler H. P. The power requirements at 5200 altitude will be 34.0X0.83 = 28.2 H. P.
189
SECTION II FAN TESTING

frequently necessary to make a test on a fan installation determine the quantity of air being delivered. There are several methods of making this determination, depending on the degree of accuracy desired, the object of the test, or the The velocity conditions under which the system is installed. and quantity of air delivered by a fan or flowing through a duct
It
is
in order to
a pitot tube, an anemometer, a conor a short length of pipe. Each method may be especially applicable under various conditions and a selection should depend on the object and accuracy
of
may
be found by means
verging nozzle, an
orifice,
desired.
The most accurate method

pitot tube, either in
an
air
for ordinary work is to use the duct or in connection with a converg-
ing nozzle attached to the fan outlet. The anemometer is especially useful in determining the velocity and quantity of air entering a
in
room
in order to properly proportion the air distribution
an indirect heating or ventilating system.

is
short length of pipe
An orifice or a frequently used in connection with test

is
work, where a permanent piece of apparatus
desired.
The
Pitot
Tube
is an instrument used for making velocity measurements of a current of air, the principle of its action being shown by the accompanying diagram. As already explained.
The
pitot tube
190
FAN TESTING
when
of this pressure,
there exists a flow of air due to a certain pressure, a part termed the velocity head, is transformed into
velocity,
while the balance, termed pressure of static head,

If
air duct, as at
a bent tube with an open end figure on page 190, with the open end facing the air current, a pressure due to both the This is velocity and static head will be produced in this tube. the total or dynamic head, and the amount can be read on an attached gauge or manometer tube. If, instead of a bent tube, a straight tube be inserted as at A, the difference in levels in the manometer tube will indicate the static head or pressure. The velocity head or pressure may then be determined by subserves to produce pressure.
be inserted in an
B in
tracting the static from the total
manometer
is
reading.
an instrument combining the tubes just described, as shown at C, the outer ends being By this connected to the two legs of the same manometer. means the subtraction is made automatically and the difference These as shown by the gauge is due to velocity pressure only. tubes are usually combined in some form as shown in the followpitot tube as ordinarily used
The
ing figure.
Static
'NC
TOTfKU
pnss.
HOLtS
rN-N
Care should be taken to have all of the connections made on the static side, as a very slight leak here will cause considerable error. The small holes as shown above in the static tube should be about 0.02 in. in diameter.
tight, especially
The
is
greatest difficulty to be encountered in air measurements
in obtaining accurate static pressure readings.
Many
differ-
ent forms of static tubes have been used, with varying degrees Some of the more common forms are shown on page of accuracy. 192. Charles H. Treat in a paper on "Measurements of Air in Fan
Work"*
some
tube
*
gives the results of his efforts to check the accuracy of
of these forms.
it
He found
that tube
was
fairly
accurate
so long as
was
set exactly parallel to the air flow,
but the open
held at right angles to the air flow gave readings as

Soc. Mech. Engra.,
much
Am.
Dec. 1912.
191
DIFFERENT FORMS OF STATIC T/P5,

as 50 per cent, too low.
The
total pressure, or
impact tube, as
shown
in the sketch representing a pitot tube, will give practicallyif
true readings, so that
the static readings are too low the correswill
ponding velocity pressure readings
be too great.
The Gebhardt tube
uses a static tip which has the end
beveled as at F, in order to avoid the suction of the air flow across the end of the tube, but Prof. Gebhardt states that further experiments are necessary to show whether any fixed angle is applicable to all velocities. A static tube as shown at G is frequently used, having slots on the sides of the tube, the Taylor Mr. Treat found pitot tube being an adaptation of this form. in. long and 0.01 in. or less wide in a 3^-inch tube that a slot gave good results, but it is advisable to cover these slots with a piece of fine mesh wire cloth.
fi>ii>rrftn>tmfff/f//.
'
^>ffi//ni>/t/ijir
'lini I rjjn
firm
J i i , j-r->
fKPf^fôMCD
f=-Of^M
or STATIC
Tl F'
The
the one
It
static
tube here shown is the most approved form, and is recommended by the A. S. M. E. for fan testing work.
may
already shown.
be combined with the impact tube to form a pitot tube as Charles H. Treat found that a static tube of
192
FAN TESTING
form with clean holes 0.02 in, in diameter in ^-inch tubing thick, gave static readings accurate to within less than one A hole Vie in. in per cent, of the pressure due to the velocity. diameter in this tube gave readings considerably off, while a 2in. slot Me in. wide gave velocity readings approximately 10 per cent, too low. Covering the slot with wire cloth improved the reA ^-in. slot 0.01 in. or less in width gave fairly sults obtained. The tube of the above standard form gave accurate results. fairly accurate results even though as much as five degrees out of
this
Vs'j in.
parallel with the air flow.
very complete series of tests have been made by W. C. in which he compared different forms of pitot tubes with the readings of a Thomas electric meter. The author used a pitot tube similar in shape to the one already described, and found that "of the various forms of static openings in the pitot tube itself, very small holes in a perfectly smooth surface give Slots give erroneous static pressures the most accurate results. and beveled-ended tubes for obtaining static pressures are not
Rowse*
reliable."
A convenient form of gauge for use with low pressure is the ordinary Ellison differential draft gauge. Mineral seal oil should be used in the Ellison gauge, but it is so graduated that it gives the pressure directly in inches of water, without any correction. The mineral seal oil as ordinarily used for this purpose has a specific gravity of 0.8284. The theory of the pitot tube is thoroughly discussed by Frank H. Kneeland, together with a study of some of the different forms, in a paper recently read before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.** Having determined the velocity head as above explained, the actual velocity may be calculated approximately by means
of the
formula
V = 1096.5\^gr
'W^
ft.
(84)
where
V = velocity
p
of air in
per min.
= pressure
for
in in. of water.
lbs.
W= weight of air in
per cu.
ft.
"Pitot Tubes
1913.
Gas Measurement" Am. Soc. Mecb. Engrs.,
Sept.,
**"Some experiences with pitot tube on high and low Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., Dec, 1911.
193
air velocities"
FAN ENGIXEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

and pressure will be found we have dry air at 70 F. and 29.92 inches barometer, we will have =0.07494, hence the approximate formula (84) becomes
relationships between velocity
16,
The
on page
from which we see that
if
V = 4005l/^
Where
the pressure p
is
expressed in inches of water, or
V = 5273t/^
expressed in ounces per square inch. The above formulae are only accurate for low pressures, and should not be used for over 10 inches of water. For more accurate work or for high pressures the following formulae should be used. As a matter of ready reference the table of velocity for various pressures as given on page 21 will be found convenient. Capt. D. W. Taylor in a paper entitled "Experiments with Ventilating Fans and Pipes"* gives the following exact formula for the pitot tube:
is
where p
where
Vi= velocity
pressure
in
ft.
per second at a point where the

in lbs. per sq.
ft.
ft.
=p
ft.
W= weight of
= pressure 2= velocity
in lbs. per sq.

in
at
any other
point.
per second.
air in lbs.
per cu.
ft.
y= ratio between
specific heats of air
where press. =p under constant
pressure and constant volume = 1.408. g = acceleration due to gravity in ft. per second. The above formula has been presented in a simplified form by Frank H. Kneeland** as follows:
Vi=4046.16A/^^^^^(l-0.355k + 0.202k2-0.137k3)
where
(86)
=(^-)
The values given above are for a temperature of 70 F., a barometric pressure of 29.92 inches, and a humidity of 70 per
cent.
Am.
Society of Naval Arch, and Marine Engrs., 1905, p. 35. "Some experiences with pitot tube on high and low Soc. Mech. Engrs., Dec, 1911.
194
air velocities'
FAN TESTING
From the preceding it is seen that the velocity at 70 F. and 29.92 inches barometer due to one-inch pressure is 4005 feet per
minute and the velocity at any other pressure may be determined from the above relation. That is, the velocity varies as the square root of the pressure. For any other temperatures the velocity may be found by inserting the proper values of in formula (84), or from the ratio of the absolute tem-
peratures or barometric pressure, since at constant pressure the velocity will vary directly as the square root of the absolute temperatures and inversely as the square root of the barometric
pressure.
be considered sufficiently accurate say up to 6000 feet per minute. Above that velocity and for very accurate work, various corrections should be made. These corrections, based on the experiments of Capt. D. W, Taylor are discussed by Mr. Kneeland in the paper already referred to.
for ordinary velocities,
These formulae
may
Use
of the Pitot
Tube in an Air Duct
For fan testing or in ventilation work the pitot tube may be used to determine the velocity, and hence the quantity, of air flowing through a duct or pipe. The tube should be inserted at a point where the duct is straight and the flow undisturbed. In testing a fan the pitot tube should be placed from 10 to 20 diameters from the fan outlet with the point directly facing the blast. The air pipe should be the same diameter as the fan
outlet.
The velocity pressure as shown with the tube in the center of the duct will be higher than the average, and will vary at different points from the center to the sides of the duct. In order to obtain the true or average pressure it is necessary to multiply the velocity pressure reading obtained at the center by the proper Various authorities give a coefficient of from 0,81 coefficient. to 0.82 for circular pipes, by which the velocity pressure readings
taken at the center of the pipe should be multiplied to obtain the Consequently the velocity based corrected average pressure. on the observed pressure readings may be multiplied by the coefficient 0,91 to
obtain the corrected average velocity. For more accurate work it is better to make a traverse of the pipe and either determine the coefficient for the case in question Where the duct is or take the average of all of the readings.
195

rectangular it may be divided into a number of small squares or rectangles and a reading taken in the center of each. Then the average of all of the velocities corresponding to these pressures
the true velocity in the duct. In case the pipe is round area should be divided into a number of concentric zones or rings of equal area, and four readings taken in each area, readits
will give
ings being taken horizontally
and
vertically across the pipe.
The
position of each successive point
ing each ring into
may be found by dividtwo equal areas and adding one of these to the
The
radius of this resulting area
sum
of the preceding areas.
will locate the desired point.
Expressed by means be found as follows:
of a series of formulae, these points
may
(87)
6.2832
R2
+ -4 a3.1416
(a-^2)
(88)
Ra
2a-|-(a-^2)
(89)
3.1416
R4 ^
Where Ri, R2,
etc.,
/3a
+ (a-?-2)
3.1416
(90)
= the
distance from the center to the points

in
where the readings should be taken
each successive ring.
a = the area of each zone or ring.
Distance
PIPE TRAVERSE FOR PITOT TUBE READINGS From Center of Pipe to Point of Reading in Per Cent, of Pipe Diameter
of
Equal
in
Traverse
of
Readings
No.
Areas
No.
FAN TESTING
The location of the points on a traverse where readings should be taken are shown in the accompanying sketch. The table on page 196 is based on formulae (87) to (90) for laying out a traverse and will be found very convenient for that purpose. As an example of its use we will assume that a traverse is to be made of a 24-inch pipe, twelve readings to be taken. One reading will be taken at 0.204 X 24" = 4.9" from the center of the pipe; one at 0.353X24" = 8.46" from the center, and one at 0.455X24" = 10.92" from the center.
noo
tBOO
tfOO
ZOOO
VELOCITY
out a traverse and finding the average is illustrated in the accompanying figure drawn from test results. Twelve readings were taken as shown on the diagram, the points being laid out according to the table on page 196. The velocities were then computed for each point and the average velocity for each area plotted as shown, these points on the lower and upper half of the plot being the same. A curve drawn through these points indicates the velocity at the edge and at the center of the pipe, and these points should be used in calculating the average velocity.
of laying
An example
velocity through a round duct
The Anemometer The anemometer

of the air
is
is used in many cases where the velocity low or extreme accuracy is not required. It is more frequently used to determine the velocity of the air leaving a register or air vent than for testing a fan, although it may be used for either purpose. An anemometer should be frequently calibrated, and when used in a current of hot air the bearings of the
197

instrument are liable to become dry and the readings affected by friction. Such an instrument may vary as much as 10 or 20 per cent, from the true reading. The space over which the velocity is to be measured should be divided into a considerable number of smaller squares and the velocity readings taken before each square; the average of these readings gives the air velocity in the duct or pipe. Another method frequently used when taking readings before a register or outlet in wall is to take a series of readings along the two diagonals of the openings, each reading being taken during an equal interval of time and similar distances from the center. A special committee, appointed by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers to draft a standard method for measuring air velocities at supply openings by means of an anemometer, reported January 23, 1913, as follows:
shall be divided into equal rectangular no side of which shall be over 10 inches long excepting where this would require more than ten readings, in which case the opening shall be divided into 12 equal areas. SECOND: Readings are to be taken in every case at the
FIRST:
The openings
areas,
THIRD Readings are to be

center of every area.
:
anemometer being held
one-half minute duration, the at the register base or in the plane
FOURTH: Where the
of the opening.
computed on the basis of the periphery FIFTH: The average of the readings are
to be considered as the average velocity at the opening. Where negative velocities are found, they are to be deducted in arriving at the average velocity.
diffusers are used, a total area is to be of the diffuser.
SIXTH:
In computing volume, the net area of the opening is to be taken, the volume to be considered as the product of the average velocity and the net area of the opening. In case the anemometer is held two inches from the register face, no deduction should be made for the register mesh.
The
is
Orifice
orifice in connection with some form of testing apparatus frequently used for fan testing work, usually as a part of a permanent testing plant where the air is blown into a large airtight box and escapes from the box through an orifice. A co-
An
efficient of 0.600 applied to the velocity is
commonly used with
this apparatus.
Professor Durley describes in Vol. 27 of the
Trans. A. S. M. E. a series of tests where various sized orifices

198
FAN TESTING
were attached to the end of a gauging box and a set of coefficients determined for the different conditions. The orifice may also be used for measuring the air delivery in connection with compressed air systems, where the air is under a pressure of several atmospheres. A convenient form of apparatus for such use is here shown, in which the air passes through an enlargement in which the orifice is fastened.
^TMCRMOHCTCH
PKCssuRc C'-uac
-"YvT)
SX^X^SS^
S^
"""""^r^f/>/f>l
should be provided on each on the leaving side of the chamber, the temperature being taken on The drop in pressure, pv, between the two sides of either side. the orifice may be measured either in inches of water or of mercury by means of a manometer connected to the two sides of the chamber. The inner ends of these tubes should enter well between the baffle and the orifice plate. Different sizes of orifices may be used in the same apparatus, according to the pressure carried, diaphragms with openings from 1 to 2 3^ inches in diameter being a suitable range for a chamber having a 4-inch inlet. The equation for this apparatus would then be
in the sketch, baffles
As shown
side of the orifice.
The
pressure, P, should be taken
where
q = iooai/Ft^ = Q cu. ft. free air per min. A = area of orifice in sq. ft. P = absolute pressure in lbs. per sq. in. T = absolute temperature deg. F. pT = drop in pressure in inches of mercury.
199
(91)

Orifice at
An
orifice
End of Pipe may be used on
the end of a length of pipe for meas-
uring the air discharged, as for such a case is
shown by
0.60
Fig. a.
The
coefficient
(92)
""V'-(i:)
where
C = coefficient
Ai =area A2 = area
of discharge.
of pipe. of orifice.
The quantity
the pipe
of air delivered
by a given
static pressure in
may
be determined by
Q = 1096.5 CA2-v/^
\
(93)
where
Q = cu. ft. of air per min. C = above coefficient of discharge.

A2 = area
of orifice in sq.
ft.
W = weight of in per cu. For values of W see table on page

air
lbs.
p= static
pressure in inches of water in

ft.
main
pipe.
17.
c=
0.60
>(5J
FIG.
ORIFICE AT END OF PIPt

0.8Z
A,
A2
C=
i^r
FIG
b SHORT F\FZ
ATTACHED TO END OF LARGER ?\PE.

200
FAN TESTING
The
orifice
Fig. b, in
may be replaced by a short length of pipe as which case the coefficient of discharge becomes
0.82
in
4-&
(94)
The above coefficients have been verified experimentally and found to be adapted to measurements of air under low pressures. Short Length of Pipe
A short length of pipe (preferably three diameters long) connected to a box or plenum chamber into which the fan discharges is frequently used instead of an orifice for fan testing, and for several reasons makes a better arrangement. It is used on the outlet of a tight box into which the air is blown by the fan, the air escaping through the short pipe. The static pressure in the box is carefully noted, it being a measure of the fan performance. The box leakage, if any, should be determined.
A coefficient of discharge of 0.825 should be applied to the area of the short pipe to determine the true effective area, or to the velocity of the air. If required, a traverse may be made of the pipe with a pitot tube and the coefficient determined for any
special cases.
The quantity
of the formula:
of air discharged
may
be determined by means
Q = 1096.5
where
CAY^
Q = cu.
ft.
of air per min. of discharge.
C = coefficient
A = area of pipe in sq. ft. p = static pressure in inches
of
water in the plenum
W
A method
chamber. = weight of
air in lbs, per cu. ft. 17.
For values of
W see the table on page
The Converging Nozzle

frequently used in commercial work for fan testing,
is
or for testing a special fan before its installation,
by means
of
a converging nozzle attached directly to the fan outlet. The pressure produced by the velocity of the air is measured at the point of discharge by means of a pitot tube, placed at the center
201
I
CO
u u
CVJ
u
o z
UJ
00
\
D
u
o
liJ
u > z o
II
o
z
î
fj5 CTi
o>.
g>
r^
00.
in
^ffl fo
CO.
QQ
00.
lOdVHOSia JO 1N3IDIJJ300
202
FAN TESTING
of the nozzle outlet.
Proper correction must be made accord-
of coefficients of discharge for converging nozzles. This curve is based on coefficients as given in Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics.
ing to the
accompanying curve
To
illustrate the use of the
converging nozzle, we
will
take
the case of a 40-inch planing-mill exhauster at 1780 R. P. M.,
blowing through a converging nozzle having the inlet and outlet ends 14 and 9% inches square, with sides sloping at an angle as here shown. The outlet area of the nozzle would be 0.61 sq. ft.
2fe ^
= 0.0963G
TAN. S^'aO'
The angle
from
is
of
the
convergence of the cone outlet would be 11 and curve on page 202 the corresponding coefficient
0.94.
;
The pressure on the fan will be taken at 3 inches and the corresponding velocity will be 4005 "l/s =6950 ft. per min. At this velocity through the outlet of 0.61 sq. ft. the fan would handle 4230 A. P. M., but the actual quantity handled will be
4230X0.94=3980
Coefficients of Discharge for Air
A. P. M.
Measurements
Various coefficients are used in the calculation of fan per-
formance or in air measurements, and their derivation and application will be found fully discussed under their proper heading. The following summary is given merely as a matter of convenience, but the factors should not be used without first having an intelligent understanding of their proper application. In case of special requirements it may be found necessary to modify the
given coefficient accordingly.
203

Coefficients of Discharge for Air
Measurements
Coefficient for sharp orifice in thin plate Coefficient for orifice at
------
0.600
end of pipe
nRI)
0.82
Coef. for short pipe attached to
end of larger pipe
For explanation see page 201.

Coefficient for short length of pipe
_._
-
0.82 0.95
0.91
(blowing from plenum chamber) Coefficient for short pipe on outlet of fan (see page 201) Coefficient for round pipe (pitot tube in center) - - Coefficient for converging nozzle (see curve page 202). Coefficient for diverging nozzle (see curve page 223).
The quantity of air means of the formula
to be
measured
may be
calculated
by
Q= 1096.5 CA-y^
where
Q = cu.
ft.
air
per min.
C= coefficient of discharge. A = area of pipe in sq. ft. p= static pressure in inches
causing flow of
ft.
air.
W = weight of
air in lbs.
per cu.
For values of the weight of air in pounds per cubic foot for various atmospheric conditions see the table on page 17.
The
coefficients given
above are to be applied to
velocity,
capacity, or to the effective area of pipe or outlet.
The proper
coefficients to be applied to the pressure readings will be the square of the ones given above. Thus the coefficients for pressure in a round pipe varies from 0.81 to 0.82. These are to be applied to the pressure readings of the pitot tube when taken at the center of the pipe or duct. This coefficient for round pipes is based on test data, but should be decreased for pipes below 12 inches in diameter and increased by a small amount for pipes above 24 inches in diameter.
204
SECTION
III
FAN CAPACITIES
The following chapter gives the capacity tables and performance curves for the various styles of Buffalo fans. These are divided into the following divisions: Planoidal Exhausters, Planoidal Blowers, Niagara Conoidal Fans, Turbo - Conoidal Fans, Induced Draft Tables, Miscellaneous fans and blowers. In each case the corresponding performance curves follow the
capacity tables.
The
tables
show the rated speed, capacity,
and horsepower
for fans operating at the different pressures
stated, with the exception of the static pressure tables of the
Niagara and Turbo-Conoidal fans, which give the performance

at other than the rated point.
Use
of
Performance Curves
In connection with the steel plate and multivane fans, as well as several other styles, are shown relative performance curves, based on actual tests. The scale on the lower edge of each diagram reads per cent, of rated capacity, while the lefthand margin reads directly in per cent. The capacity curves show the relative horsepower, efficiency and pressure at any capacity in per cent, of their respective values at rated capacity. Thus we see from the diagram on page 214 of Planoidal Exhausters, if the fan is operated at say 80 per cent, of the rated capacity, the horsepower required will be 87.5 per cent, and the total pressure 116 per cent, of the rated values as given in the capacity tables. The efficiency will be 6 per cent, greater than at rated
capacity.
The use of these diagrams for the analysis of fan performances has been fully covered under the subject of "Fans" (Part IV, Section I) and their application in the selection of a fan may be found on page 182, together with the practical examples The relations explaining the various calculations involved. between static, velocity, and total pressure will be found on
page 177.
205

Combination Fan, Heater and Engine Tables
series of tables giving
combinations of fan, heater, and

Selection of Apparatus. "
engine for various duties will be found in Part IV, Section VIII,
following the examples on
"The
The
air
capacities given are based on the assumption that an average
maximum
inch,
value for the total pressure, in case of an installation
in a public building
such as a school or theatre,
will
be about one
and
for industrial installations

is
about two inches.
series
of heater sizes
given for each fan, and a selection should be

should be used, and for
made on
the basis of allowable velocity through the clear area.

sizes
For public buildings the larger

will
industrial installations, the smaller.
The depth
of the heater
depend on the temperature range to be cared for, and may be determined from the heater tables on pages 418 to 431. The low pressure engines were selected on the assumption of 20 to 25 pounds and the high pressure engines on 80 to 100 pounds steam pressure at the throttle. The engines are all suitable for
direct connection to the given size of fan.
Pianoidal Type
"L" Fan
Direct Connected to Class "I'
Vertical Cylinder
Below Shaft Engine
206
PLANOIDAL EXHAUSTER CAPACITIES

u O
Is
U U H < J
H On z : O o^ O <^
S o Z <
a.
I
S
Q.
0.0
a >
Zj
o *>
<:'^
S o
<
u. u. 00 u.
IS
Jo

u
lo-
ll

ooo oqjq
o
"too rood
00 iC-*
CO
'J' Tj<
ooo ooo OOO OOO ooo ooo ooo OOOO oioo 8SS ooo ooo COTtO occo OTf<^ O-i-'l* oooo ooos CÔCiCO .-H|>00
50^00
COTfCO
t^00
Q0O5O5
OP3 00
OÎN
<tooo
(NOOiN -ÔCXD
lOOCO
loooeo
cc-<tco
MOO) (MOO
05
OC^JCO OOt^CO
00^
OiO^
iCCOOO 00O(N
iMfO >XCD 'COM
(MO IN
(M10 05
(MCDO
Q.O
lOOO
CO
ooo
u
Q. >
00O<M
OSiOOO
ooo ooo OOO OOO I>.iO00 lOOO lOOO ooo ooo ooo ooo fCOXN CO<M rl0C'O o<-<o lOOt^ ccooco MO OOCCiO eoict^ COtÔO OCOM .-<(M<N
.-i.-(C<5
.-|(N^^
(MOS-^
OtÔ
.-I
Tjlt^CO
(MiOOO
00 CO OS
tÔSCO
ccc
COÔ
coq p
OS 00
*C0O
i0>00
'
oo
M CO
00*0
lOCOt^
oqp
00(MO
OSlMiO
.-i(M(M
OOîO
(MCCCC
Ot^(M
U UJ uE o
z
-J e;
ooo rococo
5 05O CO-* CO
CO
(N^CO OOOiM
ooo ooo ooo ooo iOOOO iOOO

tcoso
(MOOS
00 -^-^ CO coo
cocot^
00 00 OS
ooo ooo S8 8S iOOSiO coo ooo

1-1
oso^
1-HCCt^
(MCOOO
oscoo
COTfttO
rH^(M
0(MOS
tÔS.-H
iOOr(< ?3o5CO
COOOO r^coo
)00 )iOfO
'OS 00
lOO-*
C0CO--H
<*<.-iOs TjtTjICO
t^COCO
OSCS^ cctco
COCOIM
ÔOO
So
C8IA
18
88^
00 (Mt^
CCOS^
eoOO ftÔ
M(MCO
Ocot^
CO CO OS
^00 o
OiMiO oco-*
>*'C^.-i
ooco
ggs
TfOCO
CO 00 CO
t>.coo
ocor^
cOTjto
OlO-H
(NOSt^
O^'* iOCO^
COCOCO
OSCO'<}<
O300t>. C^^(M(M
(NcOt}< t>;t>;q
c^'ioos'
00
xo
0(M10
<NC^(M
(MO'd
(NCO-<**
d(DiM
TfCCOO
(MCOCO
tÔCO
1=
5<s
OOOSi-H
888 OOl^ 888 coxco 888

OC^CO eoôs
hc W(M(N
O-Ô COOS'*
cooc
)-êo
COCO''*
osoc^
***
osr^to COCOCO
CO(NO
(MO
eoco(M
>qos
r-iox
"ico-H
lO h-
oox
i^'.
C^ CO
O
1-1
CO -- ^'
<
KMCO
OOO OOP OOO ooo ooo pw ^.M/o opic looc "^"5 qpp ^' ^' ^' -H Tf CD OS
,-<
*(
a:
lOiMOS COCt)< ^^^ O-Ô C^C^JCO irtCCt^ ooo ooo ooo e ooo MJOrN OOaO <SfO <SÔn .^. .-. (S (S(S<S OC0--0
COI'-'J"
irj
(XJ
o'
t^
00
213
PLANOIDAL EXHAUSTER CURVES
Motor Driven Planoidal Type "L" Fan
Left-Hand Bottom Horizontal Discharge Planoidal Type "L" Fan

with Overhung Pulley
216
PLANOIDAL BLOWER CAPACITIES
o
< <
uu >H
UJ
^% mO
^'^
go
^S
u
s ^ <
J
u.
IN
Is
I!
Si o
ca
OO u^
<
Is
II

u o
is
si
> u O ^ <
C5tf
a.
.J
^1
-J CK
c^
u.

O
U
53
U
a.
bu
g| <
q -J
03
!^
<
U. u.
CQ
FAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO FOUGE COMPANY
223
PLANOIDAL BLOWER CURVETS
225
Niagara Conoidal Type "N" Fan Wheel
Motor Driven Niagara Conoidal Type *'N" Fan
226
NIAGARA CONOIDAL FAN CAPACITIES

,
Niagara Conoidal Capacity Tables

tables on pages 228 to 273 refer to the single Niagara Conoidal fans. It will be noted that there are two sets of these tables, the first based on total pressures of from The tables to 4 inches, and the second set for static pressures. on pages 228 to 231 give thespeeds, capacities, and horsepowers for the different sizes when operating approximately at the point of
inlet
The fan capacity
Under these conditions the static highest total efficiency. pressure will be 77.5 per cent, of the total pressure as given in
the table.
oidal
These are termed the rated capacity tables
for these
fans, arid are similar in character to those given for the Plan-
and other fans. Double width fans with two inlets give double the capacities and horsepowers given in the tables.
static pressure tables on pages 232 to 273 give the capacspeeds and horsepowers of these fans at static pressures of 0.25 to 2.5 inches of water, and with velocities at the fan outlet of 1000 to 4000 feet per minute. Thus we have the performance not only at the point of maximum efficiency, but at both sides of this point on the performance curve. It will be noted that the peculiar performance of the Niagara Conoidal
ities,
The
fan gives a wide range of capacities at constant static pressure with but little variation in speed and but very slight change in
and 275 show the total While it is generally advisable to operate a fan at or near its most efficient
total efficiency.
The
tables on pages 274
efficiency at various pressures
and outlet
velocities.
point,
it
may
frequently be necessary to
make a
slight sacrifice
in efficiency in order to
meet
special conditions.
Particular attention should be used in public building work keep the fan outlet velocity about 1800 feet per minute in order to insure quietness of operation, with a maximum allowable velocity of 2200 for such work. For industrial installations where higher duct velocities are the rule and absolute quietness of operation is not essential, outlet velocities as high For practical examples in the use of these as 4000 may be used. tables see page 186.
to
227

s
z o H
fa
Q
Z o
o z o ^ u o
<
Oi
UJ
uu Q S z o 3 or ^< z
ffl
<
0?H
IS
NIAGARA CONOIDAL FAN CAPACITIE
ii
"SIS
rH,-l
0)

5
z o 2 z O
Is
\
o z
O
o 
Qi U ^ U H
 < f^ Of H < < <
u
Q Z o o o z o
o < Qi U
15
U U Q ^ z o ^ < z u u a.
ffl t/3
<
*"
<

a
t/3
C^
W3
o ^ z u
a. :r
< E o z "" S
e:
<<
z < o
< <

a

a,
-J
< o o
z < o
<
a t^ z < o
!::
< <

&
<
Q Oi z u < H U
si
< ^ z z
<l
mi
< 9 o o '^
o <

1
^Q
z z < <
%-<
< <
Engineering BUFFALO forge company
as
NIAGARA CONOIDAL FAN CAPACITIEi
f/)
AGINEERING
<
<^
tn
u o as
< r
z Z < <
u.
it.
8
<
<
<

"-j^ uiio
,1^
oo5co loiocd
,-i^,-(
ooiM
cdcot>^
,-i.-<r-i
i^"-;
tâSd ,-t^^ OQOCO

t>-;C0
owoo d^<N
C<(N(N
t^cciN -^cdoJ
WC^CS
-^050
050000
CO^-*
001>-b
^^'J<
^^^
^^^
o>o tO00 ^t^

p0.
cdr>^<
ocoeo
0<DCO
-^^^
05W0
Oi-H^'
fÔM
i-<(N(N
0 05^>
<0
05
(Ncieo
cCTf'"**
COiOO
^êo ***
TfOJiO
C0CSJ(N
-"TTf"*!
COOiO
OiC^T-^
<*<<*<}
.-HÔ
'<<'fTt<
^^05
OOOJO
OO^ Tf<f<*'
*iot>;
>OOiC
^f*
i-hi-hC^
oJdd
?o
c.-<'^'
^'wed
oi'*'
^ *
WOO'*
<*"*<
ÔO oco-* OOOS *

e*5<N-*
".
05W roccco
Oi ;q ' OJ OS
ooco
Tfeoo 0000
eocoec
eo-<*oo
000000 coeoeo
-ôqc osoo *<
050
^_ CO
t^t^;
U5'*-<<<
9 1^ o^ tJt^t-J
'-^
x'odoo
05 oi
o OS CO ^_ d ^' M * d
*_
0(N 22^
lO^ 00
CC CO
OO-^tOS
t^t^tO
CO CC CO
O-Ô
CO CO CO
OCOtO
OiO
000
CO CO CO
-"ifW* I0i00
CO CO CO
coooo
105CC0
CO CO CO
00 05
CO lodd
"I
CO
COX'* o^^p ddt>^
oooo wop
tN^t>ô6
?o "ôsc^^
-^
oo'ood
coco
CO CO CO
COCOCO
COCOCO
CO CO CO
CC CC CO
CO
lOiOO O0S05 OS0505 OOO * 05X 5)?IW WMM
ooo
t^tôo
00*0
COCOCO
OCOSO XX05 (NCSM
OS050
(NiNCO
-Ô OC** O Ol CCCOCO

<-"
-I CO CO
oo
X o O <M OS O CCCC^ OC^X OM* t^ WC^(N o <(N CO * * X ddd OOO OOO OOO OOO OOO oo.
c c '.C
eo'ro osxx iioo
OOO OOO OOO OOp OOO OOO cocco c<cm cceo CO '.CO co-.co r^(C m** COM oxt^ tc*co r^xoi o cc*<D xgs coct*
c^
m5ico
COCOCO
sss sss S| Otac . N<S

f5'Vi
ps sss sss ONt III >00 NNN i>OaO tSNN f^**ir^ f^r^-^
Ci'^'^
240

tioo
coo
ot^t^
oooso
<JtiN.-H
OOO
IMCSCS
ÎN-*
(N(N(N
tÔSCO
IM(NC^
OOOO
(NM(N
(N(NIM
05t*
<N(N
loeoM
(N(N<N CS(N(N
Mcsco
(NiM(N (N<N(N
ccooo (NNCO
(N(N(N
TOW*
0C0
(N(N(N
(N(N(N
(NINCO
CCM
CCMCO
-^-tiO
lOCOi
t^tÔJ
OOi
<NCS(N
OOO
O-*^
oos

a
u o
E? O
OS
^5
z 2
a. <>
> o
it
<
o
<

00
^0rH
OfÔ
ON50
CO coco
coooo
OOS ^CO
050500
CO CO CO
<to
CO CO CO
00
CDCCCD
iC*
COOOO
CO
CO CO CO
COCO
q o oi M t^
"^J.
MOO CO
C<M(N
r-Jêo
Ot}<oj
OS-*
I0l0>0 COCOCO
r^coo
i^coo
Tt* Tft Tf<
00<OCt^
COCÎC^ CO CO CO
CO 1^00
cîoo
COCOCO
COCOCO
CO
coo
lO iC
co'
(N05'*
00
CO 00 CO
odd
dcot>^
T-ll-tC^l
OcOCO
COCOCO
OtîO
COCOCO
CÔOO r-HÔ
CO CO CO
ccr-o
COCOCO
oo.^
2SS COCOCO
*2 'I t-I ci
"*.
'^
c^"
c^'
"^ CO CO
05Tj<q co-*io
qoo^,
id CO 00
OlOJiO
coco
COÔO
COiOrf
00 00 00
cocêo
00 00 00
lOOOTtt 00 00 OS

CO oc
oO'^
odoJoJ
occc
oJd^'
closes (Ncico
owt^
*<*
0^

<05CO
MOO
oq;q?o
05
IN
.-oco
CONN.
oc>>o
ccco
coco coco
fcm
COCÔO
CO CO CO
oco CO CO CO
1^ Q U
Z H < UJ u o
CO
> ^
^Q
Z Z < <
u.
J "^ s ^
o
<:
<
NIAGARA CONOID A L FAN CAPACITIES

a
FAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO FORGE

O 2
t3j
OMPAN^
coo>
m
<J<-Ht-
COOt-
OWt*
^-"tCO
2Si:
Tti-^Tj^
tî sss
loict* Trtt"*
^^5
Sfc
5
rt"*
rîoio ^'i-'*
^^^
ooosec
"TfTfio
"^SS
do iszi
t^co
M0S5O ^^'(N
-ri
.iri
O?C00 co-*o
,-<i-H^H
0<*0>
t>ô6oJ
,_i,-(,-i
C-*.
C^*.**.
'
r:Ss c^cMW
SJJ^S coco^
cow
wcceo
lotw
coec* cocow
i2l2S eoccco
222 ^2;* SSS 222

0500* 2?::^
IN iC OS
gw*
tôool.
ooo oioo
Nr^C^ M<NC^
xoso
-^^'^
e^t-M
T.;
|2
c^=^"
^
^ 0>
'*'^
uj
i
la
locoeo S""
CCeCiO
^c^'N
tÔO
f^^
CI
ClTfiO
OCMt^
i/5<-i'
;:
Cz
a.
'>.
28 S2^ ^^2 2|g g gg

^ So
^*oio
5;3
)<**
g<N
ccOi'
^X.
t^^^.
cot^r^
it
J55S&
(N(N(N
!*
tôsio
^X^ 2SS
CCW'*
S?2^
t-OT'd
05<NCC
lOtOO
OCjW
Or^M. "f^SS
00
^M
i>.t^t^
t^t^t^
acc^ S00
^coos
-I'^t^
SoOQO
0S0>0>
.2 -5
ooo odd
OOOM
oc^-* <6d<6
OOO OOO ooo ddd

T*<tÔ
C4kOt* C4(NCJ
iooo
(NOO OWX>
OMO> occw
ooo-< ecec(N
ooo OOO oco OOO OOO OOO OOO --om (N--0 O00< lOiN';CO><N
5^
9-3
N0 0^
ecoo> ciooo
(NiOOO
OCCQO xcco>
s.
O Ov o >Ct>iOO sss oeo
li^
262
riM

<0
OOiN
W<*00
iiOXi
^05
OJ
:C
X>
(N<N
tOCOtO (N(N<N
tOiO>0 (N(N<N
(MC^N
U3-^-^
M(NN
COI^W
rliTf^
yfi-^'^ ^^^
ecêo
N.
tÔJ<N
CC
t^
0050
rfy-i
!N(N(N
(NM(N
MiNiM
C^MCl
n
<
'H
c^.osoc
CO
MoicO cccow
'^!0"5 rjJiO coeoco
"^."5*
t>;o6oJ
omos
'iN0
-^Tt"-^
ôqr^
O'lo'^'
oji-h
OCC'<f'
coccoo
ooc
cot-oo
o u Z H
>OJ
'-oec-*
"*<
.'^^
rt
(Nrrio
(Noj
(N(N(N
(N(NeO
MM
z;"^<* OSO50C
W^
TfJoS
Sti oco
3g
^ H ^Q Z Z < <
u.
.
:^
SSS ;=;SJi: OO 22
3!^ *'5*
osooos 000000
o>oo
o(n
o
lo o6
o>eo
o>oco
oo
--.C^l
M(NM
'-hm*
OOJQO c6n-^ MCl^l
'^CJ'-<
lo'r^'od
ostooo
(N(N(N
?1MM
t^r^t^
oj'^'ifl
cot<-io o'o-^'
^TJlo
O
oj oo
;3IS2 0000
;;J5^ QOl>^
If?M'? t>.t^N-
co<N(m t^t^h-
mw*!"
r*OT< n-qooc
o>-*^
,-i^rt
r^t^ rt^rt
Cecoo
C^04C4
r^cvj
OC4IO
lO
wcieo
lOh-o
w
DCOt^
<
0^
<: <:
"i^? '0"l
rîo
OiOiO
lO'^Tt lOiOiO
w*io I000
ifliC
^têc
22S 0 'l'^^. ooo ood

3RSi Oe^'*
'111
^^.^ do'd
(NiOt^
'poio
cocow
côo OM<
ddd ddd
omoj OJCÎOO 00^^
W(N locot^
d<oci
ooo^h
oo< ô< oqcB( dd'
- S2 ill ill "^ -S ^ S "- ||2 $2 ^^^ usioio ii sSS tofoto ^^ t^t^toooooi So 1-!mw
III râe
(NN
263
i>oao IP iNf<5^ r<sr (S(Sr<
rur^r^
pg Ofs^
l oaoo fsnn
5
Z u O
(/}
< r o u _ z
&
e^
bo
< o
Z < o
<

a.
0^
ia|
E?
<r
z z
u.
^
o
<
o <
< < a <

a

ot*"
t>.t>.
oidci
t-OOOO
coo't>.'
oJ--J>o
QOOOOO
000505
zi^^ OO'-'
ccc;
^(N
CîN (N(N
0t^0
(N^
lOCÎi-H
i-Hi-Hi-H
OSOOtO
<N(NC^
(N<N(N
lOMW ooo ooo (N(N(N CM (N (N

^'^.'^
ooc (N(NC
'^.^.'R
i-it>.o id doc
ro0(N
"S'-ioo
0U50
oidiN
P*.^
0000O5
iOitO
eodto
i00
odo"d
Ot^t
rjodd
dt""^
0>-<CM
p
id tH
eqco?o
cdt>ô6
tJ^'^tJI
05<No
oii-H(N rlt00
oO'*'*.
'^.*^.'~!
c6t6t^ lOfJiO
05<-Htf5
000
*.^9 côoo tÔOW
*^.''?'*
ojgj;-^
OOCM
oco
cdt^ coco
"NfNfN
iM.-ioq
COCO"*
odo'd
-hwco
l<'<i<-<*<
pi>cq iddoo
Tj<Tl<Tji
icoot^:
--i^.M
id cm
.-I
P<-<
ocmoo
C00
COt^W
050
i-Icm
270
>
a!
<
2 z
^^
o ^ O Z
<

8^
ooo
ocO?i
666
(NOO
OOCXiX
c^cscî
0(N OOO
cot*
OC<3
0<NC5 O3!N00 XCSOS

c^CMC^
CCC(N
28
cow CO
Ho.
ecwcc
o o Z H
8g
< < <
1N30 U2d
276

TURBO-CONOIDAL FAN CAPACITIES
Turbo-Conoidal Capacity Tables
For high speed, high efficiency fans suitable for direct connection to motors or turbines, see Turbo-Conoidal capacity tables on pages 278 to 319 inclusive. These fans have speeds for corresponding capacities and pressures which are nearly double those of the Niagara Conoidal of the same size. The dimensions of the housing are identical with those of the Niagara Conoidal.
Complete and separate tables of capacities, speeds and horsepowers at various static pressures and outlet velocities are given for each size of single inlet fan as in the Niagara Conoidal
tables.
direct connection speed
This enables the engineer to select a fan for a fixed and for any condition of static pressure
and capacity.
It will be noted from the performance curves on page 320 that the pressure builds up rapidly with decreased capacity and increased resistance. In this respect it is in direct contrast with pressure capacity characteristic of the Niagara Conoidal. Iôr public building work where extreme quietness of operais essential the following may be taken as conservative conditions of operation of the Turbo-Conoidal fans:
tion
At At At At
1 in.
static pressure, 1600 outlet velocity.
^
3^
in. static
pressure, 1800 outlet velocity.
]/2 in.
static pressure,
in. static
2000 outlet velocity. pressure, 2200 outlet velocity.
these velocities
For exhausting and for systems blowing through heaters, may be considerably increased.
For industrial work any desired outlet velocity

for static pressure
may
be used
up
to 6 or 7 inches.
Double width fans with two inlets give double the capacities and horsepowers given in the tables.
277

cineo
^^Tf ^^^
00 -O'*
CO C3
c^Tfx>
'-"*
WCÎC^
WC^M
T}<iO0
0-.s;c
MOC^l t-ceo
WCâC^l
-.coJCM
^XX
'^-^l^
M!NC1
CC^ loc^jco t^
C^WI^
NCîN
OCMC-l
WMeC
>*<
T}i <J<
Ceoic
rj-Nco
cccc-^
C^ CM IN
w o t^ O
^j CO
C^l
* ;c
--C
OS ^^f C^ M
X c c^ Tf X C^ -C CS M OJ lO lO lO :c t^ M C^ M OJ (N
--D -.C C^J
cc oi ' ^'
o N
IN
<<
r*
c4 (N
CiOO NM
CtX -i.X
Tf
* -^ X O M Tf C N X O M LO 0 N "3 0 CO XN X Tf 0 C N N X N CC CO CO Tf -^ IN (N M N ?l N N M M M !N
CC Ci
C-l
C^l
)0
|00 r^
I
eot^'t
0>'-|'* ^' (N
t^XX
XXOS
C5C50
cox OS
C^!CN
IN-.COS COC N N N N N CI
-H
-Ô-^
CO-XO NricO
CI CI
NXO CO^X OWX

N
COfJ*
N CI CJ
CI CI CO
FORGE COMPANY
FAN ExNGINEE RING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

<N
c^4iNiM
M<Neo
mccco
t^rô C0O00 oooow
TjiTjiiO
0D <0
O5C0t^
ooo
<
(NCOO w*iri
tt>-r>.
t>.t>.I^
tôji
t>-t>.oo
cor^r-
MOOJ OlN-<*< a
OJt^co
288
CC'"" ~
-H(NC<1
(NCOCO
MCOCO
Tjl
Tji'
Tji
t>-050
MO00
l^l>b.
0(NiC
000000
00 05 05
00iC(N
Tjjjqoq
CO CO CO CO CO
^
t^'-oo toooo
ZU
r-osco ^(M-l" <*'**
r^-'^fN
lOtÔS
TfTfTt*
050505
0(N-<J< lo^tiio
ososcî
X^ lOioto
Tt<tô COiOOO
irxcir!
coosim
CMiO
r^t^t^
r^Moo
t^CÎ-i
q^(N
-(COiO coitio
QOrHTjt
OlTftO
^,h',-I
^^"^^
Doqo
r-JrHr-t
(N-^
t^TfCO kot-oj
(N (N <N
<N(NtJ<
'^wio
I^Ôt* t^<N>:
COrJ"'T^'
(N m' (N
CO CO CO
So
u^ os
a,
co^^'*
0CO5
05co^
C^T}<X!
cocooi CO'*'^
iMfNCO
CCCOfO
00O(N
<M<N-^ lOtÔS
^Tj^rji
t^noi
i-iTt<:C
iCdO
(Noo3
^<N'<*< (NciiM'
o: (M-*
>ooco iOCO
Oicor^
:OCÎt^
'Ot^t-
WX-*
tôoos
cocoeo
>'^
o-i(N
ccor^
eo'i'io rt'^,-;
oeot^
tôoOJ
^^^'
GiOiOi
^^^'
(N-ho ooop
im'wco*
o-Ô
ci."-;
coco'^
bQ z
t^CÔS COiO'i
luu:
^^^
XO'M -hM'M
OX-^t^ lOtÔS <N(NC^
OCOOi
OlTf'X)
OSfN-*
"ÔCC
iMt^CD
t-ÔiOX Tf'I'iO
lOOSCO
COCOCO
CCf*
10050
10CC50

r
TURBO-CO NOIDAL FAN CAPACITIES

oq-<c<5
00 00 OS
^ 00 ^ oi oi
o
"<;
CO
05 q Tj( o
opo
tÔOOS
OOO
Tfiom
wô O'-iW
^rHi-H
WîO i-l-l^
^^<
I00005
osMt^
^^1
"COO 'N^ C^CIN
ectco
lOOO-^
W(NM
iooc
t^tôc
00OSO3
oo.
!tJ<00
'cot-
t^
C5N0
CO CO CO
CO
r>;Oeo
'
|oo
tfi<c<o
r-t-oo
ooojo
om'co
050S05
51^00 oo-^
Mco'*
OiOiOi
tôoos
ocoo
ccrôo
05 05 OS
ooô
oir-ic^ OS
OO
-"tioco oco^ OOO O


ôo
"-^
ntoo)
<-i .-H 1-H
^(N
g
(N(N<N
co'co'co
Tjii^tTji
g;{:g5
co'XJi^
lOidui
^R t^QOod
??ôq o*'2^
DtOOS
^lOcD 0000
NiOOS OOOSO
000005
i-Ht>.^ *.'~:^.
i-I(NCsi
loooec
"^'^^
(Noico'
osoot^."9*?
00 coco'
oo^D
'^.
"?*
eoco^
^.
t*eo^
ôstj<
i-tos
OSes'-"
^"rJ<Tji
lOiOcO
^(Ct^
CCO-H COiOt^ OSOSOS
tÔOO
OS'tOO OOOJiO
TjtcO^ INCO-*
t>.t>.t>.
OOSiM lOCOQO
N.t-t>.
COi-icO
OS-HIN
t>.OOQC
OCO^ TfiCr^
000000
00O(N
t^T}<0
OOOSOS
OSOO
^^^
OSiNiC COOOS
dc^N
OC^JCO
t>-h>.t^
wcoeo
r^TfO 'Ô
-
eo^'*
CCCOOS <cco<
ôio
icoo
tâoi os<o '*QOC^ OSOSO
t^MiO ^
-
^^CCt>.t--t>.
OS-^M tÔC
CCMO
TJ<COOO
000000
cCiO^ OS^CO
OOOSOS
IBJOl JOJ ppv
'2J >OM
>
-'
n!9 rt<tO00 ^^-^
C3100 OC^0
(NlN(N
t-OCO MCOCO
lONO
oo(N
tOOS(N eOeO't
loosio
lOOON ^TfiO
000^
COMC4 xo^t^
U!i4/ J3d Jiy ld'no-|f3BdB3|
oscor^
000
5jt^^
iOiO0
(N toe Ot
OC
*00C^ ^
coo-* ...
OSCOt^
OSCOt^
^lOOS
C0-<< 01.-IC
uivv J3d
Id

N
291
;s
r5r<Jf*S
(S<SM
(SN(S
(NNN
Kg
*"
Q. E o z
2:
^^
Z O

OW0
^t*t*
MOM
^^Tji
OM_0q
OJ'^Ô
b-'oo'oi
NO^
coot*
<D-Vr-i
t>^t>^t>-'
OSO'O
''5CÔ> ^'im'(N
N.^M
o>t*o
iCt>.'cJ
MT}<d
t* S;
lOcoM
ooor*
tôoo
(Ncot*
ocot*
octêo
gS SoS SS 5 ^22
21:^
u U
a.
bo z ?^
>
<^

ei.
rn

a.

a.
w3
f*5

ioaio
<N.
ilMCO
0t>.0
CS<0
'fiOOi

(N-.C(N t>.oqc^
OS05M "5^'*
cc'cc-**
*^(
-^'loo
OStÔS
iOUSO
'*Ot>;
dt-^r>^
oeco
"^-lOJ ooaJcJ
t>.;cio
<jii*<0
choice
d-IiN
to'^'o
000505
CO ro cc
Or-KN
'*<'*
CCt-QO
lotôo 050'-i îO0
ooOM (Not0
OtOiO
CCt^W
coo
<ror^
05CD-.0 osc^jio
oqcô
(n'mcc
XM05
q-<tc5
^'^'^'
O-*--
^"mm"
(/3
COOt^ "ô/o dcc
OiOC0
'-.oc'O
t>^t>io6
w^05
05
oON;r>.
<-<c<icc
I400
COtÔO
CO CO CO
050^
CO
^^
riCOiO cotôo
^^*
tÔ-H o'M
COiCX
îfliO
co<^lO iOoC
(MC0 05
(N
!N' Co'
CO CO
'
<1<00
t^t* *iCt*
XOiO ON-* oso 'J'Tj'iO

CO500
^ -^ bJ 00 os"
d ^ m'
coo
OSOOt^
05t^C
-H C^ CO CO CO CO
<0>Ci
># "5 'X> CO CO CO
t^05
CO CO CO
'^(NCO ^^^
"I'lOCO
Ttt-*-*
tÔr^ ^cc-*
OiCOO
^^.-1
t
CO '^CO
N<N(N
cocoec
^^yci
05 id
*q
t>^
OOS 6d^'
OSO'^ NCOCO
<
Kfi
-^
%l
:st
IBjox JOj ppv
s
coo>i< lOiOtO
!<N-H )(N-*
00<N
1-1
,^^
CDOOO
c^
000 <Ncr^ N(N<N
C^lOO
eocoeo
OCO
0(N>0 OSNiO
CO <<*
05ICO
TfiOiC
uivv J9d Jiv
jj-noXpBdBO
O'HC^
OOO OOQ ooo ooo ooo ooo o>iOO o --r^M ooeooo <t^00 OOOSOJ OO-" (NM C0-*iO (CtÔO CCtÔO
05O
c^coco
*iCCO
oo iCO
oo o oo e Nfs-"* o o fo-*i OOO'O - ^roe > -r<s <sr<s

^
CO
rt
'~;*.^.
ô*"!
otô6
,-n-(rt
'^^''^^^
'-;''5
05
-ôsio
t>-'o6o (N<NC5
^0'*
^'^'"3
^,-i,-i
oJO'-H
i-iC^(N
eoi<io <N(N(N
Noos CCWCO
.-i,-io r-lCOlO
O
CO
0^t*
COt^t^
00O5O (^t^t^
(MOOO
t^jo-it 050t>t^t^t>..
-êccs
00050
r^tôo
oooo
(N ^'
f^.
5i
cd
lorô
ôoco
t*oo
lOioco
CD CO CO
iO0-<*<
corôo
CO CO CO
'^COW
Tt<iOCO
i-i(NCO
(NCCCO
t-05i-i
tî^t^
tî^t^
t*tôo
lOOOl
dO'-t
ÎMM
.-hOOO
;C CO CO TjJidcd
00 05 "H
* O * "5 CO
~^
1-H C^' TJH
t^CCd
i-H.-H(N
(N<NiM
lO 00
,-h"
C^<NCO
Ot^-<t
CO-*-"* Tt<iOCO
COMIN
t>-00O5
.-IIM.-C
COCCCO
CCCOCO
0<-iC^ t^t^t-
(NN-<t CCOtt*N.l^

a
*
<
t
u
i-
< S
H CO oo
CO CC U5
t-M^
M'<l">r
lOOiO
i-io I00
io<oo
cDiNoo
Ot^t>-
loôo
0OO5OS oioo
ceco
Oi-iC^
ooio
coc^co C^TflO
CCCO
a o H
Ofi
^ z
< u < f)
a N
z<
^ %
St; o <
z o (J 6
00
=3

a,

&
T
1
URBO-CONOIDAL FAN CAPACITIES

a

a
f<9
320
INDUCED DRAFT FANS

Induced Draft Tables
Induced draft tables are given for both Planoidal and Niagara Conoidal fans, with gases at 300 and 550 Fahr. The 300 tables are to be used in case the gases are passed through an economizer. These tables give the boiler horsepower that will be served, together wilji the speed, cubic feet of gases handled per minute, and the po\^ required to drive the fan, for different sizes of fans operating at various pressures measured at the breeching of the boiler. Thus, if we operate a 100-inch Planoidal fan handling gases at 550 at 355 R. P. M., and 0.75 inch static pressure, we will be able to develop 670 boiler H. P. In case we speed up to 502 R. P. M., with a pressure of 1.5 inches, we will be able to develop 950 boiler H. P., or an increase of 41 per cent. The power required to drive the fan will increase from 7.06 H. P. to 20.0 H. P.
Special
Narrow Induced Draft Fans

tables of special steel plate fans to be direct connected to
The
Buffalo steam engines and used for induced draft work will be
found especially convenient when selecting apparatus for this purpose. The first column gives a number, which refers to that particular combination of engine and fan. It will be noticed that these are narrow, tall fans, of the special high efficiency type, operating at such a speed as to make them suitable for direct connection to steam engines.
These fans are to be operated with a
static pressure of 1.69
inches at the breeching of the boiler, with gases at 550, and
develop 50 per cent, overload on the boiler. These combinations are so selected that a peak load on the boiler of at least 100 per cent, may be carried for a limited time, and approximately 50 per cent, overload all of the time. The engines are to be operated at their normal rated cut-off and at the speed indicated, the steam pressure required being indicated in the third column. The above is based on the assumption that under average conditions a pressure of 0.75 in. at the up-take will be required, when operating at normal rated capacity.
321

O
O O to
PLANOIDAL INDUCED DRAFT FAN CAPACITIES

O
in
ii
o z u <
is
u. u. :^ CQ
PLANOIDAL INDUCED DRAIT FAN CAPACITIES

O
o^ t>A
c^.
>o O)
00 'X>
QOCJd 00 o>^
r-eoos;
ocsco
csco t^ ^ X
000
000
000 coo
CO 000
OCOC'l CM<N
C;
Xi^
100
>
iC o ^* w n Qo
-HOOO
(NCC* ^cio
CO po ro
ootô
b e3 ^ O .-"T^'OOO
o
^_ ,.-w.
^
000 www-
C^JOS^
1000
OiOO T}MO
C>
C-l
lOiOO
ccccco
r=
:
C)
eoxcc
ioo>o 000 05 000 O têcx

o '^
OiOO
C!CU5
el
H < t = io INM
>.
looo 000 000 t^ CstÔ ^MCO

o tôw
cî
r>.
coot^
t^
MOX iO ooo *co coo

CM-*
lOO'O lOt^X
lOOL':
toco Ci0

,-H
t^ lO
"3 00
lOtÔ
,-i,-H(N
Wcod
(NCMCO
O^ "^ *?
Mt^'-j
COW*
.
000 000 000 000 ooo COOÔ ooo ooo Tf^cD OiOO 000 OJ005 Oi-to cog ooooio (NOOO 05CDO CCO'* .-<(NTf ^00 CSCDCC tôio C0"*iO 0000 i-iCC* iO>t^
OCOO
OOiGO
000 Cs
Oeoio
*oo
OOi<N
t-,TjicO
CCCO'^ "-lOOS
(N(N.-i
oot^<o
i-Hi-i,-!
OKN
(N(N(N
ooo
(NO! CO
00
'*
OOiO
Oi
--H
O I>
000 00000
CDOO"-!
,-i.-t(N
OiOO
O'*'^ OX<M
(M(NCO
coo O'-i'*
COOTf
CO-*-*
CO
<
OOOCO
CO t,-H ^'
q
im'
lOCOiO
^_ CO CO (m' CO Tji
(CO
CO
* I O lO N
coo OOO 000 000 COO 000 000 lOXfO 000 ooo 000 .-i!N03 OCO (NOOO ÔO'^ OX:t^ (MM05
00000
(NCO-*
COX-*
COtÔS
.-H035
COiC
i-KN'*'
(Ncoro
COOO
iCMiM
OJOOt^
NCD^ OiOiO
-^-lO
oO'-;'-;
i00
'^^CO
(M--IO -HOOlO CO(N<N
CO'-'O C^HM(N
i00>0
00!NiO
lOOO
OS'Ôi
,-((N(N
lOOiO
rI<t>"-H
^r^^
000 00 CD
in
loioo
00(NOO
C0-*CO
COOGO
CCCCOO
000 (NOOiO
COCOCO
(NINCSI
t^05^ "^
C (M IN
CO
fOOOCO ,^^(N'
^ t^
0 Tft CO <N (N lO <C t^
CO CO ^_ 1^ 06 OJ
(NCO-
000 000 000 000 000 000 CO O CD t>-0 (NlOO 10 M o r^ CO *

c^ô
(NC0->1<
50
.-iCOt^ if5CDI>
-'*C^ OSC^CD
CO 'too
OiOO
(NMCO
COC0(3S
coo W
CO-*-*
(N'-iO l>iOC0 OCDt^
*iOC0
OSOOt*
10 -H O iOtHtJi
(NI>CO
00 "N 00
COCOM
10 05 10 (NO
IN(N(N
IU50
lOS^*
It-((N
0>0>0
00000 NCOiO
OiOO
CO
cOt-OJ
000
000 000 COCO-*
10
100
t'Jl'Jit
TTlftlA
>OtN00
326
NIAGARA CONOIDAL INDUCED DRAFT FAN CAPACITIES

O
O
I
.a
n
11
<
Q Q U
Of
CQ

111 |5
SPECIAL STEEL PLATE INDUCED DRAFT FAN CAPACITIES
HI Us

a u
on
i-.s
P.
Boiler
Developed
Overload
50%
H.
Planoidal Type
"L" Fan
Direct Connected to Double-
Vertical, Double=Acting
Engine
Double Turbo-Conoidal Type "T" Fan
331
BUFFALO CONE WHEELS
a style of fan frequently used where the is moderate, or where it is merely required to exhaust the air from a chamber or to exhaust from a series of ducts into an attic or out of doors. It may be used in many cases where a disk fan is ordinarily installed, and will give better efficiency than the latter. The efficiency is, however, lower than that obtainable with a wheel enclosed in a housing, so that it is generally advisable to use a standard steel plate or
is
The cone wheel
resistance to be
overcome
multivane fan. This is especially true if it is necessary to operate against any considerable resistance. The table on page 333 gives the cubic feet of air per revolution at free delivery, as well as the performance under various pressures. The air H. P. under free delivery may be calculated by H. P. =0.00026 X cap. X press, corresponding to the peripheral velocity expressed in inches. This should be increased to cover belt and bearing losses.
332
CONE WHEELS
,i4
r5^(N
co-îo
t^c
ooo ooc ooo oioic o*5o ooo CCCOO ooo-* 00 CC (N

(N(NM
t/3
(M 05
--5
O 00 >5
<1<iOt*
Ot^
z o H Q z o
ÔO
OC
05 CC 05
tÔOfM ICIMQO COCOfN
:j
C5 05 C
(M 00
oqq
Lc
--I
(>i --C
iOt--X
(N 05 i6
oo
<M c^ lO
o z o ^ U H
ttl
ooo coo coo ooo OOO OiOiO ooo lOOO cooco o> 00 a Ci O
<N t^ 00 O O OJ O CO lO t^
CiCO>-< .-icêo
o; "CO O rr lo
ci;
i-i
05 01
^ *
O 00 :c
OOCC 00
iC IM
XO '^
t--
ooc-*
CO<N<N
eocsO
(N.-lr-l
(M_
Oi
o < ^ < CQ
Of
(/}
t^ CO --< (N
00 --; CO CO -^
qqiq
>dt>05
^Gc-*
o<Na>
ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo lOiCO ooo looo C0!NO looci lomo t>-00iO coo COiÔ (MtÔO X o CO(N<N
M
Tj.
-^
OC
O CO
iC
co-*io
tô^
1-I.-I
ii Si S 1 P Z
HI
SiAa>
UJ-^CC
mCC-X)
t^XX
COCO(N
-^ct^
(MINOS IOCC05
(NC^1.-i
"^-tS t-ioec
11^
'^SJS r-coi
C5CCIO t-rHio
(N'*'* ^^ oo^ (NC4C0
co-ô
ooio--;
00
Er^, ,^
-^d
q^.q
odc'fN
B <
ooo ooo lO lO CO
i-i:c
X o lo
.--
c^.o
CCCC!N
<M :r '^
ooo ooo iC o coo actX) cjc'-co

lO
* X 'H X w lO CCXO
c^co-*
if u.
CQ U.
^5
ooco XO^ ^^CO
CCMfN
r^StoS^ xQM (NM^
oco
cccq iCTOM
^r^--
C'~q oxx r^
o
?5co^
It* IrH
T-i-teo
^ c X q lO lO
ôco
oico'io
wcêo
ooo ooo COO COO ooo OOOCO CXO iCCO C>-';C CCJO w?oS o-îM --- ccx C;5"C^
uotô
^cox
coa.^
c^c.
COXIN 05(NX
CO COIN
Ot*X gJlot-
^
JiV
Jd *"3
05D^ OCO-H ^,^<N "ONin
N<-"
(NOC0 C0-*O
>000 OCW^ Ot*7H
3ZIS,
r*ir*i^
ovOM
OCT Ti'0
t>0O
NOW v N
333
BUFFALO " B " VOLUME BLOWERS AND EXHAUSTERS (TYPES BB AND BE)
"B" Volume Blower
"B" Volume Exhauster
and capacwhich these blowers and exhausters are designed, either for producing blast for forges and furnaces, for removing smoke and fumes in small ventilating installations, or for conveying dust and refuse from emery and polishing wheels. Data on application is given in another section. For forge blast a pressure of 3 to 5 ounces at the fan is sufficient, and for removing smoke a suction of 2 ounces at the fan is usually employed. For exhaust conveying systems either "B" volume exhausters or planing -mill exhaust fans may be used according to the nature of the material handled. With either type extra heavy blast wheel construction neutralizes the effect of abrasive material, while acid gases may be handled by blast wheels of cast iron, lead, copper, monel metal, or other suitable acid reities for
The
table on page 335 shows the range of pressures
sisting material.
334
VOLUME BLOWERS AND EXHAUSTERS

?5Sg
U
OQ
o z
<
QQ
tfi
U a > H
(/}
U
E X u
zo
<
c
2^
ml
o >
FORGE COMPANY
BUFFALO STEEL PRESSURE BLOWERS

(TYPE
P)
Steel Pressure Blowers are designed for relatively higher pres-
sures
and smaller capacities than "B" Volume Blowers and while they may be used for the same purposes, are intended especially for supplying blast to cupolas, furnaces, and forges requiring air pressure of from 6 to 14 ounces per square inch.
Steel Pressure Blowers for pressures as high as 16 ounces are
also built in
two
stages.
The table on page 337 gives capacities and horsepower required for these blowers at various speeds and pressures. Table on page 110 gives special information regarding requirements
for
method
of choosing
foundry service, and table on page 338 describes blower and laying out piping in forge shops.
336
STEEL PRESSURE BLOWERS

2 O
Vi
Q Z O
00
o
z o
>
(^
IS
l
u<
Qoa
to:
.5
Pi
fiO
ts
cd c/}
afrn
35/
UJH
-J a.
t/3p
ug
o
<
u. u.
ea
u.

BUFFALO STEEL PRESSURE BLOWERS (TYPE APPLICATION TO FORGE FIRES
Static Pressure in
>>
P)
Ounces
STEEL PRESSURE BLOWERS
33
BUFFALO STEEL PLATE PRESSURE BLOWERS

(TYPE R)
Pulley Driven
Motor Driven
These are high efficiency fans, and are usually designed for pressures up to 14 or 16 ounces for cupola or furnace service, but may be built for pressures up to two or three pounds per square inch. The speeds for cupola work are suitable for direct connected motors, which are usually mounted on a sub-base built as a part of the fan. In large units the bearings are frequently mounted on independent pedestals, and the fans driven through flexible couplings, while for smaller sizes the fan wheel is overhung on the extended motor shaft. It is possible to obtain, with a fan of this type, higher efficiencies than with standard radial blade steel plate fans, or with any form of multiblade fan,
CAPACITIES OF BUFFALO STEEL PLATE PRESSURE BLOWERS
%
STANDARD PLANING-MILL EXHAUSTERS

BUFFALO STANDARD REVERSIBLE PLANINGMILL EXHAUSTERS (TYPE M)
Pulley Driven
Motor Driven
Standard Blast-Wheel for Buffalo Steel Plate Mill Exhauster
Blast-Wheel for Stringy Material
341
BUFFALO STANDARD PLANING-MILL EXHAUSTERS (TYPE M)

These fans are ordinarily used for conveying materials and removing shavings and factory refuse in general. Instructions for application are given in another section. The construction is similar to steel plate ventilating fans, but with special proportions and of considerably heavier material to stand wear. The fan wheels are always overhung, and the bearings of extra size. These fans are made single and double. The table below gives speed, capacity and horsepower for various pressures for
for
single fans.
CAPACITIES
UNDER NORMAL WORKING CONDITIONS

Total Pressure in Ounces
STANDARD PL AN I NGjjH LL EXHAUSTERS

PLANINQ=MILL EXHAUSTERS BUFFALO SINGLE STANDARD PIPES aVPE M) WITH DIFFERENT AREA SUCTION AND VARYING VELOCITIES
Speed and Power Requirements
Through Branch Suction Pipes
3500
in Feet per
Minute
Exhauster
Velocity
3000
4000
4500
^
6.6 2180 1925 4.72 2450 2140 10.8 3150 2170 7.60 3540 1485 4250 2552 13.50
79 10 30 12 113 113 12 154 14

,
1636 1410 2360 1620 3190 1940

I
1910 1675 3.3 2750 1890 5.1 3720 2240 9.2
154
1185 2.52 1350 3.90 1535 6.35
40
201
1201
45 18 254 254 314

254 18 314 314 20 380 22
6.00 3540 1775 2750 1390 4.02 3150 1570 9.35 4790 1990 3720 1570 6.25 4250 1780 14.60 6280 1470 2020 5540 10.00 1775 4890 4790 1520 4250 1350 3720 1185 6280 1755 5540 1495 4890 1320 7980:1970 1730 7080 6200 1530 9.25 6280 1320 554011170 6.25 1030 4890 13.30 7980 1458 6200 1140 9.10 7080 1295 19.20 9820: 1640 7650 1370 13.40 8730 1450
OOî 7 45 7080 1028 11.0 1130 15.7 f6?0 9?fl0:70 8730 9250'lll0 15.20 10570 1260 22.2
10.6 16.2 25.8

13.1
19.2 28.2
5310 6550 7920
R9f^n
7980 1160 15.85 9820 1270 22.30 11890 1410 31.80 9820 1040118.7 11890 1105125.4 14150|1265 35.5
118901 940 21.5 114150 1045 28.1 16500 1100 38.0
314 20
55 22
380; 22
452 24
1
6550 7920 9450 |to,10:6o!nOOO|
??Hididi2.t's''9S''?l 12550 1105,24.7

9^17^
60 24 452
9.75 22 7920 630 6.42I 9250 718 13.80 24 9450 6841 8.60 11000 808 18.90 862 12900 11.10 738 26 11100
70 28 616
707 80 32 804 804 908
11100 530 8.3 12800 575 11.0 14700 620,14.3
12900 622 13.4 14950 670 18.3 17100 72022.6
14700
704'l9.4 171001 744 25.8 196001 820;33.2
16500 795I27.8 19200 858 36.6 22100 920 47.4

22100' 690 35.6 I25000I 730 48.0 ,28300 789 57.5
i3iPii!p,SlSiS
that th-V'te ^>' are computed on .he b^js of one collector^ 1 feet of piping incluchng equivalent the tan outlet.
NOTE-Table,
^5
rtirtl.fe'lTerS^'YrirSS^^^^ are ^Q^Pâ ent ^ the length of p.pe to which they

double fans, power and
ajr
total equivalent opera length, in order to determine the
^^h g^
j
.^
from which ^^^^ ^^^^
handled
will
be doublea.
343
BUFFALO SLOW SPEED REVERSIBLE PLANINGMILL EXHAUSTERS (TYPE E)
Suction Side
Bearing Side
Standard Slow Speed, High Efficiency Blast-Wheel
Slow Speed Blast-Wheel for Stringy

Material
344
SLOW SPEED PLANING- MILL EXHAUSTERS
BUFFALO SLOW SPEED PLANING-MILL EXHAUSTERS (TYPE E)

These fans are of the high efficiency type explained elsewhere, and while intended for the same purposes as the standard mill The exhausters, require from 15 to 50 per cent, less power. speed is also reduced one-third, and the size of the fan is increased nearly 50 per cent. For cases where refuse fuel is not available for furnishing power, it is advisable to use this fan, on account of the decrease in power cost.
CAPACITIES
UNDER NORMAL WORKING CONDITIONS

Total Pressure in Ounces
4>

BUFFALO SINGLE SLOW SPEED HIGH EFFICIENCY MILL EXHAUSTERS (TYPE E) WITH DIFFERENT AREA SUCTION PIPES AND VARYING VELOCITIES
Speed and Power Requirements
Exhauster
SLOW SPEED PLANING-MILL EXHAUSTERS
1N30 yid
347
FAN ENGINE BRING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY
BUFFALO DISK FANS (TYPE
D)
Pulley Driven
Motor Driven
disk or propeller fans should not be used in connection with a system of piping, but should discharge directly into a room, or exhaust from it without obstruction. Although not as efficient as a centrifugal cased fan, the lower first cost, large air capacity and simplicity of installation account for the wide use of fans of this type for ventilating engine and
boiler
The ordinary
rooms,
kitchens, restaurants, small theatres, brass foundries, etc. conservative table for the air capacities of actual disk fan installations is given below for normal speeds, and table on page 349 gives capacities and horsepowers for various speeds.
These disk fans are probably more often installed with direct connected motors than for belt drive, and such outfits have become standardized for both direct and alternating current.
348
DISK FANS
tîOO
(N l>
<*
ooo OOO ooo COCCIM

t^
* -1
50
coco
CO
'I*
l^
C5 (N CO
FAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO FORG E COMPANY
BUFFALO MULTIBLADE DISK FANS (TYPE CM)
are usually employed for boosters, in mine ventilation, or for producing air flow in cooling towers for condensing plants. The casing and bearings are self-contained to facilitate
installation.
Disk fans with many overlapping blades are better suited than standard disk fans for maintaining sufficient pressure to overcome a moderate piping resistance or other friction, and
The normal
speeds, air capacities the following table:
and horsepowers are given
in
Size
PROPELLER FANS
BUFFALO PROPELLER FANS (TYPE
F)
Pulley Driven
Motor Driven
cent, greater propeller fan has a capacity 25 to 30 per general same the for used than a disk fan of the same size, is driven or with pulley either furnished be may purposes, and 48-inch and smaller disk and propeller direct connected motor. wheels, so that it is unnecessary overhung with fans are made oiling the outer bearing. to reach between the blades for at normal speed is given horsepowers and capacities Table of
The
below.
Size
Normal Speed
18
24 30 36 42 48
1050 800 650
FAN
'
bg
u
E
-J
I
c^
0. > O J
li
PROPELLER FANS
PERFORMANCE OF 8-BLADE PROPELLER WHEELS 30 ANGLE
OPERATING AGAINST RESISTANCE
FAN ENGINEERING [B UFFALO FORGE COMPANY
354
ELECTRIC ^LOWERS
BUFFALO ELECTRIC BLOWERS (TYPE
FB)
Constant Speed
Variable Speed
This type of blower has been developed for furnishing small volumes of air at pressures from one to three ounces for forge fires and furnaces, for blowing church organs, and in fact any purpose for which the various sizes may be applicable, handling from 60 to 250 cu. ft. per minute. These fans may be used for exhausting at the same pressures, and are furnished with motors for 110 or 220 volts, either alternating or direct current. The design of the blast -wheel and
casing
is
special, similar to the high efficiency steel plate fans,
so as to
make
the power consumption remarkably low.
No.
of
Blower
BABY CONOIDAL FANS (TYPE
IC)
Small motor driven fans for exhaust ventilation are preferable to the use of desk fans, since they provide means for introducing fresh air, or for positively removing fumes and odors.
They
are also used for small drying outfits in connection with

electrical
steam or
heaters.
Standard
sizes
are arranged for
direct or alternating current motors;
fans are of Conoidal type
with housings which are reversible. The following table shows capacities of some of the smaller stock sizes.
Size
Planoidal Type "L" Fan Wheel
Cowl Ventilator
357
SECTION IV
FAN DIMENSIONS
Included in this section
fans and blowers.
will
be found dimensions of various

of Planoidal, for
Dimensions
Niagara Conoidal
full
and Turbo-Conoidal fans are given
both
and three-
quarter housing, for top horizontal, bottom horizontal, up and
down
discharge.
Dimensions are given on pages 382 to 385

Niagara Conoidal
for
double
width
and Turbo-Conoidal
fans.
Dimensions
single
of slow
speed and standard planing-mill exhausters,

will
and double width,
be found on pages 394 to 397,

of steel pressure blowers.
and on page 398 are given dimensions
358
PLANOIDAL FAN DIMENSIONS

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
FANS
OVERHUNG PULLEY FULL HOUSING TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE

Dimensions in Inches
Sire

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
FANS

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
FANS

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
FANS
OVERHUNG PULLEY FULL HOUSING DOWN DISCHARGE

Dimensions
in Inches
Size

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
EXHAUSTERS
OVERHUNG PULLEY THREE-QUARTER HOUSING TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE

Dimensions
Size
in Inches
I<AN
EN CWNEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
EXHAUSTERS
OVERHUNG PULLEY THREE-QUARTER HOUSINGBOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE

Dimensions
Size
in Inches
I
M
52% 25% 39% 20 45% 21% 61% 29 32% 49% 25
60 21^ 281^22 5^ 29?Î26 18 22H26K 70 25 26 J^ 34^^301^ 20 J^ 26^30% 35 80 28^ 40 39^135 231^ 30^^;35i^ 30
90
100 110
120 130 140 ISO 160 170
32^ 45
50 39 >i 55
43
50
60 65 70
78 H 36% 53% 27 34^ 44 3^139 M 26 34^140 58% 29% 37^8 49^1435^ 28^ 37^44% 86% 40 54 3^ 47 J^ 31 M 415,^48^ 95% 44% 63 31% 451^ 59 M 52^ 34 451^ 53 103^ 48% 66% 33% 49 >^ 63 >^ 561^ 37 49 57^ 112% 52% 73 % 37 53 61 39Jî53 61% 120% 56% 77% 39
53 J^ 75 57 80 60 85
60^178^ 69%
56^73^ 65 Ji 421^ 56% 65^ 128% 59% 85% 43

47% 681^ 88^ 78^ 51 51% 68 H 79% 155% 72% 103 72 93^ 82 K 54 72 83% 163 % 76 107% 53% 7534' 98% 87% 56}^ 75% 172 |79% 115% 58
74 95
64^83 7^
H 48 H 64^ 751^ 147%
46
60
5^
701^
138% 64% 90%
45
180 190
64^ 90
95 100
200

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
EXHAUSTERS

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
EXHAUSTERS
OVERHUNG WHEEL
FULL HOUSING TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE
This Style for 30 to 60-Inch Fans
366

>
g
a
1 S
S
I (A
O

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
EXHAUSTERS
OVERHUNG WHEEL
FULL HOUSING BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE
This Style for 30 to 60Inch Fans
368

>
<
o O =
^
n
O o z
tin
;3

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
EXHAUSTERS
OVERHUNG WHEEL
FULL HOUSING UP DISCHARGE
^^ ^
"
JrJ-L-e4^-^pz +
ii
I
^^
î
370

>
z 3 o
I
5
.2
O E
"
u.

PLANOIDAL (TYPE
L)
EXHAUSTERS
OVERHUNG WHEEL
FULL HOUSING DOWN DISCHARGE
372

>
U o
-J
uj
1^5
iS 3 Si >i O o
I
< E ^ Q
i
.2
I o
-J
374
CONOIDAL FAN DIMENSIONS

NIAGARA CONOIDAL (TYPE N) FANS TURBO-CONOIDAL (TYPE T) FANS
M
Â
h
L
lu
OVERHUNG PULLEY FULL HOUSING TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE

OVERHUNG PULLEY FULL HOUSING BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE

A J

OVERHUNG PULLEY FULL HOUSING DOWN DISCHARGE

Size
3H
4
5
6 7
175^ K 2ZH 25 M 23^ 197^ 31% 18 22%18% 33% 2614 28 H 26 ,H 34H 20 24% 19% 36H 28^ 313^ 29 H Hi 38A 21% 26% 21% 40A 31^ 34 M 3lii 26^ 41% 23 % 28 % 23 43% 36 M 39% 37 H 30^ 48t^ 27 32% 26% 50,% 42 45^ 42 3^ 35x'V 55 M 31 ,36% 28% 57%
21
17>i 20 22
157-^
13%
15/gl
18,H 21
201? 12 24% 14 27% 16
16% 13% 221i 18% 15 26% 20% 17 29%
14% 15% 16%
17% 18% 18%
20%
24 27
72 76
80
47% 51% 47H 39% 62/b34%40% 31% 64x^5 61 31 53 44% 69% 38% 44% 34% 71% 65 33 58A 48% 76^42 49% 38% rSli 73% 37 63 68 63^ 5211 83% 46 153% 41% 85% 79 % 39 % 68% 73 H 68^8 57% 90t^49%58% 45% 93x% 83 41% 73}^ 79 62% 47% 100% 92 46 74t% 61%' 97% 53 49% 78^ 84% 79 H 66^ 104x^6 57 66% 51% 107^ 84 90% 84% 70% 111 60% 71% 54% 114% 107 53% 56 89^ 96 11711 64% 76% 58% 12111 112 90iB 75 94 H 101^ 95% 79t^ 1 24% 68 80% 61% 128% 120 60 199% 107 84% 64% 13551 125 62% 1001 8311 1311| 72 105 112% 106 88% 138:^4 75% 88% 67% 142% 128 64
52 H 56% 57 %j 62
1
378

OVERHUNG PULLEY THREE-QUARTER HOUSING TOP HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE

Dimensions
Size
in Inches

h- A/
^-=-^^-^
Li
^
//
//
OVERHUNG PULLEY THREE-QUARTER HOUSING BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE

Dimensions
Sizej
in
Inches


DOUBLE WIDTH
Dimensions
Size
in Inches
3
4
15 î
21
17>i 11^ 20 13 22 14K
15^ 2!* ^1 TS
23 3^ 26 3^ 29
20 24 27
M 16^ M 18:
14
28 H 13M 32 M 15 16 36
38 44 48 55 59 65 69 H 77 J^ 87
100 110 124 137 146 158
166 179 187 194 202 212
191^
4H
5
23^
2S%
25 5i
28^ 18^
31J^
20i''5
16^
siH 21 34 H 23
38
40^
48
18 ^^4
441^ 19'
A 25
27 H 32 36 14
M 21 M
6 7
9 10
11
siy2 3414 22 31 H 41 36 5i 39 M 26 37 H 48 42 45 H 29^^ 42 3^ 55

47 52 57
63
A
H H
5^ r% y2
23 52 60 >i 26 28 68 76 Ji
M M
M J^ M
33 56 Ji 37 1\ 62 40
51
^ H
47 53 58
H ^
62 /b 41 69 45
76^491^
831^ 54 90 A 58 97 3^ 63
31^
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
68 44^ 6SH 73^148^

73 y2
79
152 tS
63 5^ 68 7-^ 74 A
110^ 45^ 118M 47^

54:
M 101 K 41 J^
84 Ji 34 3^ 38^ 93
8434: 55 78 84 90^ 59 89 Ji 63
H 79 H 104 T^ 67 H 126 J^ 51^ K 84^ 111 72 135 K Vs M 90t'b 11711 76 144 K 5SVh
124
7/^
K
M
94
101^ 6611 95^

107
20
106
112M
70 74
H 100 H 13111 85 160 M 64^ H 106 138 M 89 H 168 M 67 H
80^ 152^ 61^

DOUBLE WIDTH
ll-
FAN
ENGINEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY NUGARA CONOIDAL

TURBO-CONOIDAL (TYPE
(TYPE N) FANS T) FANS
M
^j|a.
.-^..^^/f^
I
DOUBLE WIDTH
Dimensions
in Inches
w3


OVERHUNG WHEEL
k-t/
This Style for No. 3 to No. 6 Fans
CO
C/3

OVERHUNG WHEEL

OVERHUNG WHEEL
390

>
H
""
u a
<
^
EQ H "^
^ 3 2 z
'
.2
i
g g
u o S o o
ggo
I
U.
U3

OVERHUNG WHEEL
FULL HOUSING DOWN DISCHARGE
392

>
fc
CO
<
nils
^^
I
c oo -
a o o
E S2 C^ :> U^ >
t/3
o
r
2 E
o
O

STANDARD REVERSIBLE PLANING-MILL EXHAUST FANS (TYPE M)
BOTTOM HORIZONTAL DISCHARGE

Dimensions
in Inches
Size
B C
PLANING- MILL EXHAUST FAN DIMENSIONS

STANDARD REVERSIBLE DOUBLE PLANING-MILL EXHAUST FANS (TYPE M)

Dimensions
in Inches
Size
SLOW SPEED REVERSIBLE PLANING-MILL EXHAUST FANS (TYPE E)

Dimensions
in Inches
Size
PLANING-MILL EXHAUST FAN DIMENSIONS

DOUBLE SLOW SPEED REVERSIBLE PLANING-MILL EXHAUST FANS (TYPE E)

Dimensions
in Inches
Size
FAX
ENGINE ERING
B UFFAL O
FORGE COMPANY
P)
STEEL PRESSURE BLOWERS (TYPE

Dimensions
in Inches
No.
H
SH\
K
411
8i2
2.7/8
2 7îlF8:2H 7^ 53^1 5A 3H 6K 5H 5 6H 7"8 5A 6 35i 9i^ 3^' 3^2'A2-, 8M 9H 8^ SH 4^ 10^4 4 a: 3,% 254 13 HlO^ 11 9!| 9H HlSVi 3H 41|3H'3?4 17A10 O^-H 18?il3 H 24 .411 VoUH 4J8, 43431.44 111% 12AlUS10i| 6fy21?^15 M,27 3-2l2 M13M 13l|l2?s:ili2 5^ 5H 6 334 4 H 16 7 >i25 34 15^14 13 5^ en 19 5H 7 ^4 40 29?il7 H\7% 18H,16^ 15 H 8H 217^ 7H 10 5.^'7 34 35^18 41Jîl7 "-^20 20?iil8K 17^ 9H 24 H 9 9 10 I10A5348 12H43H20 45 !o.J ''2\H\25H 26^251^ 22 >^ 10 ^ 130 A 11 11 |14^48H23 VJOO '23J^:30" 32 h;29h 27 H 11H;36 liH 11 eîSH ii'îe 57î26}4\5SH28 95^ 32 H 12H\41H 13 3^ 12Jij7
1
3^
2
3
4 10 4 H15
7H 14 K 7H 19 M!
23
5^!
3^4
5''8|5
12
18
'57H2e}4 53H2SH3oTi\37y8 34
32
H 12hUiH 13^ 12>^9H10
SECTION V
HEATERS
The heaters used in connection with fan systems of heating some form of pipe coil heater like the Buffalo heater or of cast iron like the Vento heater. Either style is made up in sections or units in the direction of the air flow, which makes it possible to assemble a heater of any desired depth. The general arrangement would be the same for either kind of heater, each
are usually
being enclosed in a sheet-iron case or jacket.
Buffalo Heaters
The Buffalo Standard Pipe

styles, the regular
Coil
Heater
is
usually one of two
open area pattern (usually written R. O. A.
pattern) or the return bend pattern (R. B. pattern).
The
cuts
on page 400 show clearly the difference.

inch
full
Both are made
of one-
weight
steel pipe
screwed into a cast-iron base, the pipes
being spaced on 2^-inch centers.
These sections are ordinarily

Detailed
made
four rows deep, and are called four-row sections.

will
dimensions of these heaters
be found on page 451, of the
piping connections on pages 452 to 455, and of the sheet-iron

casing on page 456.
also
Other special forms of pipe

coil
coil
heater are
made, such as the mitre
shown on page
400, or the in-
direct heater
shown on page
459.
These heaters are usually connected up to steam and drip

headers, with separate connections running to each section.
case
it
In
may
be required to shut
off
part of the sections during
mild weather, both the steam and drip connections to each section are fitted with a valve.
fitted
Each
section should always be
with an
air
vent which should always be thoroughly blown
out on turning steam into a section.
Buffalo Regular Open Area Pattern Heater
Buffalo Return Bend Heater
Buffalo
Four-Row Open
Area Pattern Section
Buffalo Miter Coil Heater Without Casing or Connections
400
HEATERS
oooooooo
o o oaoiPD o o o o o oê^To o o o o o o o o#o oo o o @-eFTt: o o o o o o o o o-e^T o o o o o o o o dio o o o o o o ^-o--^

Detail of Buffalo Heater Construction
Vento Heaters
The Vento cast iron heater, an illustration of which is shown on page 402, is designed specially for use in fan and blower work. The tables and data herein given concerning this heater are taken from the catalog of the makers.
These heaters are made in two standard sizes, called the Regular and the Narrow section, and ordinarily either 40, 50 The sections may be so mounted as to make or 60 inches high. a heater of any desired size.
4Q1
FAN
- I'm m
]m
m m
3m J ^
i^fj-
J* -
Vento Heaters
402
HEAT TRANSMISSION
Heat Transfer through Metal Surfaces with Forced Circulation The transfer of heat through metallic tubes, such as a pipe coil heater, from gases and liquids to gases and liquids may be considered of the same nature as already explained for building material in Part II, Section I. That is, there exist three separate operations the transfer from the warmer fluid to the initial surface of the tube; the heat passage through the tube wall, and the transfer from the secondary tube wall to the cooler fluid. The amount of heat transmitted will depend on the existing
conditions such as the nature of the gas or liquid, the arrange-
ment some
in a
of the surface, the velocity over the heating surface, or to
special conditions.
total amount of heat transfer per square foot of surface given time will depend on the rate of transmission, upon the temperature difference between the two sides of the surface, and to a certain degree upon the absolute temperatures considered. That is, the total heat transmitted per square foot of surface per hour will be
The
H = K(ts-t)m
where
(95)
H = total
heat transfer in B. t. u. per hour. = B. t. u. transmitted per sq. ft. per hour per deg. temp. diff. (ts t)m = mean temp. diff. between the two sides of the surface.
As may be shown the rate of heat conduction between steam and water is approximately, as indicated by the diagram on page 404, based on data obtained from condenser tests. This gives the rate of conductivity from steam to water as
v_
where
0.000394+î^
m
diff.
K = B. t. u. per hour per sq. ft. V = velocity in ft. per second.

coils give
per deg. temp.
Condensing
much more
rapid rate of conductivity
per degree difference in temperature than steam coils, owing to the additional effect of condensation.
steam to air under conditions based on a series of tests made by the engineering department of the Buffalo Forge Company, is indicated
rate of transmission from
of longitudinal flow,
The
403
HEAT TRANSMISSION
HEAT TRANSMISSION
z:
t-7
^
%
g?
%
SOLID LINE
=
K FROM
TESTS AND FORMULA

I
0.0447+
-^^^
DOTTED LINE =K FROM
APPROX. FORMULA
2
I
AOO
Velocity
K= K.
[^^
dOO
Through Heater
1100
\bOO
1000
Feet per Minute
Rate of Heat Transmission for Indirect or Pipe Coil Heater

Transverse Flow of Air
407

The theory
of heat transfer with forced circulation
under con-
ditions of transverse flow has been fully discussed in the paper
Apparatus"* already referred to, in which the from steam to air with indirect or fan system pipe coil heaters is shown to be as indicated by the This curve is based on solid line of the diagram on page 407. tests made with a Buffalo Forge Company standard pipe coil heater composed of one-inch pipes placed on 2^-inch centers. The coefficient K for transverse flow as determined from the data obtained may be expressed as
'Air Conditioning
coefficient of heat transmission
K=
0.0447
-h^^
ft.
(99)
where
K = B.
V = the
t.
u.
per hour per sq.

ft.
per deg. temp,
diff
velocity of the air through the clear area of
the heater in
per minute.
This formula was derived by plotting
-^to^
in
a similar
manner
flow.
to that already explained in the case of longitudinal
As already shown, the total heat transmission is dependent on the rate of transmission K, and upon the difference in temperature between the two sides of the conducting wall or surface.
That
is
H = K(t8-t)m
It
is
(100)
frequently stated that the rate of transmission under the above conditions varies as the square root of the velocity, but as a matter of fact, over the range of velocities ordinarily used in fan system heaters, the transmission varies approxi-
mately as the two-thirds power of the velocity. This is shown in the diagram on page 407, which is plotted from the formula as given. Thus we see that up to a velocity of 1200 feet per minute there is but slight error in assuming the above relations.
by the dotted curve
The mean temperature
difference
between the two sides
of
the surface of a heater as expressed in this formula mined from the formula
*"Air Conditioning Apparatus," by
Willis
may
be deter-
H. Carrier and Frank L. Busey,
Am.
Soc. Mech. Engrs., 1911.
408
HEAT TRANSMISSION
(ts-ti)-(t.-t2 n n ^^'-^^-=
/t.-ti\
(101)
where
ts
= temperature
= temperature ti = entering
the
air.
of the steam,
of the entering air.
ti= temperature
t2
ts
of the leaving air.
temp.
difT.
between the steam and
t8
t2 = leaving
the
air.
temp.
diff.
between the steam and

approximately
Coefficient of
transmission
may
be found
from the formula
where
K = B.
t. u. per sq. Cp = specifie heat of
ft.
per hour per deg. temp,
difif.
air.
G = weight
heater.
of air in lbs. per
hour passed through the
= total
sq.
ft.
of heating surface.
The amount
S
of heating surface in
square feet required
may
be
calculated approximately from the formula
= (0.1119 Q + 127
rise
A)
logio(^^^)
(103)
and the temperature
from
(10^)
^î*>
f /t,-ti\ ilT^T^j =0.1119V + 127
where
S=sq.
f
ft.
A = clear
= ratio
of heating surface. area of heater.
total surface to clear area.
Q = cu. ft. of air at 70 F. V = velocity of the air through

F.) in
ta
ft.
the clear area (at 70
per min.
= steam = final
ti= entering
t2
temperature. air temperature. air temperature.
of the above formulae may be found in the papers on "Air Conditioning Apparatus" referred to on page 408, and the results obtained, while only approximate, will be found
The derivation
sufficiently accurate for calculations
based on the temperatures
409

obtained in heating work with exhaust or low pressure steam. Since the transmission varies slightly with different steam temperatures, for accurate work or for higher steam tempera-
This
will be found necessary to use the following formula. the formula used in the calculation of the heater tables and curves included on pages 418 to 438.
tures
it
is
[(0.0001791
,
VTs + 126.8)logio(^^3^)
ti)"|
t2 0.000003474 V^ (t-
0.0447
V + 50.66
i"
(105)
where T8 = the absolute temperature
of the steam.
This same theory of heat transmission has been applied to the Vento Cast Iron Heaters * and the following formula derived as an expression of the coefficient of transmission.
K
0.47
i-QQ
(106)
While this investigation shows that at the same velocity the heat transmission from pipe coil heaters is greater than from Vento heaters, the frictional resistance is correspondingly greater.
But
it
was
also
shown that with the same

loss,
effective velocity, or
with the same frictional
the rate of transmission was practically the same for the two types of heater.
A further study has been made between pipe coil heaters having one inch pipes on 2%-inch centers and the Vento Cast Iron Heaters by L. C. Soule.f In discussing the results of his tests the author states: "These results show that former temperature charts published for pipe coils having 2^ -inch centers of pipes read much too high and are, therefore, unsafe to use. These results agree with both the Vento tests and the Buffalo Forge Company tests and by their consistency show their entire reliability." These tests further show that for the same friction the Vento requires 35 per cent, greater velocity than the pipe coil heater on 2^-inch center, but with the same friction loss the heat transmission was practically the same.
*
"Heat Transmission with Indirect Radiation," by Frank L, Busey, Am.

and V. Engrs., 1912.
Soc. H.
t
"Heat Transmission with Pipe Coils and Cast Iron Heaters under Fan Blast Conditions," Am. Soc. H. and V. Engrs., July, 1913.
410
PERFORMANCE OF HEATERS
Temperatures Attained with Indirect Heaters
While
it
is
true that the total rise in temperature will be

it
is
greater with a greater depth of heater

after air has passed over the first
also evident that
few rows of coils it approaches more nearly the temperature of the steam in the coils, hence the rate of transmission is very much less, and added surface is not of proportionate value. For this reason it is seldom advisable, in heating work, to attempt to raise the temperature of the air above 135 or 140. For special work such as drying, where higher temperatui-es are required, it is customary to use high pressure steam in the coils.
is used for ventilation only, and the heat cared for by direct radiation, the temperature of the air leaving the heater should be from 10 to 15 above that of the room, depending on the drop of temperature in the ducts between
In case the system
loss is
the heater and outlets.
The temperature
of the air leaving the
outlet should be within a few degrees of that of the room.
The ratio of the temperature difference between the steam and leaving air to the temperature difference between the steam and entering air is approximately constant for a given depth of heater and a given air velocity through the clear area. That is
ts-ti
= approximately
a constant.
Condensation in Coils
The weight of steam condensed in the heating coils may be determined either from the B. t. u. as given in the heater tables, or from the cubic feet of air handled and the temperature rise. The heater tables give the B. t.û. per hour per lineal foot of pipe This, multiplied by the total number for any given conditions. of lineal feet in the heater and divided by the latent heat of the steam at the pressure used will give the condensation in pounds
per hour.
The weight of steam condensed per hour may by means of the formula C=
Cu.
Cu.
ft.
also be found
ft.
air
per min. Xtemp. rise

t.
X 60
air per deg. per B.
u.
latent heat of steam
411

For ordinary conditions with dry
air at 70 F., it
has been
shown on page 56 that one

55.2 cu.
ft.
B.
t.
u. will raise
the temperature of
of air one degree,

r.
hence we have
,
Q X (t2 - ti) X 60
55.2
^^Q
(t2
- tl)
(107)
where
C=lbs.
of
steam per hour.

heater.
Q = cu. ft. air per min. tl = temperature air entering

t2
= temperature air leaving heater. L = latent heat of steam (=960.6 at

Through Heaters
5 lbs. press.)
Velocity of Air
The proper
velocity for the air through the clear area of the
heater will vary with the different conditions such as pressure carried and character of the installation. The following table of velocities is based on the assumption that the pressure loss
through the heater should not exceed 50 per cent, of the total
pressure on the fan.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE VELOCITIES OF AIR THROUGH CLEAR AREA OF HEATER FOR VARIOUS FAN PRESSURES AND FOR VARIOUS DEPTHS OF HEATER
Total Fan Pressure in Inches
VELOCITY THROUGH HEATERS

MAXIMUM VELOCITY ADVISABLE THROUGH HEATER FOR DIFFERENT
INSTALLATIONS
Depth of Heater
in Sections

some
of the more important deductions being here reproduced. These diagrams are drawn on the assumption that an allowance of 25 per cent, on the cost of the heater be made to cover interest, depreciation, space, rental, etc. The curve shown on page 413 indicates the maximum velocity allowable under the above assumption for various costs of power.
15
APPLICATION OP HEATER TABLES AND CURVES

yearly cost allowed for interest and depreciation to the yearly The following deduction cost of power, to the one-third power. was then made regarding the velocity through the heater. "As regards the heater, the most economical point will be
reached
cost of
when
the installation
is
so proportioned that the yearly
power due
first
to the frictional resistance of the heater
amounts
to 28.6 per cent, of the
annual interest and depreciation allowThis

is
ance on the
pressure,"
cost of the heater.
true regardless of
variations in the depth of heater, temperature rise or steam
Application of the Heater Tables and Curves
Two
sets of heater tables will
be found on the following
pages, one to be used in connection with Buffalo Standard Heaters and the other with Vento Cast Iron Heaters. The methods here described for the use of the Buffalo heater tables are equally applicable to the Vento tables. The values given for the Buffalo
heaters are based on data obtained by W. H. Carrier from an extensive series of tests made for the Buffalo Forge Company.
The method
of making these tests and of working up the data therefrom has been fully described in the paper* "Air Conditioning Apparatus" already referred to. Large diagrams similar to the charts on pages 432 to 438 were drawn and the values for the heater tables determined. The heater tables on pages 418 to 431 are computed for various steam pressures and give the final temperature of the air and the B. t. u. transmitted per lineal foot of pipe per hour for different entering temperatures and velocities of the entering air. These results are given for different depths of heater, varying from one to eight four-row sections. The curves showing the relation between the heater surface and air temperature are useful for obtaining the final temperatures when the entering temperature or velocity is different from that giverf in the tables. As an example, we will assume a steam pressure of five pounds, an entering temperature of plus 20, a velocity of 1000 feet per minute through the clear area of the heater which is five sections deep. Starting from the left
side of the
of the
diagram at 20, follow to the right to the intersection 1000 velocity curve, and then downward to the base line at 2.05 sections: adding to this the five sections which we have
*
"Air Conditioning Apparatus," by

Soc. Mech. Engrs.,
W. H.
Carrier
and F. L. Busey,
Am.
Dec,
1911.
415

assumed
sections.
the depth of the heater gives 2.05+5.00 = 7.05 Passing upward from the point 7,05 to the 1000 velocity curve and then to the left side of the chart again gives a final or leaving temperature of 113.
for
In case the entering and leaving temperatures are assumed to be 0 and 140 respectively, the steam pressure five pounds,
minute determine how many secPassing from the left side of the diagram at 0 to the intersection of the 800 velocity curve and then downward to the base line we find a point of 1.2 sections. In the same way from the 140 point we intersect the
and the velocity 800
feet per
tions of heater will be required.
base line at 8.6 sections.

sections, will be the
one 2 row sections,
Then the difference, or 8.6 1.2 = 7.4 number of 4 row sections or seven 4 row and making 30 rows of pipe deep.
The lower graduations on the base line are for use with other than the Buffalo Standard Heaters, w^here the value of the ratio f is known. In the case of the Buffalo Standard Heater, the
value of
f
for a single four-row section

ft.
is
12.335.
That
is,
there
each section to each square But in the case of other than the standard foot of clear area. heater where the pipes are on different centers the value of f will be different. As an example we will assume that on measuring up the surface in a pipe coil heater it is found that the total square feet of surface is 1000 and the clear area for the passage This gives a ratio of surface to clear area of of air is 25 sq. ft. f = 40. Assuming the air enters the heater at 15 above zero with a velocity of 900 ft. per minute find from the diagram on page 433 for five pound pressure what will be the final temperaPassing from 15 on the left edge of the chart ture of this air. to half way between the 800 and 1000 velocity curves and then Adding to this the to the bottom line, we find a value of f = 20. value of f as found from the heater measurements, gives a total Passing vertically from f = 60 on the bottom of f = 20 + 40 = 60. scale to a point corresponding to 900 velocity and thence to the left edge of the diagram gives a final air temperature of 83.
are 12.335 sq.
of heating surface in
be used in connection with any heater In the case of is known. pipe coil heaters composed of one inch pipes the value of f per row of pipes deep is a fixed quantity for each distance between The values of f for different centers of the pipes in the heater.
These curves
may
when the
ratio of surface to clear area
416
APPLICATION OF HEATER TABLES AND CURVES

spacings are given in the following table for heaters one row deep. From this we may see that with the standard Buffalo heater having centers of inches the value of f per single row of pipes
2^
is
3.084 and for a four-row section
f is
12,335.
VALUES OF f PER SINGLE ROW OF PIPE ON DIFFERENT CENTERS

C=Pipe
Centers in Inches Spacing of Steel Pipe
1
"

GO
:M^
II
O 05 00 CO 00 t> t^ o
05p0C0O'*_i0M
CO o CO
(N
<<
!
t^ lO OS IM <r> 1-H (N 0 -H t^ CO Cs XI lO 00 t>- 1^ CC 05 05
OX
CO
1
O O 00 001^
I
'-'
WO5 1OC0
<D
o o kd 00 00 O 1
t>C^l
'
I
so 0 lO *_ 05 co' iC cm" IN CO <-i CO CO 00 05
o O
Xo* o O^
lOiocoostôcoqcq
,
cMTfict^xciO'-i
01^ O^ CO (X ci 05
(^^t^^t^co05lC^^
O O C5 ^ ' t^ LO O X t^ t> CO CO CO
lO 00 o lO t^ t>; Tt
T^CCCOCOXr-ct^cO
t^CMl^COCSCOiMO
XXl>t^cOCCcCiO
CO Oi lo ci ic Tf OS CO lO t^
ic CO
Xt-t^t^cCCOiCO
p. CO CM CO CO -- 1~^ ^' ^' *' :*' r-" CM CM -^ CO t^ C5
t^ X CM o r^ X X * O CO CO C: CO
--I
Qi
H < r
rT
cE
CM-*COXO>0^
X * -: * * O CO
'*'
^p
t>^
p o -^ d (M dX
CC_
ppppp C
CM CO 1"
.
.
^Xt^COiOOt^cO
CO t^ CM
Cue
ca
J =
o-T-
xr^t^cocotoioio
X * O t-
-<}<
CI i> 01 r^ lO CM Ci CO 05 lO 1-1
X*
t^t^COCOCOOiO"5
Xc
lO
iCOCOCMX>OCMC> *
t^ t> CO CCiO o iC
--I
*X
lO CO 05
^ CO iq -H ^_
CO l>
t>;
p 1^ P 00 p CI '^ p
.
!
t>:
t^
p iC
t>;,-H^'dcddco-*'
'
COiOt^XO^CM
do6o6co'^'ocot-^
rHCOiOt>00'
iCM
I
^'ccocMcco^fCM-*COX050CMCO
CM t^ CM
t^COCOOiCiO-<f*
X * X CO
'
ClcO-^t-'^'^cOO XCOOi'OCMClCC'^
COCOOiOiOTfTt<-1<
COCO'CiO'O'*'*'*
lO
O CO CO C t^ * CM
--I
11
%i
QU Z3
CO
J
t^CMCOCOCÔcOX
I
-i^
C 05
O r^ * O O O
CO CM kC CM
eE
Q^^^^COXiO CiÔt^->*<-^XCO
iOOiO'<*'1"*COCO
t
OSCDCMO'-iiO'-iO
lO
mio-^-^-^cococo
X lO CM 05 t^ *
r-l
CO 05 CO t^ lO .-I CO r^ CO 05 CO CM "^ CO CO CO lO <*
O ^
O *
1^
o a
SE
cm'
.-H
X p CO CO OS d 03 CO CO CM CO CO X O
-^_ r-H Tj<
<
t^ I> lO OS t^
CO' r-l
Tt<
X -^ * p 00 CO p CO CO CM *' lo -^ d CO d d CI CO ^ CJ iC b- 05
*"
--^
P
u
a.
C0C5COTt<Ô>tîO
"^
CO OS
Cue
einS
rf CO CO CO CO CM CM CM
O * CO CM O 05 CM CO CM CO CO CM CO t^ X CM X 0 0 X X CM X 0 CM O X CO -^ OCOCOÔSCOiOCO * CO CO CO CM CM CM CM <1*C0C0C0C0CMCMCM
T-H
II
i
icppppppoq p 00 rH CO p p p CM >* t^ t^ lO d ci ci d lO 'H CM d d 00 d CM CM O OS CM * lO i-ctitÔS'-<CMC0O

t>--I
pppoq-^cMCMic
CO
COCOXO^CO'^'O
-^CCcDi-HXCOiOcO
CM
d CO d CO ic id
cm"
S J s
CO CM Tj< CM
ClCMCMrH.-^rHt-(^
t^ CM OS X bO X ^- 0 * CO
T(<
CJ OS CO CM CO r-i OS t* CO lO
ClCM^^.-HH,-i^
* O * CO
r-i i-H
O X t^ in "^ CO CM
CO CO OS
^ O t^ t^ CO
ôO'-^ppcocMco
poqoqoqpppin
SE
suoipss J3JB3H JO -ON
jjV
.-I
odddodddcdco
CMiOXOCM-îOCO
2 g :;j gj S! J2 J5 COCOOS^CM-*incO
<^'
CM CO
* lO CO t^ X
--(
CM CO >*
O CO t^ X
-< CM CO
<**
iC CO t^
8uuau3
*jo 'diuax
418
BUFFALO HEATER TABLES

CO
0<
t/5
u
<:
u:
09
Ess
a-
= 1
a

CO
ca
j^=
WOOOOt^t^t^lOCO
CO 00 I C^ lO 00 ^ CO 1-H <0 00 Tf t>-
CO CO CO CO IN 00
COW'* (NW
oooot^t^t^cococo
* O t^
<<
-t
OJiocô>coeo>-io
CO CO CO 0 0 0 lO
<*<
w X lo Tf ^ r^ CO IN
II
0 OS l^ l^ (N -I ^' -I -5 00 co' t^' CO 0 CD 00 Oi --I IN CO
TjjoqccoTjjMos-*.
d QO c d CO lo c lo IC t^ 05 O (N
'4
.-H
CO
OS
* ^' M CO M O rH CO 0
co'
tri
*
CO OS lo 1^
1
00 -^
CO
OOt^t^t^COCOCOiO
^ O O 00 00 o i^
Tj< Tt<
0 W5 CO
Tji ,-(
OSOi-it^'Ji^tîO
O OS O O
Tf<
t^t>-t^cococooo
C0C0O00'
'-^'oosocqcqoo
OS lO
u
< m
CO ^' 00 CO lO t^ 00
co'
O rH
,-H
lO
-^Jt
CO
O O >*
-(J*
r^
O IN
in"
ui Ni
--I
t>.*
<N CO
^-ôi'tood^'^'
^ CO t^ OS O (N CO
"^
dm
t^t^C0C0U3000
00 OS CO Tt< T^ t^ lO rt CO CO OS CO CO
O O
COCOOOCOCOIN
t^ CO CO CO 00 t^ CO CO CO lO lO 0 Tt<
:-<
CO 00 OS -H -^ 00 t^ t^ CO 00 lO CO 00 * Tl ijt CO lO 0 lO
O* OO
<t
<^
O 00 (N ^ CO CO IN 00
CO >* 00
Tt<
O CO
<
O iC
<*<
X IN (N <N
ii
09 ^
y
cE
E;2
In. CO CO --< OS <N 00 0 t^ Tjt 00 0 IN CO CO lO lO 0 Tt< ^ rj(
oO
i lO t^ CO CO 00 IN 00 0 I 00 C CO
CO0OiO'^'*Tj<Tj<
tosOTj*o5cot*r*
OS CO
<*
^rJ^^ÔOCOCOCO
CO * N
t^
--^ 00 <N (N 00 c <-< Os' lO 00 rH CO CO 00 OS -i(N Tf o
00 CO q q q q >* lo ot>;Ti<iN,-Hqqq lo 00 00 dq * d CO 0 d 00 00 d d d CO 00 O IN CO (N lO CD CO 00 OS
Tjl Tji Tji 1*
<j .-I
oo'
*(
"^
"C
t^ CO OS 00 * CO CO r^ 00 CO T)< CO lO lO Tl* Tjt Tf CO CO CO
o ô
lOT^^Tjteocococo
>o OS OS r^ .-H CD t>. Tji rH OS CO
Tj< Tj( rtt
tîooooeo'*t^'-i
r-i Tft
00 0 CO OS t^ CD CO CO CO CO CM IN <N
Z 3
<^
II
4^
oa
0 CO CO t>. t>; CO Os' iC l>^ co' ci Co' OO' Os' CO CO 00 (N CO 1< 0
cot>.qqTj<oqTtec
00
O
^
Tt<N.OS^(MTftlOCO
M *' ^' d
r>;
qcoqtN.T-iqot--
in'
in
W (N OS 00 o CO
I
co' co' t>^ co'

*<
-^ >o CO r^
11 <o
u
V A
l^ >* OS r^ lO rt< CO CO CO IN IN (N (N
<N ?< CO (N
OOICINOOOCD'ÎN
O <N lO OS
CO CO CO CO CM (N IN (N
CO CM CM CM CM CM
* CO o 00 CC
00
-"t *<
CD CM
1-1
OS ^ 00
.-<
IC
IS
fT
SE
o o o
'<i<
t^ -H 00 r^
lo o 00 CM CO ^' o6 irj OS -H lo t^ -H CO *<: t.
q qq ^ d od
*
00 o CM Tf o CD lo CO Tf ^" cm' CM *< 0 CD t* 00 00
q O d
qo
wor|-coTf<cocM
CO
COt>.--CO'J<CMCMC>) OS 00 CO W3 CO CM
J^=
St
Ec2
CO CO t^ 00 1^ CO CM
.
lo o lO 00
q h- CO 00 q ^ OS -H -H d t^ d CM CO O 00
T*<
cî
co'
<*<
CO CM CM ' o6( 00.

"
coo.
'
suoipas J3IB3H JO 'ON

jfV 8u|jaju3 JO 'duiax
ieMC0T<OCOt*M
CM CO ^ 0 CD t 00
CM CO
Tj<
lO CD t* 00
421
FAN ENGINEERING-BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY
t/}
4>
U
% = o z
.
06 IC
< N
5: < ^
3?
aa
r
t/3
CO EJ H
1
cS
?^
Q UJ UJ 0^ Z 3
<;
CO Oi a.
uu
H <
oô
S
UJ
&

CO
O
u
1 1 i
U.
u
.
CO
j
c
r
^ 2 u u 2 3
i
if
<
si
u
a 1

r>cooo<Nosoc-H
i^dS^
ôoosooooooo
T}<
t^
t>-
c^ t^ ro
<
>eOMOO-*00
)
* IN ^ b- lO CD 05 O OS O) 00 00 00 1^
Tt<
.-1 1^ (N 00 t^ -"l" OJ 00 00 t^ t^ t^ to !0
*^
O
=
O t^ _ cc M <N OJ 00 00 d d 00 o ^ ro * M CO
t>.
t- t^
t^
Ifl
Tf OS
t>I
c>j
O *o p c q 00 ec t^ d c^
t-; t>: ^^ .-I
*
--H
OOO'-^CJ^COtÔO
uu5
-H X 05 <M t* 0 CO O C O CO "5 X CO (Nt^<NC000iO>OtO "tOSTfOtOClOS OS lO I t- Tt ^ X IN 00 M 0> iC !M Tf OS OS X 00 00 1^ t^ to OS 05 00 00 t^ t* X 1^ to to to lO OW

rji <}( t
t>.
t>-
t>-
iOMtCOOOiO-*
SE
UJ
M q q q >o q q O 00 O * (N CO C^ OS IN CO CO d d (N t^ OS eo * to t*
*_
t>^ Tj*
to'
t-i
H <
UJ
to CO "t 00 CO 00 1* OS OO 00 t^ t^ t^ to to
cfl
0-*-4tOO<Mt^CO
lO 05 OS l> CO o rH OS OS 0 t^ 00 t- 1^ t^ to to to
N *o
t^<N'<tt^C0(N'*tO
r>- ^ "-I to <N t^ CO t^ t^ to to to lO >o o
II
u"" u 3
qM
-<
c^_ t-;
00
<j<;0OS'-<C0'*tOt^
w cc M
q -j q ^'
oo'
iq
q 00 o to
_
r-
OS* to'
OS OS t"* r^ 05 ri CO
C
1
,_ CO lO t>;
t>;
d * OS CO o XOM-Ôt-XOS
1>. .-I
q -^ (N q <N
to'
CCOS0C'CCTj00iOO
^ lO -H t^ M OS to CO
00tt-tO'.OOOO
u. U.
W CO 00 t* to O ,H i^c-ix-*'--ootoeo CO OS Tf t^ X t^ r^ to to to o lO o CO to o m lo ^ ^ *
,-. rji
u
H
OtOOtOOSOSCO
CO 00 to OS OS lO OS
OQ
cE
^-OSiOt^-ÔC^JiO
t^ c^
;OtOiO>OiO'1<T}<1i
X * 00 in <N
Tj C>1
Tf lO CO to (N IN CO
<l<0--0(NOStOCO^
CO to N OS 00 O X OS O t^ -f I OS to *
Tjt
}<
Tjt
lO 0
Tf Tt CO CO CO
Tt
Tj<
OO
rttClCCt^'-nn^-rf
S
-
c E
E;2
(COOtOXOS
OS
CO q 00 q (N CO in c^ 00 r^ ^' d dd ^ CO in b- 00 o ^ ^^^^^(N(N
1-1 <'
a
OSMOSWOtOCON ^
OS to
il
UJ UJ
^^^cococococo
Cfl
M OS t^
(N
O
Tf<
OS lO CO CO t* CO 0 CO t-
^<l"*COCOCOCOPI
*X
<*;
^ ^ OS
.-I
<
'
in CO '^ Tf OS t^ in (N 00 to * CO CO CO CO (N <N
o o
X M
_3
I
II
C^
W O i-nO OS M
ic q in q in q q co ^ ^qq CO IN d t^ d ci CO ci d t^ in d ci co d inosNTfcoaos-- OS M to X OS I w ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ IN ^^^^^

"-^
-^^ c^_
<*<
-"t
cî
C>>
OQ
î^
se
XtOCOCÔOOt^tO
>-
?1
OMtO-HXtO O OS O CO 00 -^ N N r^ in CO -^ OS 00 to lO N N M C^ ^ -H M C^ IN N -H ^
.-I .-H
g5?325
ooq(NOJiqqqo5
to d 00
*< r>^
iOOSWiCtÔS'-C>l
d ^' CO
^' to
X q q in CO q 00 ci N CO d d CO d c ^m ^X ^ CO ^ OS ^
--'
CO r;
',0
c^j
cscomrôs c^co
ddd
1^
o c^ q CO d * in
_
h-i
C^j cî
suofpas
1
J3)e3|1 JO -ON
N CO I* 0 CO t^ 00
-<
M CO * lO to t* 00
M CO * in to 1^ 00
"
|o 'd'uiax
42.5
>

CO
u"" k 3 u u o J be o-r
. .
U.
.
*t>.
aa
2^
CO
lO OS CO CCOSCOb-MlÎNX lO t^ O CO 05 C lO OS ^ 05 0 M !M c O O Oi OS COIN^ÔOCSCS C^l^ÔOCSOSX

<*'
Tj<
t>.
<1<
t^
>-<
O
^
CC <N
t>;
M O lO 00 OS
lO
C^j
00 ^_
-"t
^ O OOOOt^COXO X * OS <t U5
OS
1>-
r>^ rjH
>(Neoio
TjitÔ'^CS'ÔStO
* -O O -H CO -^ !N ^ ^ O OS OS X 00
t^ Tt
>o^:cc>< ^'OOC5 0SXX

osco^c
r>.
c OS
cî
cc o
I
I
tooscot^cit^coos
^ IQ CO OS Ni t^ O O OS OS X X t^
Tj0
<*'
CO
ccocoxco-^co
C^J C^J
O O (N
c^xtôx-<xx
ai
c-^^xcot^cox-*
H 
t>-
OOOSOSXXt^tCCX'-iXO-H,
OS CO -H >0
^ OS ^ CO * co>OMOs-xrô C C (N N. M (N r^ CO o COSCsXXt^t^t^
<*<
-.C
r}<
-x;
It
>
ir>.xoO'j'
lOcoc^^cCTfoiNC;
<
.
u o
ososxt^tî>cc-o
lO OS t^ O X OS (N TjfcOOOiOiOXC^ U3 1^ CO * ^ CO 0 (N X * t^ O OS 0 O CC CO C^ l^ C^ X ^ O * OS C CO N OS c:xxtî><c;c;o OSXt^t^t^tCCCW

<?'
t>-
>-<
<*<
'-
<l
CQ atfl
c E
o * o q q * ^' o o X o (N lo X ^ CO c r^ X
CO
'X)
'
OS C^
'I*
O lO * OS X
^'
co'
CO 00 N^ OS
COCCOSC-lTfcCXOS
q N; lo q (N X ci O lO
t>.
*' TjJ
t s
CQ
2^
E^
'^ M Ol CO lO OS CO lO OS OS lO CO O t^ X o-*os-*ococoo t> CO CO c o o ^ X t^ CD CO CO lO lO lO t^^CCC^XO^X

Tj(
CO 0 1^ LO
<*<os'*occcoor~-
X W <
C^l
t>.
tCCCOCO0'CC'^
-H (N *' Tf C^ CO OS
q q lo ^' ^ CO i^ ic * CO X o
c>)
ifl cî
qqcoioqcoq'j;
<N OS CO CO
'-i
c^' C^l
d ci ^ r^ -^ d CO d i6 <N lO t^ X O ^d O (N t^ o CO ic t^ OS o
*" iv^
q^_t>.qqicoqo
<*< CO "5 C^ t^ CO OS Tt* >o 0 lO 0 ^ <'<* CO CO
W O X X t^coosioMosr>.'* X O I CO o o o t^ O^C0r-OC0X0 OO X lO ^ t^ Tf ^ X 0 CO 0 0 -^ Tt CO CO CO lOlO-^-^-'tCOCOCO

Tt*
QQ
2
c E
OS
C^tÔCOCCXO^
* q M q i^'^-^c^qqicq qqqq I^ N^ -I d lO iC CO 00 d lo *' c" c^ d o COt^'i-^COXC^ r- ^ ^ ,- O) C^

<**
't CO
q CO q
t^ lo OS
c^_ os'
id
<}<
q d^
io
a.
CO CO (N
u H
(^^
~?
S"
'H O <N CO CO O OS OS O * C^ (N 0 Q t^ O CO (N O OS X CO (MOtîOCOÔX N <N N (N ^ COCO<NN(NM(M^

<J<
^-0>0*ÔXTJ^^
T-( OS CO T}< C^ OS (N (N <N t-H CO C^
O X
F-(
cE
suoipss jajB3H JO -ON
jiV Suuaûg
co' c^'
CO
qqqoq 00 00 oiq c^qio-^qqqcq coocjo-^c^co d ci ^' OS 00 <t x' lo d -H CO id ^' id d OS * X lO X C CO C^ lO t^ OS CO Xd lO 05 CO CO X O C^ CO ^ ^ ^ Cl

t>^
^'
'
--<
*'
C^l
C-)
C^l
C^l
(NCCîOCOt^X
"(NCO'îOCOt^X
<
(N CO
<*<
lO CO t
426

5 i
CO
Tf C3 CO 00
o o o o t^ lO 9 S;
'J'
^ oi ^ o "S S ^ O C5 OJ Oi X X CiCSXXXOt^*^
t^
Ti rî
O
^
1'
2
(/]
lo
0rTl<t>^t^5OC^t^r'
q q o q Oi Ci w
ic
t>:
CO Tji Tf cj * t- C5 >- CO
q ^ q q t^ X cc lO d r^
t^. c>i
-"t
-; ^ ,-H 1-H ic ci ;- CO CO rr CO CJ TT u-; -w 00
qo*
c
X2
o
"^
ôc^cîooxp iH00 05XXXl>
X CO X gj IN Oi o CO
0003 0>XXt-t*
t^CJiOC02O5OO
O'O'-'têoocoeo
CQ
o <N M q q
<N. c^.
o^
cE
S
J.U.
c^
U4
o
fs a
-^ S^
--<*<oqx)0''5
oot-0'*>'5xeo SSSi::;coMWo
OSCOXOiCCOOJ
c
es
11
CCDJX'OOX'^X
OOXXC'^t^<>' cid^'--i-^'coccc^ lOXOCI-ÔtÔ

OSXl~'*'OXCOC"l
o o q q q ^^ "? ^ <N X O t; X CO m <C X OS O

<3?
.-' t>; Cî
ul
o t>
u. U.
< : i-H ( (N t^ o "3 ) 00 r^ t> o
WXWOJO^XJ-0
Mt-eoc;5C(NOtr
00t>.t^;OODOO
o ^ X t^ X) ^^ q
<
CO
TjJ
o * q C5 CO c^ IN X 2i lo lOX^COOt^XO
--'
r--'
t^coqqoqoqiO'*
Ci iC 00
'S'
'*'
X lo c ^ o
-!
cocceoiooit-xo
OS
^ o c c^ OJ o ^
00 ^ Tt CO ^ ^ t^ OiiC XCNOt^ lO iC >0 -* t * * CO
O m U ^
o o ''s fî '^ lO i C5 CJ CO m' x' t- oi rt CO Tt 00
ic
c-i
O ^
5o
X <N -* X loeo * d ko CO ;* o * CO
c 1* c- X o;
-
^ ^ ^ Cl IN
CO C: CO IN
is
u
a.
.-it'^^0CCO--<
lO -^
X X * * ^ rf <t CO CO CO
iM
rr Tf CO CO CO CO IN
CO
J
e E
E(2i
-I CO O o q q ccont^qqqQq CO CO 6 CO q d CJ o x' CO d ;* rp
c^' t~^ eo'
iotôt^qpt>;>o
cdt-^-^diftC-ijOQCi
u
OQ
ojor^5oxe;jxio
CO <N IN !N IN <N
-*
oxoco--oxt^ -
r>. lO 1^' a. t^ C^ (N <N (N
Ci oX 05 X CO * O o W --"^
-; '-' -i
CO
iCCO'-C-.XCO'O'
(N C^ (N
'
c>>
CO CO
^ X eg ^ -"-"-*
J
oeoqq"*.f-:'9
II
E|2
SUO{P3S j3)e3H JO "ON
jiV
M t^ ic d d d o 2222g?l?3
r-'
t o6
q 00 q X CO t^ rîqeoq-^co0'-< d ci d CO d 21 ^doddcqc3
-<.
c-j
2S22g?^SS
^Nco'f fl5r-c
-iNco'*o<or*c
^Mco'.roict-x
8uu3u3
'diuai
jo
427
o 00
u.
u. U.
09
u H
.
IS
03
O u
Jo
Q.
UJ

i^
!
^CCeC(N^ÔO
lO-^XOiCiOiMCO
-VCCCÎO-hOOO
COIMCI-hÔOOS
CCiMXiCMtX'i
OOt^CCXi-OX
CO
"j^=
CC C^ rH
^ O C 05 O
;iMr-OOC505X
<N lO 05
-"t
iOX(NCCC0^lX * 05 (N iÔOOSOX
I
0-.C'*'*'<totêc
si
CS t- 0 t^ <N
C^l
O rf
C-J
CC
OXO
-"t
0
<T
M iC X n X CO :c X r^ ic ^
cî
r}i
O* O O 05 OS X X
'-I
lO <N t^ CO t^ ^ lO M CO * CC X t^ (M X X o eci^ CI CC ecccc-<"o;i<occ ^COC5C5XXt^ ÔOOSXXXt^

(N
1
Tj*
(NOrf^XOOtNO
q q cc c X q lo o w q q (n lo m ^' 05 t^ C ci Tf t^ t^ IC X m' ^' (Ncco;^-* '-CX05 cotôci'^ccxo

>*;
<*;
C^j C-i
im"
t>^
CO
j^
cE
^ CO (N W lO O O * W CO o c 05 O 1^ X * CO lO OC O OJ lO X C^ CD (O (N X C^ ^ <N kO 05 CC X -^ C- CO CO^CCfNX'H 03 X X t^ t^ CO OO oc5xxt^t>.r^co O O X X l> t^ CO CO

C^l
I
MOXiO'4<iOMO CO rooted 05 CO
C-J
:C 05 <M
^ CO X O
OiO OiOOCiO (NXCXiM-*CCO:

CO CO
C^4
lO t^ Ci
TfX; CiCCOCCt^Xt^<N
,
T t^ O CCiC t^ 05 I
M-ÔSOCOrÔiO
tÔIÔiO^XTf
OSOiXOlI^XW
CO t^ (N l^ CO OS CO CO t^ t^ CD CD 0 0 0
XX
CO
t--
1- CO CO 0 lO
Xt-t-COCOtOlOtO
^ to X X ^ CO to ^ to o to ^ X *
'I*
--I
II
an
exj-
q-*toqcoTt<-^t>;
00
^CCCCCCCOt^CO
cotoocMor^cceo
CON.
(NCOOCOCOXC^ ^ ^ ^ rt
^J
(>J
X CO
'l*
d CO CO 05
CCCOXOOl r-
CIC^
t CO CO -t C3 C CD *X'-"*'CCC. ^ ^ ^ ^ (N ?!
'
COCOtÔltOC^-*
C^l
cDtoiotO'^'*Tjeo
oi t^ CO oi CO CO r^ CD to lO * -"t -* * CO
tOCOC0-*M cox
CD
CO to to
I
ocD X-* osco

**-* CO 00
XOXX(Nt^
cE
CO CO oo
qqqq t>;io
cc'
^1*1^05- CO wr^MM
r^ X CO M M X cocooxco'*Mi_
<1'
00
cd'
oi ci
co'
to CO ceo mo; rfXMtOXCMCO MMC^J
toqoqqcoqr>;M
qtoqcoxqqq
tOC5MtOXOM->H
'
OMXX ^'cdcd"m MMM
*:
00
s CUiS &e '5^ ^

.
<a
COCOCOMMMMM
lOCOOStO-^tOXCO COI>Osr-CDXMX tOMOSfîOCO- O * XCOt1<M OS COCOMMMMM COeOMMMMMM

I
q q -^ q q m' to 05 cJ d Tf 0> CO CO OS CO to MMM

t>; !>; co' co'
xt^r>.
Tf OS CO t^ OS
tOtOXCOtOCOXM osm X
M * to MMM
-"t
to to t^ CD * CD -^ CO CO CO to ^
tOO-'ttÔM'^CD
OC o MMMM
Tj<
suoipss
I
J9VB9\\ JO 'ON
M CO * to CO t^ X
M CO
to CD t^
X M CO
to CO r^
jiy 8uiJ3)ug JO 'diuax
430

i
1 u
G
i
CO
g
IS
<
o
>
10
IP
-40
20
'"r '"r'"i""i'" i""i" "I"'

40
r
'
'I
I""!'
14-0
60
_
80
100
120
'l""l 160
"
SQ.FT. HEATING SURFACE SQ. FT CLEAR AREA
Relation Between Heater Surface and Temperature of Air at Various Velocities Measured at 70 F.
STEAM PRESSURE
Lbs.
Temperature, 212 F.
Application of Heater Curves. For example, the air enters the heating coils at 5 deg. above zero, with a velocity through the clear area of 1000 ft. per min. What will be the final air
sections deep
temperature with a Buffalo standard pipe coil heater, seven Follow dotted line from + 5 deg. to 1.6 sections ? on bottom edge. Adding 7 sections gives 8.6 sections. Following
432
HEATER CURVES
240
200
l?0
r
''
SQ FT HEATING 5URFACE 5Q FT CLEAR AREA
STEAM PRESSURE 5 LbS.

Temperature, 227 F.
dotted line upward to 1000 velocity curve and to left edge gives Reverse this process where the final temperature of 124 deg. depth of heater is required for a given temperature rise.
For more complete directions see "Application of Heater Tables and Curves" on page 415.
433
FAN ENGINEER ING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY
240
200
160
120
'
'
'
'm ''
'
'
M ''''' 20
F'
'
''
m ''' 'M' 40
'
'
'
'
U ''M 60
'
|'
'
M 80
'
'''I
'
''M '^'Vi^ '''|'' 100 120

'
140
l&O
r _ *
SQ FT HEATING SURFACE 50 FT CLEAR AREA
STEAM PRESSURE
20 Lbs.
Temperature, 258.8 F.
For Explanation of Curves, see pages 415 and 432
434
HEATER CURVES
240
i|-ii.i|
60
H i|rl>i |n lr 'iiir p n 100 SO 120 5Q FT HEATER SURFACE SQ FT CLEAR AREA

'
r|
I'l
STEAM PRESSURE
40 LbS.
For Explanation of Curves, see pages 415 and 432
435

280
T
60
60
100
\20
SQ FT HEATING SURFACE
SQ
FT.
CLEAR AREA
STEAM PRESSURE
60 Lbs.
and 432
For Explanation
of Curves, see pages 4 1 5
436
HEATER CURVES
260
240
80
r
'
100
120
140
SQ FT HEATING SURFACE SQ FT. CLEAR AREA
STEAM PRESSURE
80 LbS.
For Explanation of Curves, see pages 4 1 5 and 432
437
riBni^KBmiKO BUFFALO tOUQM. COMFAJil
740
too
10
I?
AC
\-
VENTO HEATER TABLES

FINAL TEMPERATURES WITH VENTO CAST IRON HEATERS REGULAR SECTION 4 ;^^-INCH CENTERS OF LOOPS
STEAM
227, 5 LBS.
QAUQE

FINAL TEMPERATURES WITH VENTO CAST IRON HEATERS REGULAR SECTION S-INCH CENTERS OF LOOPS
STEAM 227^
S LBS.
GAUGE
VENTO HEATER TABLES

FINAL TEMPERATURES WITH VENTO CAST IRON HEATERS REGULAR SECTION S%-INCH CENTERS OF LOOPS
STEAM
s
227, 5 LBS.
GAUGE

FINAL TEMPERATURES WITH VENTO CAST IRON HEATERS NARROW SECTION 4 ^=INCH CENTERS OF LOOPS
STEAM
en
227, 5 LBS.
GAUGE
VENTO HEATER TABLES

FINAL TEMPERATURE WITH VENTO CAST IRON HEATERS
NARROW SECTION 5-INCH CENTERS OF LOOPS

STEAM
w
227*.
5
LBS.
GAUGE
FAN ENGINEERING-BUFFALO FORGE COM PANY

FINAL TEMPERATURES WITH VENTO CAST IRON HEATERS NARROW SECTI0N-5K-INCH CENTERS OF LOOPS
STEAM 227,
5 LBS.
GAUGE
JS
Left-Hand Bottom Horizontal Discharge Fan Drawing Through Heater
Full
Housing Top Horizontal Discharge Fan Blowing Air Through and Underneath Heater
445.
FAK ENGIXEERINO BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY
00
H <
JS
= i s g ^ = -s
ffl
a^
o < "J o ^ <

?i
a
Z. Jt
FRICTION THROUGH HEATERS

FRICTION OF AIR
THROUGH VENTO HEATERS
Loss in Pressure in Inches of Water
>u

Friction
Through Heaters
will
On
loss
pages 446 and 447
be found tables giving the
friction
or drop in pressure through both the Buffalo Standard
ities
Heaters and the Vento Cast Iron Heaters, with different velocand depths of heaters. The values given for Buffalo heaters are based on tests made by the Buffalo Forge Company and will be found accurate for pipe coils. The table of loss through Vento heaters is based on tests made by the American Radiator
Company.
Sizes
and Dimensions of Buffalo Standard Heaters The table on page 449 of the Sizes and Dimensions
of Buffalo
Standard Heaters gives the information required for the selection of a heater for any specific case. The third column gives the
length of the section (or of the cast-iron base) as also the number of rows of pipe in the section. The fifth row gives the various heights that are made on each base. Thus a heater 4'X6'10"
is
4 feet across the face
by
6 feet 10 inches high.
Three columns are given showing measurements of the surface in the section. One gives the actual measured lineal feet of one inch pipe in each section. The next gives the actual effective square feet of heating surface in the section, counting in the exposed portions of the base as well as the surface of the pipe
fittings. The third column gives the equivalent of this surface expressed in lineal feet of one inch pipe. Thus in the 4'X6'10'' section there are 428 feet of one inch pipe, but the total exposed heating surface is equivalent to 455 lineal feet of one inch pipe.
The column of clear areas gives the actual clear area, expressed in square feet, for the passage of air through the heater. Having the quantity of air and the velocity through the heater given, the values in this column decide the size of heater to be used. The number of sections in depth of the heater will depend on the desired temperature rise to be obtained.
448
SIZES AND DIMENSIONS OF BUFFALO HEATERS

SIZES
AND DIMENSIONS OF BUFFALO STANDARD HEATERS

BUFFALO STANDARD PIPE COIL HEATERS
TOP or CASING
MAXIMUM DMP
PIPZ C
Regular O. A. P. Heater
rap OF Casino
H NO.
or PIPE IN &ECTION.
.
J CJ.EAR AJiEA IN SQ. rr. K LINEAL FEET OF I 'PtPE.
Return Bend Heater
450
DIMENSIONS OF BUFFALO HEATERS

i^

STEAM, DRIP AND AIR CONNECTIONS FOR
REGULAR
0. A. P.
HEATERS
HECEIVSH
s u
OF FITTINGS FOR ONE SECTION
LIST
Steam Connections
1
1
1
Elbow "G"
Check Valve Nipple "J"
Bushing
Globe Valve "A"
"H" "M"
12''
2
1
Elbow "B" Nipples "C"

Nipple
"D"
2 Nipples "K" 2 Short Nipples

1
Drip and Air Connections

1
1
Tee "E" Box Union "F"
long \W 134" Pet Cock "Q"
"N" Pipe "P"
Female Thread
Main Drip
Pipe Plug "R" Tees "S," Same number as Nipples "U." One less than
1
Number of Sections Number of Sections
452
CONNECTIONS FOR REGULAR

z
O.
A.
P.
HEATERS

STEAM, DRIP AND AIR CONNECTIONS FOR
RETURN BEND HEATERS
STEAtt
RECEIVER
S U
LIST
OF FITTINGS FOR ONE SECTION
Steam Connections
CONNECTIONS FOR RETURN BEND

s
HEATERS
1
z

DIMENSIONS OF HEATER CASE FOR BUFFALO
STANDARD HEATERS
H'UiA. or HOLE ran steam pipe. J -JJLA. OF HOLE FOP URIP PIPE.
HBTUHM J3ENO
Size of Section
HEATER CASE, CONNECTION

Heater Case for Buffalo Heaters
AND
BY-PASS
Detailed dimensions of the casing used for the Buffalo fan system heaters will be found on page 456. Care should be taken to have the connection between the fan and heater case of such a character that it will not restrict the flow of air or offer unnecessary resistance. This precaution is frequently overlooked, either throwing excessive pressure on the fan, or curtailing the quantity of air handled.
The following
table gives the approximate lengths of con-
nection advised for a draw through installation.
LENGTH OF HEATER CONNECTION FOR DRAW THROUGH EQUIPMENT

Size of
Fan

Indirect Heaters
a special form of pipe coil heater, details and dimenwill be found on page 459. As the table shows, a variety of sizes are built, the smallest being six pipes wide and eight pipes long. Under the heading of "Size," the first row of figures gives the number of pipes across the steam supply and drip ends, and the second column the number of pipes in the length of the coil. Cast iron manifolds are used for the bases into which the pipes are screwed, as in the regular fan system heaters. The indirect heaters may be used in an upright or horizontal position, according to the requirements. These heaters are shown as the solid base type and a diaphragm in same compels the steam to flow evenly through all pipes. The steam supply enters the heater base at one end and the water of condensation is removed directly opposite. These coils are designed for the use of either live or exhaust steam.
This
is
sions of
which
Blast Area of Buffalo Heaters
The
formula
blast area of
any heater may be determined by the

A. P. M.
Ab =
4005y
Ypress,
drop
(109)
in in.
Thus, if we assume a case where 10000 cu. ft. of air per minute is to be passed through five sections of Buffalo heater at a velocity of 1000 feet per minute, we find from the table on page 446 that the pressure loss will be 0.479 inch. Then from the above formula
Blast area
=3.61
sq.
ft.
40051/ 0.479
A general discussion on the subject of blast area, together with an example illustrating the application of the general formula to an entire heating system, will be found on page 126.
458
INDIRECT HEATERS
INDIRECT HEATERS
'B^
ooooo'ooooo ooooo ooooo o o o o o
STEAM SIDE ELEVATION
STEAM 'B
END ELEVATION
8TiAit[
q";o o o o o o o o o 'o o o o o o o ooo-'oo
ooooo v'ooooo
PLAN
ooo ooooo'-ooooo ooooo' ooooo
ACTUAL LINEAL FEET 1-INCH PIPE

No. Pipes
IN
EACH SECTION

VENTO CAST IRON HOT-BLAST HEATER REGULAR SECTION RATINGS AND FREE AREAS
Regular 40 Inch Section, 10.75 Sq.
Ft.
Height 41^64 Inch.
Width
9H
Inch
VENTO HEATER RATINGS

VENTO CAST IRON HOT-BLAST HEATER REGULAR SECTION RATINGS AND FREE AREAS
Regular 60 Inch Section, 16 Square Feet.
Height 6OIV16 Inch.
Width 9
Inch

VENTO CAST IRON HOT-BLAST HEATER
NARROW SECTION RATINGS AND FREE AREAS

Narrow 50 Inch
Section, 9.5 Square Feet.
Height 5029/33 Inch.
Width
6M
Inch
DETERMINATION OF GUARANTEES
Determination of Guarantees
The case often arises that a guarantee to heat a building to a certain specified temperature must be demonstrated at a time when the outside temperature is much higher than called for in the guarantee. It then becomes important to know the exact
in outside and inside temperature operated to its full capacity. This relation has been published for heating with direct radiation, but it varies considerably from the results obtained with the fan system. Naturally the rise in indoor temperature will be less than the rise in outdoor temperature owing to the fact that the condensing capacity has been shown to be directly proportional to the difference in temperature between steam and air, while with direct radiation it is not directly proportional owing to the variation in convection currents. The same relation between indoor and outdoor temperature may be shown to hold true whether the system was designed to take the air from outdoors entirely or to recirculate air within the building. The formula expressing the relation between indoor and outdoor tempera-
relation
between the increase

is
when apparatus
ture in either case
is:
_ t/(t.-ti)-Hts(ti-tiO
When
the guarantee
is
based on an outside temperature of
0 the formula
becomes
,
t/(ts-tl)-htsXtl
tr
^^^^^ (111)
of building obtained with outside temperature ti. ti = any outside temperature at which test is made. tr' = temperature of building guaranteed, t/ = specified outside temperature, ts = temperature of steam at pressure specified.
tr
= temperature
The
table on page 464 gives corresponding indoor temper-
atures as derived from equation above for various outdoor temperatures with guarantees at 60 to 95 in zero weather.
The
table on page 465 giving
mean monthly temperatures

in
in different localities will be
found useful
many
instances in
laying out heating systems.

463

TABLE OF AVERAGE INDOOR TEMPERATURES MAINTAINED AT VARIOUS OUTDOOR TEMPERATURES WITH STEAM PRESSURE
Outdoor
LBS.
Temp.
MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES

A
BUFFALO DUPLEX AUTOMATIC FEED PUMPS AND RECEIVERS
RURPÂt^rt
""-I^^Si^^'-"-
The unit consists of a suitably constructed cast iron receiving mounted in combination with a Boiler Feed Pump on a common bed plate. The tank is mounted slightly above the pump, giving a sufficient head of water above the suction valves
tank,
always receiving a full supply of water. is provided a float connected to a chronometer valve controlling the steam supply to the pump. Inflowing water causes float to rise, thereby opening the steam supply and starting the pump. When the water level has been lowered, the float automatically cuts off the steam. In this way the condensation water is returned to the boiler as fast as it
to insure the
pump
Within the tank
accumulates.
c u O
.St
Q.C3 C
8
Û.
2-5
CB
5 '3
^ 3
eg a> tA
2 c
I
^ E =
a-
Oê.
iS=
1/5
^
With Standard Boiler Feed Pumps
3
PUMPS AND RECEIVERS

BUFFALO CENTRIFUGAL AUTOMATIC FEED PUMPS AND RECEIVERS
Centrifugal
Pumps and
Receivers
are designed primarily
from low-pressure systems into boilers, especially where steam pressure is so low as to prevent using Centrifugal pumps should be reciprocating steam pumps. especially designed for handling hot water and equipped with
for returning condensation
Receivers enclosed type polished brass runners or impellers. should be cast iron or similar material, strong enough to stand 50 pounds pressure. Centrifugal pumps are ordinarily equipped with 40 gallon receivers but smaller size receivers can be used if desired. Larger size receivers are not desirable, as the accumulated water should be returned to boiler as promptly as possible before it loses temperature. The general method of operation of all electric driven pumps and receivers is the same. The condensation collects in receiver tank, raising large seamless copper float, until at a maximum point the float, by its connection, closes the float-switch, and an automatic starter starts the motor driving the pump. As the pump drains the receiver the float falls, until at a minimum point the float-switch is opened and the motor stops. In determining proper size outfit to use it is necessary to know amount of radiation, boiler pressure, lift and pipe friction On low steam pressure to boiler and details of electric current. outfits about 30 per cent, margin should be allowed in figuring power, as water at 10 pounds pressure cannot be forced into a boiler carrying 10 pounds steam pressure.
467

GAS HEATERS
Various forms of heaters have been devised for use in connection with fans, utilizing the heat of the gases direct rather than through the medium of a steam boiler. The efficiency of a gas-fired steam boiler, according to tests byJay M. Whitman, is seldom in excess of 65 to 70 per cent. Some forms of gas heaters have been short-lived, no provision having been made to prevent temperatures in the heating surfaces so high as to destroy them in one or two heating seasons. To be reasonably long-lived, the heat must be transmitted from gas to air through surfaces which are not exposed to temperatures above 1200 F., and the construction must permit the renewal of this heating surface at least as conveniently as in the case of a boiler. These requirements can best be met by a design in which the heating surface proper consists of boiler tubes expanded into heads, the gases passing through the tubes, and the air drawn across them by the fan, while for best economy the range of temperature for the gases is from 1200 to 400 F. With natural gas or producer gas fuel, this design of heater has been combined with a combustion chamber provided with fire brick checker work, which, becoming incandescent, provides for the complete combustion of the mixture of gas and air before it leaves the chamber; a mixing chamber in which the high temperature products of combustion are mixed with low- temperature gases which have already passed through the heater, and which in any desired proportion may be recirculated by an induced draft fan; an exhaust chamber from which the induced draft fan draws the cooled gases, part of which are discharged and part recirculated, and a suitable setting with boiler fronts and inspection doors, so as to make the various chambers accessible. With natural gas having a calorific value of 1000 B. t. u., the loss in the waste gases discharged at 400 is approximately
GO B. i. u., corresponding to an efficiency of 94 per cent. When running at part load, and allowing for possible poor regulation of the burners, such a heater still has an efficiency better than a good steam boiler. Where producer gas is available instead of natural gas, similar economj^ will be shown. The high temperature exhaust from gas engines, if of sufficient volume and regular in quantity, waste gases from furnaces, or even under some conditions from boiler plants, may be utilized to good advantage.
468
SECTION VI AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS

Air Washers
Air washers are generally used in connection with ventilating systems for public buildings, offices and residences. Their efficiency in purifying the air varies greatly wdth their construction and also depends in a large measure upon the nature and quantity of the impurities in the air to be washed. In general, the heavier particles in the air, such as street dust for instance, are comparatively easy to remove even with a washer of simple construction. On the other hand, the very fine particles often existing in city air, especially where it is taken some distance from the ground, where the impurities consist chiefly of fine ash and smoke particles, are exceedingly difficult to remove, and the most efficient air washer construction is required to get satisfactory results, or in fact, any results which wîll be worth the cost of installing an air washing device.
Principles of Air
It has
Washer Construction
been found by experiment, and is now generally acknowledged by engineers, that in washing air or gas the first essential is to fill the chamber through which it is passed with a finely divided spray or mist in order to get as great a contact surface as possible between the water and air and to secure a thorough mixture. Probably the most satisfactory way of accomplishing this is by the use of a large number of uniformly spaced centrifugal nozzles with large orifices to prevent clogging with foreign material. It has been found practicable to use orifices %o-inch in diameter in centrifugal nozzles which will give a satisfactory division and distribution of spray and at the same time will not clog. The nozzles should spray in the direction of the air flow.
An adequate filtering system should be provided, where the water is recirculated, in order to remove any large obstructions that might otherwise enter the spray system.
28;
Note For a general discussion on the subject of Humidity, see page and on Air Washing, Cooling, Humidifying and Drying, see page 67.
409

The velocity through the washer for best results should be between 400 and 500 feet per minute. It is equally important
that the air be distributed uniformly over the entire area of the washer. This is often difficult to accomplish and can only be
secured by means of a difTuser or distributing plate at the washer

inlet.
While some work may be done with a finely divided spray, it cannot be depended upon alone to give satisfactory cleaning effect. The air after having been moistened must be brought into repeated contact with wetted surfaces and subjected to the combined action of impact and centrifugal force. For the best results, the air should also be divided and broken up into as narrow layers or strata as may be possible mechanically, in order, 1st, that as great a contact surface may be secured as possible, and 2nd, that the solid particles contained in the air shall have as small a distance to travel as possible before coming into contact with a wetted surface where they will be entrained. This is best accomplished by placing in the eliminators large, independently flooded vertical surfaces. The plates forming this flooded surface should be placed as closely as possible, preferably about 1 inch apart, arranged vertically and flooded from the top. An extension of these surfaces should be provided with lips for the removal of all traces of free moisture. A satisfactory ratio has been found to be 64 sq. ft. of combined washing and eliminating surface per 1000 cu. ft. of air per minute.
In public building work provision should be made for heating^ and controlling the moisture content of the air The simplest method of accomplishing this is in cold weather. to regulate the temperature of the air leaving the washer by means of a thermostat, at the same time saturating the air by means of a heated spray at a variable temperature.
the spray water
Air conditioning apparatus for controlling the humidity of

air
for manufacturing processes may be broadly classified, according to use, into humidifiers proper, which add moisture
to the air in required amounts;
and dehumidifiers, which remove
a variable quantity of moisture from the air to reduce it to the required standard. The relative humidity of the air may also
be altered, and in a measure regulated, simply by changing temperature without affecting its moisture contents.
470
its
HUMIDIFIERS AND DEHITMIDIFIERS

Types of Humidifiers
Humidifiers
may
be
classified into the
spray and evaporative
types, the latter being divided again into direct
The humidity
of the air
may
also be increased
and indirect. by the direct intro-
duction of steam into the air supply or into the room. Since the total heat of the vapor at atmospheric temperature is somewhat less than the total heat at steam temperature, this raises the temperature of the air perceptibly and is therefore intolerable in the majority of cases. Added objections to the direct use of steam are that it frequently gives a noticeable odor and that it is difficult to regulate! The spray and evaporative types of humidifiers have a distinct value aside from humidifying in their possession of a cooling effect which is in direct proportion The direct spray type of humidifier to their moistening effect. is distinguished from the evaporative type in that it introduces a finely divided or atomized spray directly into the room in constant volume, while the evaporative type introduces only the water vapor. There is also a mixed type which discharges both moist air and free moisture into the room.
be termed the indirect evaporative humidifier is humidiIn fied and conditioned before it is introduced into the room. the direct evaporative type the water vapor passes directly into the air of the room. The indirect system of air conditioning is also termed the central system, and is known commercially as the Carrier System.
the air
is
In what
may
partly or entirely taken from the outside and
The Dehumidifier
In the dehumidifier, relatively cold spray water is used to condense the moisture out of the air. The water is either reWhen the water is frigerated or taken from an artesian well. artificially cooled the refrigerating coils are usually placed in a chamber underneath the spray chamber, and the water is so distributed as to flow uniformly over the cold surface, dropping to the tank underneath. The dehumidifier has its sprays opposed to the direction of air flow as in the humidifier, but differs from the latter in having usually two sets of sprays in series instead of one.
in series
Two
or
when the range

of cooling
more dehumidifiers are frequently placed of air temperature is great or when an

is
economy
water
essential.
471

Elements of Design of Humidifiers
The degree of saturation of the air leaving any type of air washer or humidifier depends upon the intimacy of the contact of the air and water, and upon the relation of the water temperature to the wet-bulb temperature of the entering air. It also depends to some degree upon the length of the spray chamber as well as upon the velocity of the air passing through it.
The
size of the nozzle orifice is also
a very important factor
In general, the smaller the nozzle orifice the more perfect will be the humidiin determining the degree of saturation obtained.
is
fying effect with a given quantity of water. For humidifiers it standard practice to use centrifugal nozzles having a 3-32 inch
orifice,
and where rotary strainers are employed for filtering the spray water the nozzle orifice may be reduced to 1-16 inch in diameter to advantage.
With the centrifugal type of spray nozzles the water pressure a most important element affecting the degree of saturation. The accompanying diagram shows the humidifying effect secured with various velocities and at different pressures on the spray nozzle, in a standard humidifier having four 3-32 inch orifice centrifugal spray nozzles per square foot. This data was obtained from a test in which the wet-bulb depression of the entering air was maintained constant at 16. It will be noted that an increase of 23^ pounds in the spray pressure permitted a greatly increased velocity with perfect saturation, an effect which was undoubtedly due to the increased fineness of the spray rather than to the increase in the amount of water discharged. In this test, as in all standard humidifiers, the water was discharged in the direction opposite the air flow, increasing the efficiency of
is
saturation.
all times substantially at the wetbulb temperature of the entering air, while the wet-bulb temperature of the air leaving the washer or dehumidifier is unchanged; therefore it follows in conformance with the theory, that when the air is completely saturated as in the humidifier the air is cooled to the wet-bulb temperature of the incoming air. This cooling effect is due to evaporation and is therefore in direct proportion to the moisture added to the air. The wet-bulb depression in atmospheric air averages from 12 to 15 in summer,
When the spray water warm weather, it remains
is
recirculated without heating, as in
at
472
DESIGN OF HUMIDIFIERS
1V6

Elements of Design
Dehumidifiers
of
Spray Type of Dehumidifiers
be of the spray type previously described, A knowledge of the relation of water temperature to the leaving air temperature in either type is essential. In the spray type of one stage having two banks of opposed nozzles, the air temperature leaving is practically identical with the temperature of the leaving water, the difference never exceeding one degree in a properly designed apparatus. The air will always be saturated when leaving and under some conditions there is a slight tendency to entrainment even after thorough elimination.
or of the surface type.
may
The degree of entrainment is dependent upon the range of temperature of both the air and the water. In general, the smaller the temperature range, the less the tendency is to moisture entrainment or supersaturation. This may be reduced where a considerable lowering of air temperature is required by passing it successively through two or more dehumidifiers in series. When the system is properly designed, the entrainment should not be sufficient to raise the true dew-point temperature more than one degree.
Refrigeration Required for Dehumidifying
The heat to be removed in cooling a known weight of air from a given temperature and moisture content to a given dewpoint temperature,
is
evidently the difference of the total heat
quantities contained in the air under these respective conditions.
These values of total heat are given on the charts on pages 36 and 37. It is there shown that the total of latent and specific heat in one pound of pure air is dependent upon the wet-bulb temperature only. The upper table on page 475 shows the amount of refrigeration required to cool and dehumidify 1000 cu. ft. of air between various given wet-bulb temperatures and
final
dew-points.
Power Required
for Operating Humidifiers
The lower
table on page 475 exhibits the

ft.
saturate 1000 cu.
of air per
power required to minute at various velocities.
This is based on overcoming the resistance of the humidifier, using a fan with a static efficiency of 45 per cent., a fair value.
474
REFRIGERATION AND POWER TO HUMIDIFY

B. T. U.
REFRIGERATION REQUIRED TO COOL 1000 CU. FT. OF AIR (MEASURED AT 70 DEO. F.) FROM A GIVEN WET-BULB TEMPERATURE TO A GIVEN DEW-POINT
ELEVATION
Carrier
Type "A" Washer
476
AIR
WASHER DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONS FOR CARRIER TYPE "A" AIR WASHERS
'J
"-.J
ELEVATION
Carrier Type
"B" Washer
478
AIR WASHER DIMENSIONS
B-LENGTM-4'IO-
TO SEWER
ELEVATION
Carrier Type
"C" Washer
480
AIR
WASHER DIMENSIONS
SECTION
vn
specifi-
STEAM ENGmES
In the following section
cation tables of Buffalo
will
be found capacity and
Steam Engines.
Two diagrams are given, showing the water rate of high speed engines and the ratio of the water rate at any cut-off as compared to the rated water rate, when the engines are rated at cut-off. As an example of the use of these diagrams, we will take a case of a 100 H. P. high speed engine with steam pressure at 100 pounds and cutting off at stroke. From the curve on page 486 we find the steam consumption will be 28 pounds per indicated H. P., or a total of 2800 pounds per hour. In case this was a heating job this would then be a measure of the amount of exhaust steam available for use in the heating coils. If, for any reason, this engine should be set to cut off at stroke, we may determine the resulting steam consumption from the diagram on page 487. From the point marked cut-off on the right edge of the chart, pass horizontally to the left until the cut-off line is intersected, thence downward to the curve, and horizontally to the left edge, where we find the water rate will be 104.2 per cent, of the rated. That is, 1.042x28 = 29.2 pounds per I. H. P. per hour.
The per cent, of rated load that will be developed may be determined from the scale at the bottom of the diagram. Drop vertically from the intersection of the cut-off with the cut-off line to the bottom of the chart, where it will be found that the engine when cutting off at stroke will develop 137.5 per cent, of the rated load, or 1.375 X 100 = 137.5 I. H. P.
The table of mean effective pressures has been calculated from actual indicator cards taken from automatic high speed engines. These values are applicable to engines of this class when exhausting at atmospheric pressure. In case back pressure is carried on the engine a corresponding correction should be made.
482
STEAM ENGINES
The horsepower tables for the various classes of engines give the brake horsepower per R, P. M., the maximum speed allowable and the corresponding horsepower developed. There are two factors limiting the speed of these engines; first, a maximum allowable piston speed; and second, the maximum load allowable,
as indicated in the dimension table of each particular
In the case of the automatic engines the governors do not operate at a speed less than two-thirds of the maximum. There are a number of cases in the tables on pages 490 and 491 where, at certain steam pressures and cut-offs it was found necessary to limit the speed to less than two-thirds of the maximum in order to avoid overloading the corresponding engine frame. As indicated on the tables, these engines will have to be operated throttling, since the automatic governors will not be operative at these low speeds.
engine.
and 497 are applicable to Buffalo high speed engines. The maximum speed for each engine is shown, together with the minimum speed when operating with the automatic governor and also the brake horsepower that will be developed at the different steam presExcept as indicated these values are based on the engines sures.
tables on pages 496
The two
Class
"A" automatic
operating at one-half cut-off. Those cases marked will have to cut off at less than one-half stroke in order to avoid overloading the engine.
483
Spiro Driven Niagara Conoidal (Type N)
Fan
for Forced Draft
Spiro Driven Gas Blower Unit
These illustrations show the adaptability of direct connecting various types of fans to Spiro Steam Turbines, which are made
in sizes
from
to 100 horsepower
and operate very economically
at a comparatively low speed.
484
M. E. p.
OF HIGH SPEED ENGINES

E. P.
M.
OF HIGH SPEED ENGINES*
Allowance Made for 10 Per Cent. Clearance and without Back Pressure
ill
jnoH J3d
({ -u
'I
J3d iUB3)S jo 'sqq
486
WATER RATES OF HIGH SPEED ENGINES

Cut-Off
in
Per Cent, of Stroke
uondiunsuoo J3|bav P^Jb^

487
JO
jua^ jaj
HORSEPOWER OF ENGINES
<oocc"5
wMop
otc-H C^CC^
>ootô6
^_
n-SrO
i^MO oioo
tqiop MOOOO CO00
piop
tOOiO 05(NC^
wpc^
<*'0C
CCiNcd-^
O 00
u o
CO
ooo OOOJ
ooo
CO
ooo
CO<MiN
000
(N(N<N
OiCOO
(N(N(N(N
COM
C0-H(MCO
=
OS
2.0:
iiNCOCO OOCO
(NOOiOCO
^<N0CO
OS-*'*
lOCi-*
00-OO-H
'*0
^tîO
COtO-*
-itîO
(NiOOO (MCOCO
OOOiO
C0-<J<O
OCOCO
OiiOiOO
CO IN CO r*
^-H(N
< I o I <
c^
.0.
CO
1^
^ =
:^
00
OO^ M OOO t^ t^ t^
(N (N C^
(NCOt^
Otvlco*
OiOOO ooo ooo OOiO oooo lO't'fco -^-^co cocoes cocoes

0.
(N CJ O O N (N (N
C^q
iCiOOO
o _. :S z S < a ^ w O H Of E u ^ J 2 < E = ^ 1
.
ui
iO OOÔJ (NOOIN O00t|< fCO (NCOOO 5t^ * O OO oooo O (N

OSOOiM
ooo t*oo ^(Meo

00 1^
lij
r-
Qj r* 1 ' uj
OSOCO
coojgt^
.a
COCOCit^
NMCO
;001D
C00500
hoco
CO -<
1=
OQ
loqcooq
cJ CO CO CC
:CO>0
O -^t^
oooo (N<NOO
(NIN(N(M
o >
^S
oa
oooo OOO iOI>0<N OOO lO * ^ ^ ^^*

OSCOiO<N
lOiOC^ COCOCO
000
COCOCO
OOO OOO OOO

cot:-o tN.tCcO
<
*C5C0
Q^
r
OQ
ô:
CO O 05 oooo OOO
1
t^ 0 CO (N 1>) *
iC C) 00 CO
<NC0C0
*eooo
00CO-*(N (NCOCC-*
to TfiOt-OO
>opoco (N
Tt<
qr>;Oso
*'
to'
d CO CO CO CO (NCO
o^^
cCiOOO
doood
OSOCOCO
000i0
? I
lOtîOM
OOO *** OOO

*
ot>.oi C^J t^
COCOCO
COCOCO
(N(NM
MWMM
C0OCOt coiNt^
-I'M CO CO lO CJ O oooo OOO O

r^
CI cor>. 1^ * 00
IM 00 lO
c^j
MM
co
1" 00 OO n Tf< 00
OOcO ts.as'f
lo (M CO CO
eoc5<N
Mo
o CO o * * CC 00
>o>ooooe
OQ
q2'
'9iA>er>>
000000
OOO
XXX
fw
XXX
X X M X vin>etN
X M X <oaoo
489

1
I 3
V3
II
S d O u a. U 2 s U. 3 2 oa
r
o
&
25
UO
=H g o Oi < > ^
.
t
o
&
a.
BUFFALO LOW PRESSURE ENGINES AT THREE-QUARTER CUT-OFF AND 3 LB. BACK PRESSURE
Brake Horsepower per R.
P. M. and /Vlaximum R. P. M. and Horsepower Allowable at Different Steam Pressures
I.
o Z Q UZ < .
""
UO Û Q O3
<t %< 3U
OQ
o
O
la
W3
=i
>
<
2 Q o z z <
ui
c/3
oo
< .J ^ U.
Q O
Ss
< <
U. U.
U H
O <
"J > > u O Q. vi
0.
o 2 r (^

BUFFALO HORIZONTAL ENGINES CENTER CRANK, CLASS "A"
MAXIMUM HORSEPOWER ALLOWABLE FOR CORRESPONDING FRAME

High Pressure
BUFFALO HORIZONTAL ENGINES
SIDE CRANK, CLASS "A"

High Pressure

SIDE CRANK, CLASS "N"
3:
SIDE CRANK, CLASS "S"

BUFFALO SINGLE VERTICAL ENGINES CLASS "O"
BUFFALO SINGLE VERTICAL ENGINES
CLASS "A"

High Pressure
PÂN

BUFFALO SINGLE VERTICAL ENGINES CYLINDER BELOW SHAFT, CLASS "I''
Max. Horsepower
BUFFALO DOUBLE VERTICAL ENGINES

Single Acting
&
SECTION
VIII
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND THE SELECTION OF APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING
As has been previously shown, one
applications of fans
is
of the
in connection with the heating
and public buildings. considered under two general divisions or classes: First, to supply heat; and second, to supply ventilation, where the heating may be done by direct radiation or by means of the fan as cirtilation of industrial
most important and venThis work will be
cumstances
likely to
may
determine.
The
first
class
embraces such
class
is
buildings as shops and factories.
The second
more
be confined to such buildings as theatres, churches, hotels, etc. These buildings may be supplied with ventilation only, or with a combination of heating and ventilation, but the fan system is seldom used in such cases for heating alone.
The following examples will serve to illustrate these various systems, and the use of preceding rules, tables and data required in connection therewith will be explained. There are three factors entering into such calculations, the air required, the heat loss due to transmission and infiltration to be cared for, and the
rise in
temperature of the air above room temperature. In the various examples two of these conditions are given and the third
to be determined.
is
Class
I.
Heat the building, using

a mixture of the two.
either
all
return
air, all
In this case, the total heat loss is assumed to be known. For heating work where part or all of the air is returned from the room to the apparatus, it is customary to use a heater six sections deep with low pressure steam or five sections deep with high pressure steam. Where all outdoor air is used, either six or seven sections may be used with low pressure steam and five or six sections with high pressure steam. Knowing the temperature of the air entering the heater and assuming a suitable velocity of the air through the clear area, we may find from the heater tables on pages 418 to 431 the final or leaving temperature and so determine the temperature rise. Knowing the heat loss in B. t. u. per hour and the
air or
outdoor
606
SELECTION OF APPARATUS
temperature the formula
rise,
we may determine the
air
requirement from
Q 60^ft!-")
where
(for heating only)
Q = cu. H = B.
t2
tr
ft.
t.
of air per
u.
min. loss per hour due to transmission and

leaving heater
infiltration.
= temperature of air = room temperature.
In ease all return air is used, the above H is a measure of the heat required to be delivered to the air by the heating coils. Where all or part of the air entering the heater is outdoor air at a temperature t^, a greater amount of heat, H', will be required, due to raising the temperature of this air from t^ to room temperature t,. This total heat, H', is a measure of the condensation and steam requirement of the heating coils. It may be determined by the formula
, ^ QX60(t2-ti)
552
/r
^
* u N heatmg)
where
H'
= total
hour.
ft.
heat required at the

of air per min.
coils in B,
t.
u.
per
Q = cu.
ti
= temperature t2 = temperature
The
of air entering heater.
of air leaving heater.
three following examples illustrate in detail the various
steps in the calculations of heating propositions:
Example
1.
Supply heat only, using
all
return
air.
Supply heat, using all outdoor air. This condition frequently happens when the apparatus is so located that it is impracticable to run return ducts from the building to the
2.
Example
heater.
Example
part return
3.
air.
Heat the building, using part outdoor
air
and
Class II. Supply As already stated this
ventilation, either with or without heat.

is
the usual requirement to be
met
in the
re-
case of public buildings.
Here the known factors are the
quired
rise.
amount
of air for ventilation, the
outdoor and of the room air, The air to be delivered to the room at practically room temperature. The amount of heat and consequent size of heater
507
temperatures of the and the consequent temperature

is
to be determined, the B. t. u. per hour to be supplied at the heater being indicated by the formula
, H'=-^^
where
Qx60(tr-ti)
^^
,, , (for ventilation only)

,
^.,
^.
H'
tr
= B.
t.
u.
Q = cu.
ti
ft,
air per
per hour required at heater. min. for ventilation.

entering heater.
= room temperature, = outdoor, or temperature

of
The amount mined by
steam required by the heater
may
be deter-
--; Tlatent heat of
H'
;;
steam
=lbs. condensatlou per hour,
For ventilation work the final temperature of the air leaving the heater, ts, is usually taken at the room temperature, tr, when the room is heated by means of direct radiation, although
customary to have the air leave the heater say from two to degrees warmer to provide for radiation from the piping. In case both ventilation and heating are required, we have a differit is
five
ent set of requirements. The known quantities then are the heat loss, H, to provide for the transmission and infiltration losses; the air quantity, Q, required for ventilation; and the temperature of the air entering the heater. The temperature of the air leaving the heater will have to be enough above the
room temperature
to care for the heat losses,
and may be deter-
mined from the formula

re O TT
t2
=^
'
v^
oU
+ tr
(for
heating and ventilating)

at the heater will be
As already explained, the heat required
Q X6 (t2-ti) ^ = 5572
,
Knowing the temperature rise (t2 ti) and the air quantity, and assuming a suitable velocity of the air through the heater, the depth of the heater may be found from the heater tables on pages 418 to 431, The three following examples illustrate the calculations necessary under this class of installations.
Example
change.
4.
Supply ventilation only, with a
specified
air
Example
of air
5.
Supply ventilation only, with a
specified
amount
per minute supplied a given

508
number
of people.
ELECTION OF APPARATUS
Example 6. Supply a and heat the building.
As an
illustration
specified
amount
of air for ventilation
assume a brick building 110X200 and an average wall height Building to be open to the roof, that is, no ceiling under of 20 ft. the roof, which is to be of 2-inch boards, paper, tar and gravel. Building to be warmed to Loss from the floor to be neglected.
will
ft.
we
in size, with a 13-inch brick wall
70 in zero weather.
From
and
the tables of radiation coefficients

is
we
The
find
that the
is
factor for a 13-inch brick wall

face will be 12400 sq.
is
0.29, for glass surface

is
1.1,
for a roof of this construction

ft.
0.26.
will
total wall sur-
assume 3000 is glass then have as the heat loss per hour per degree difference between the room and outdoor temperature. =2740 Brick wall 9400 sq. ft. X 0.29 =3300 Glass 3000 sq. ft. X 1.1 =5960 Roof 23000 sq. ft. XO.26
of
which we
surface and 9400
brick wall.
We
will
12000 B.
or a total loss
t.
u.
due to transmission of Ht = 12000X70 = 840000 B.
t.
u.
per hour.
ft.
The cubic contents

Example
1.
of this building will
be 440000 cu.
return
air.
Supply heat only, using
all
As already shown, the heat loss from the building due to transmission will be 840000 B. t. u. per hour, to which we will add 10 per cent, giving the corrected loss as 924000 B. t. u. per
hour.
In a system using return

to allow for a certain
air at the heater, it is

air
customary
leakage or infiltration, varying from once in one-half hour to once in two hours. This depends on several factors, such as the size and construction of the building, purposes for which it is used, etc. Assuming a loss due to infiltration of one change in two hours, we will have 220000 cu. ft. of air per hour to be warmed from 0 to 70. The heat required to care for the infiltration loss will be
amount of
H. = ??0^ÂZ0 = 379000B.t.u. per hour
The
total heat required will then
be
B.
t.
H = 924000 -1-379000 = 1202000

509
u.
per hour.

stated, when using exhaust or low pressure steam considered good practice with return air to use a heater six As the air is to be returned from the room, it sections deep. From the table on will enter the heater at from 60 to 70. page 421 we find that when using steam at five pound pressure
As already
it is
heater
with an entering temperature, t,, of 60, with six sections of we will have a leaving or final temperature, tg, of 145 if the velocity through the heater is 1000 feet per minute.
If it is desired to figure closely, and the heater is so located that there will be no loss in temperature in returning the air that is, the air enters the heater at room temperature, or tr = 70 the above value of tg = 145 will not be correct. As the
when the entering temperature is 70 it will be necessary to refer to the curve on page 433. We find from this diagram that with an entering temperature of 70 and a velocity of 1000 feet per minute, the final temperature, tg, will be 149. The method of using this diagram is as follows: Selecting a temperature of 70 on the left-hand margin of the chart pass to the right to the intersection of the 1000 velocity curve, and dropping from here to the base
table does not give the final temperature
line
we have a reading
of 4.35 sections.
Selecting a
new
point
of 6
+ 4.35 = 10.35
left,
sections on this scale, pass
intersection of the vertical
upwards to the with the 1000 velocity curve and

temperature of 149
is
then to the
where a
final
indicated.
The quantity
be
of air at 70 required as
a heat carrier will then
-15^"UA.F.M. ^- 55.2X1303000 60(149-70)

With a
velocity of 1000 feet per minute through the heater
From a clear area of 15200-7-1000 = 15.2 sq. ft. the table on page 449 we find that a heater 4'6'' wide by 7'4'' high will have a clear area of 15.3 sq. ft. We will then require a heater containing six sections of this size.
we
will require
in a case like the fan will handle the air at 149 instead of at 70, and the volume of the air will be correspondingly greater. This volume
this,
As we would use a draw-through apparatus
vary inversely as the weight per cubic foot of the air, and the ratio of the volume at different temperatures as compared to the volume at 70 may be found from the table on page 13. Thus we find the same amount or weight of air at 150 will have
will
510
1.1512 times the volume at 70.
Then the fan must be
selected
on a basis
of
15200X1.1512 = 17500 cu. ft. per min. Assuming that in an installation of this nature, the total resistance against which the fan is to operate will be equal to one inch of water pressure, we will find from the tables of rated fan capacity the size of fan required to deliver 17500 A. P. M. From the table on page 229 against one inch total pressure.
Niagara Conoidal fan will deliver 17340 minute against one inch total pressure when operating at 253 R. P. M. and will require 3.87 H. P. This horsepower based on the values given in the capacity table is for air at 70 while the fan is to handle air at 149. At constant capacity and speed the horsepower will vary approximately inversely as the absolute temperature, hence it will require less than the rated horsepower to handle this air which is at 149. The actual brake horsepower required by the fan will then be
find that a No. 8.
ft.
we
cu.
of air per
3-X^|^ = 3.36H.P.
If the fan is to be motor driven, it will be necessary to select a motor of the next larger standard size, or 5 H. P. On account of the slow speed this fan should be belt driven.
Example 2. Heat the building, using all outside air at 0. As already explained under Example 1, when using return air it is customary to add 10 per cent, to the computed heat loss and also provide heat necessary to care for the infiltration loss. When using all outdoor air no provision is made for infiltration, but the calculated heat loss is generally increased by a greater margin say 25 per cent. Sufficient heater must be provided to raise the temperature of the air from zero to room temperature, and enough higher to care for the heat loss from the build-
ing.
Adding 25 per cent, to the radiation loss gives 1050000 u. per hour required for heating. As shown by the heater table on page 420, with a velocity of 1000 feet per minute six
B.
t.
sections of heater will raise the temperature of the air from 0 to 117. Allowing a 2 drop due to the radiation loss from the
piping gives a
warm
air
temperature of 115 delivered to the

511
room.

Then the quantity of air at 70 required will be -^l^SOA.l-.M. ^- 55.2X1050000 60(115-70)
This means approximately a 20 minute change. the apparatus should be so arranged that return air
in the
If possible
may
be used
morning
in order to heat
up
rapidly.
As the velocity through the heater is to be 1000 feet per minute, this calls for a clear area of 21.45 sq. ft. From the table on page 449 we find that a heater 6'0"X7'10'' will be the nearest standard size.
0
Example 3. Heat the building, using one-half outside and one-half return air at 70.
air at
As already shown the heat loss from the building will be 840000 B. t. u. to which we will add 10 per cent., making the total loss 924000 B. t. u. per hour. This is the same as the loss figured for in Example 1, but since we are to use only one-half return air, we will allow but half the infiltration loss. This will require 190000 B. t. u. per hour. The total heat to be provided will then be
H = 924000-^190000 = 1114000
B.
t.
u.
per hour.
Since half the air entering the heater is to be at 0 and half at 70, we will assume an average of 35. As none of the heater tables show the temperature rise for an entering temperature of
35,
we
will
make
use of the diagram on page 433.
Assuming a
velocity through the heater of 1000 feet per minute, we pass from a temperature of 35 on the left edge of the chart to the
intersection of the horizontal with the curve
marked 1000
feet
Dropping from here to the base line we have a reading of 2.65 sections. Assuming that we will use a heater six sections deep we will point off a new location on the base line at 2.65-1-6.0 = 8.65 sections. Passing from here vertically to the intersection of the 1000 velocity curve and thence to the left edge of the diagram shows a temperature of 132 for the air leaving the heater. Allowing for 2 drop due to loss of heat from fan housing and piping gives an effective warm air temperaper minute.
lure of 130.
The quantity
of air at 70 required will
then be
.
^ Q=
55.2
1114000
512
60(130-70)
=17100 A. P.M.
_,__
-,
SELECTION OF APPARATU
As we are to use a velocity of 1000 feet per minute through the clear area, a heater with a clear area of 17.10 sq. ft. will be From the table of heater dimensions on page 449, required. we find that a section of 5'0"X7'10'' will have a olear area of We will then use a heater 5'0''X7'10" six sections 17.7 sq. ft.
deep.
As shown above, the air required will be 17100 cu. ft. per minute at 70, but if the fan is arranged to draw through the heater it will handle this air at 132. The volume of the air will be greater than for the corresponding weight at 70, theThis means ratio as given in the table on page 13 being 1.114. that the fan will be required to handle 17100X1.114 = 19100 A.
It
is
P.
M. at 132.
probable that the static resistance of an installation of this nature will not be over one inch, due to the resistance of 0.574 inch through the heater, the friction loss in the piping and any entrance or discharge losses that may exist. By referring to the static pressure tables of the Niagara Conoidal Fans on pages 247, 249 and 251, we find that we may use either a No. Either of these fans may be used to give approxi7, 8 or 9 fan. mately the required capacity, but we see from the following summary that the outlet velocity, speed, and horsepower will be different in each case.
Size

In any case, the horsepower as given on page 513 would be based on air at 70, while the fan is to handle the air at 132. That is, while the fan is to handle the 19100 cu. ft. per minute, due to the higher temperature, the density and therefore the horsepower required will be less than for the same volume at 70. At constant capacity and speed, the horsepower will vary directly as the density of the air, and approximately inversely as the absolute temperature. We will then have the above horsepower decreased by the_ratio
460 460
+ 132^
-H
70
That
change.
is,
the above horsepower should be divided by 1.114.

4.
Example
In
Supply ventilation only, with a ten minute
air
is to be taken care of and the air required for ventilation will be taken from outside at 0 and introduced into the room at room
this case the heating of the building
by
direct radiation,
temperature, or 70.
We
are not concerned with the heat loss,
but merely
an amount of air equal to the cubic contents of the room through a 70 temperature rise once in ten minutes or six changes per hour. Then we will have as the air
in raising
at 70 required
440000
10
..^^^ 44000
cu. ,^ ft. per
mm.
Assuming that this building is to be used for a factory, and inasmuch as the heater will be comparatively shallow with a corresponding low pressure drop, we may use a velocity of 1200 feet per minute through the heater. The total pressure against which the fan in such an installation is likely to operate will be about one inch. The temperature of the air leaving the heater should be about five degrees above room temperature to allow for radiation loss from the piping, etc. From the heater table on page 420 we find that with five pound steam pressure and with 1200 velocity a temperature of 81.8 will be obtained with four sections of standard heater and
will
be the nearest temperature obtainable at

514
this
velocity.
Since
we
are to handle 44000 cu.
we
will require
ft. per minute at 1200 velocity a heater having a clear area of
44000
-j2oo-
_ _ _ = 36.7
sq.ft.
.,
a section
the table of heater dimensions on page 449 we find that 9'6'' X 8'4'' has a clear area of 36.7 sq. ft. so this will be the size to use. We will then require a heater Q'G" X 8^4'' and four
From
sections deep.
In a large room of this construction it is customary to use a draw-through system, attaching the piping directly to the fan outlet. As already stated, the total pressure required for an installation of this character using but four sections of heater would probably run about one inch.
Referring to the table of fan capacities we may select a fan that will deliver 44000 A. P. M. against a pressure of one inch. From page 208 we find that a 160-inch Planoidal Exhauster will
deliver 41220 A. P. M. against one inch at a speed of 164 R. P.
The 44000 A. P. M. required is 106.5 M. and require 14.2 H. P. per cent, of the above rated capacity so it will be necessary to operate at a speed of 164X1.065 equals 175 R. P. M., and the power required will be 14.2 X (1.065)3 equals 17.2 H. P.
This method of arriving at the speed and power required is only approximate, since when operating at other than the rated For small increments point the pressure will not be constant. of over or under load the speed may be changed slightly to bring the pressure to the desired amount, but for accurate work the method of using the diagram on page 215 as explained under Example 5 should be followed.
Example
5.
Supply ventilation only, with 30

This
30
cu.
ft.
of air
per minute for each of 500 occupants.
will require
X 500 = 15000
A. P. M. at 70
which will be equivalent to 440000-^15000 mately two changes per hour.
= 29
or approxi-
With a
velocity of 1200 feet per minute through the heater,
From the table on ft. page 449 we find that a section of 4'0''X6'10" may be used. As the same temperature rise is required as in Example 4, the heater
this will require a clear area of 12.5 sq.
515

must be four sections deep and the final temperature 81.8. If the heater and fan are located in the building so that there will be little or no radiation loss from the piping, the air may leave
We see from the heater table the heater at approximately 70. that with a velocity of 1000 feet per minute three sections will
give a final temperature of 69.5.
will
By
selecting a heater with a
by 1000 velocity, we obtain a final temperature somewhat above 70. From the table of heaters we find that a 4'6" x I'A" section will have a clear area of 15.3 sq. ft. and give a velocity of 980 feet per minute through the clear area. Thus we see that when using a final temperature of about 70 we may select three sections deep of
clear area slightly greater than indicated
4'6"
7'4" heater.
As we
are using a low velocity
and a heater only three
sec-
tions deep, the loss in pressure through the heater will be only
is probable that the static resistance of the not be over 0.6 inch. As under rated conditions the static pressure of a Planoidal Exhauster is 79 per cent, of the total pressure, if we use this type of fan operating at rated capacity the total pressure developed would be 0.6 -r- 0.79 =0.76 inch. inch or approximately
0.287 inch, and

entire
it
system
will
From
100-inch
the table of fan capacities on page 207, we find that a Planoidal Exhauster will deliver 13940 A. P. M. at
inch total pressure and require 3.6 H. P. 228 R. P. M. against As 15000 A. P. M. is required, it will be necessary to operate We note from the this fan at greater than its rated capacity. diagram on page 214 that if this style of fan is operated at constant speed beyond its rated point the pressure will be less than the rated, so it will be necessary to operate at a speed corresponding to a certain higher pressure, in order to still have the required pressure when working over the rated capacity. The speed and horsepower to meet the required overload condition may be found approximately by means of the diagram on page 214, but as explained in the example on "Fan Selection" on page 183, the more accurate method is to use the diagram on page 215.
The
outlet area of a 100-inch
Planoidal Exhauster
is
8.75
sq. ft., so at
15000 A. P. M. the outlet velocity will be 1715 feet per minute and the corresponding velocity pressure equals 0.183 inch. Since the static resistance of the system is 0.60 inch, the
516
rated total pressure will be 0.60
of
static
to
velocity
pressure
+ 0.183 = 0.783 inch. = 0.6 0.183 = 3.28.

-;-
diagram on page 215 we find that with the be operating at 105 per cent, of the fans rated capacity, with 102.5 per cent, of the rated H. P., and the speed will be the rated
speed for this fan when developing a total pressure of 0.783 inch.
This fan
0.75
will
The ratio From the above ratio we will
give the following rated performance at the two
different total pressures.

in.
0.783
in.
-13940 A. P. M.-228 R. P. M. -3.6 H. P. -14250 A. P. M. -233 R. P. M.-3.85 H. P.
But 15000 H- 1.05 = 14300 A. P. M. as the rated capacity required, which is practically as given for 233 R. P. M. Then the power required under the overload condition will be
3.85X1.025
= 3.95
H. P.
From
the above
we
see that the 100-inch fan will deliver
15000 A. P. M. against a static pressure of 0.6 inch at 233

R. P. M. and require 3.95 H. P.
Example
air
6. Heat the building and supply a 12}^ minute change for ventilation. The outdoor air to be handled by the fan will be
140000^33200 A. P.M.
at 70
This air must be raised to room temperature for ventilation, and enough higher to supply the heat lost by radiation and
leakage.
As already shown the heat lost by radiation from this building will be 840000 B. t. u. per hour. It is customary to allow
an extra 10 to 50 per cent., depending on the construction of the building and the purposes for which it is used, to care for the heat lost by leakage, opening of doors, and similar causes. Allowing an extra 30 per cent, we will have as the total heat loss
H = 840000 + 252000 = 1092000

To determine
55.2.x 1092000
^'
B.
t.
u.
per hour.
the final temperature required
we
will
have
35200>^60~ + ^^ = ^^-^
517

From
the heater table on page 420
we
find that with a veloc-
minute five sections of heater will raise the temperature of the air from 0 to 103. As we are to handle 35200 A. P. M. at 1000 velocity, a heater having a clear area From the table on page 449 it of 35.2 sq. ft. will be required. may be seen that a heater section S'O^xS'lO'' has a clear area of 35.3 sq. ft. so this will be the size to use, the heater being five sections deep. In case this heater is too tall for the particular space it is to occupy, we may use two sections placed back to back, each having a clear area of 17.6 sq. ft. This would call
ity of 1000 feet per
for ten sections of 5'0''x7'10" placed five sections deep.
COMBINATION FAN, ENGINE AND HEATER TABLES

The
four tables on pages 520 to 523 indicate
sidered as being the proper combinations of heaters
for the different sizes of Planoidal
what are conand engines
The cubic
able
feet of air at one inch for public buildings
and Niagara Conoidal fans. and two

be considered as the prob-
inches for industrial installations
may
The engine sizes given are for direct connection, and in most cases could be made to answer for these extreme conditions. Several sizes and styles of engines are given in order that a choice may be made to meet different requirements. For instance, where a 7x7 and an 8 x 8 inch cylinder are given for the same size fan, a higher steam pressure would be required for the smaller cylinder. A steam pressure of from 20 to 25 pounds will be required for the low pressure, and from 80 to 100 pounds for the high
conditions to be encountered.
pressure engines.
maximum
given in the table indicate the proper heaters A heater should be selected with a clear area that will give the desired velocity of the air through the heater. This will range anywhere from 800 Lower to 1200 feet per minute, depending on the conditions. velocities should be used for public buildings than for industrial
sizes
The heater
for use with the different sizes of fans.
installations.
518
510

PLANOIDAL (TYPE L) EXHAUSTERS WITH PROPER COMBINATIONS OF HEATERS AND ENGINES FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS
Size

PLANOIDAL (TYPE L) EXHAUSTERS WITH PROPER COMBINATIONS OF HEATERS AND ENGINES FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS

NIAGARA CONOIDAL (TYPE
N) FA.NS
WITH PROPER CO.nBINATIONS OF HEATERS A.ND ENGINES FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS
Fan
No.

N)
FANS
WITH PROPER COMBINATIONS OF HEATERS AND ENGINES FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS
PART V APPENDIX
Complete directions for conducting Fan Installation Tests are
included in this part.
includes complete specifications and guar-
antees
This section also for various motors, air washers of Planoidal Steel
types of
fans,
heaters,
piping,
engines,
and humidifiers; and detailed dimensions Plate, Niagara Conoidal Multiblade and Turbo-Conoidal High Speed Multiblade Fans.
Data for the design of chimneys, with table giving size chimneys with appropriate horsepower of boilers is included.
of
of
Miscellaneous engineering data is also given, including size steam pipes, area of circles, temperature and pressure conversion tables, steam tables, logarithms, dry kiln capacities, many
useful factors, etc.
An extract of the report of the committee of the Am. Soc. of H. & V. Engrs. on "Standards for Ventilation Legislation for Motion Picture Show Places" as presented in Jan., 1913, is reproduced.
A very complete and thorough index and cross-index, in addition to "Outline of Contents" in Part I, is given in this part.
Note
less
All temperature? given in this book are in degrees Fahrenheit unotherwise specified.
524
FAN INSTALLATION TESTS
DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING FAN INSTALLATION TESTS

The general subject of fan testing has been discussed on pages 190 to 204, with complete directions for using the pitot tube and for laying out a traverse of a pipe or duct. The detailed methods to be used in making a test on a fan installation, together with detailed instructions for working up the results of the test, will be given in the following: Measuring the Air Quantity Traverse over outlet or inlet pipe. 1. 2. Traverse over fan outlet. The velocity of the air and the quantity delivered should be determined by means of the pitot tube as explained on page 190. Whenever the nature of the installation makes it possible the most accurate results are obtained by making a traverse in the discharge or inlet duct. These velocity pressure readings should be taken at least 10 diameters, in the direction of the air jflow, from the fan outlet, or from any bend, elbow, change in section, or other detail of construction that will cause a disturbance in the flow of air preceding the point at which the readings are taken. Readings at the fan inlet should be taken one diameter or more from the inlet. While a traverse of the pipe is preferable, it is usually impracticable in actual installations to find a point where the air flow is undisturbed. In such cases a traverse with the pitot tube over the outlet area of the fan should be made. The outlet area should be divided into 25 or more equal rectangles (5 or more each way) and velocity pressure readings taken in the center of each small area. The velocity corresponding to each of these velocity pressure readings should then be calculated as explained on page 18, and an average taken of these velocities. This gives the average velocity over the entire fan outlet, which in turn when multiplied by the area of the outlet in square feet gives the quantity of air delivered in cubic feet per minute. It will be noted that the average velocity over the outlet should be obtained by taking an average of the various velocities and not of the various velocity pressure readings, since the velocity varies as the square root of the pressure. In taking the velocity pressure by means of a pitot tube, the connection between the two legs of the tube and the two sides of
525

the gauge should be the same, whether the readings are taken
in a
duct either on the inlet or on the outlet side of the fan.

of Pressure
Measurement
Produced by the Fan
between total, static and velocity pressure as produced by a fan has been explained on page 176. The measurement of the total or dynamic pressure is of especial importance since this is the pressure upon which the efficiency of the fan is based. This pressure is a measure of the total energy imparted to the air by the fan and is the difference between
relation
The
the average absolute
total
or
dynamic pressure
of
the
air
on the two sides of the fan. The absolute pressure expressed in inches of water for air at 29.92 inches barometer will be the measured pressure plus 407 inches. The absolute total pressure
at
any point
consists of the absolute static pressure plus the
velocity pressure.
Since the total dynamic energy at any point in a stream of air measured by the absolute total or dynamic pressure at that point, the gain or loss in energy between two points in a stream of air is measured by the difference between the absolute total
is
It follows that the total energy imparted by a fan to a given quantity of air is measured by the difference between the absolute total pressures measured at the inlet and outlet connections respectively and that the total or dynamic pressure produced by a fan is equal to the difference
pressures at these points.
points.
between the absolute total or dynamic pressures at these two Thus if an exhaust fan gives static and velocity pressure readings on the inlet side of 3" and 0.5" respectively, the absolute total pressure at the inlet will be (407-3)4-0.5=404.5". If the static and velocity pressures on the outlet side are 2" and V respectively, the absolute total pressure at this point will be (407 + 2) + 1= 410. Then the total pressure against which the fan is operating will be 410 404.5= 5.5". This may be expressed in gauge pressure as follows:
The
static pressure at
fan outlet
+
Total pressure of
the velocity pressure at fan outlet the static

(or
fan equals
vacuum
(draft or suction)
static pressure) at the
fan inlet
the velocity pressure at fan inlet.

526

The static pressure produced by a fan equals the total pressure minus the velocity pressure at the fan outlet. It follows that
The
Static pressure
static pressure at the
+ static vacuum
pressure)
at
fan outlet fan inlet (or
static
of fan equals
velocity
The Difference
in static pressure at the inlet
pressure at fan inlet.
and
outlet of the fan
The static pressure produced by the fan +the velocity pressure at the fan inlet.
equals
It should be noted that the static
vacuum
at the fan inlet
minus the velocity pressure at the fan

at this point.
inlet is the total pressure
The static pressure as produced by the fan in accordance with the accepted definition does not necessarily correspond to
the difference in static pressures as measured at the fan inlet
and outlet respectively.

(a)
Where
the velocity in the inlet connection
is
negligible,
the difference in static pressures at the inlet and outlet of the fan corresponds to the static pressure produced by the fan.
If the inlet and outlet connections to the fan are equal, (b) the difference in the static pressures will not correspond to the static pressure produced by the fan, but will be equal to the total pressure produced by the fan when measured as previously
described.
the fan inlet connection is smaller than the outlet between the static pressure readings taken at the inlet and outlet will be greater than the total pressure produced by the fan.
(c)
If
of the fan, the difference
This apparent discrepancy in the static pressures is due to the fact that a certain amount of static pressure may be produced by conversion from velocity pressure and is not produced
by the fan itself. The static pressures specified fans assume the fan to be exhausting from a
having a negligible
air velocity.
for the various
large
chamber
are greatly modified
when
evident that the pressures exhausting through a duct.

It
is
627

The proper arrangement of the gauges and the points at which the readings should be taken are shown on the drawing, page 528, which represents a fan drawing through one duct and blowing into another. A pitot tube is shown at A with the central or impact opening connected by a rubber hose to one (For description of side of a water column or draft gauge B. A second pitot tube is shown at C, pitot tubes see page 190.) having its impact or total pressure leg connected to the other A cross connection is also made from side of the same gauge B. this impact connection from pitot tube C to one leg of another gauge D and a connection made between the static leg of pitot
tube C to the other side of this gauge. The readings obtained at D are then the difference between the total and static presThe gauge B sures, or the velocity pressure at the fan outlet.
gives the difference in total pressures at the
C, or the total pressure developed
two points
and
by the
fan.
The
static pres-
sure will be the difference between the total and velocity pressure readings.
outlet,
As already explained, a traverse should be made over the fan and the velocity pressure read at each point. The cor-
responding velocities should then be determined for each reading (see page 18) and an average taken of these various velocity readings. The velocity pressure corresponding to this final average velocity will be the average velocity pressure reading at the fan outlet, which on being added to the static pressure
gives the total pressure on the fan.
Method
of Calculating
Fan
Tests
The
test.
following are the various factors entering into the calcu-
lation of the performance of a fan as based
on the results
of a
The
object of such a test
is
to determine the pressure
developed, the air quantity delivered, the power required and the efficiency of the fan. The various steps in the calculation may be stated as follows:
The velocity pressure is the pressure corresponding to 1. the average velocity over the area of either the inlet or outlet of
the fan.
2.
The
total static pressure
metical
sum
of the static readings
produced by the fan is the arithon the two sides of the fan
inlet.
minus the velocity pressure at the fan

3.
The
total or
dynamic pressure
is
the
sum
of the velocity
and
static pressures.
4. The air quantity is the product of the average velocity pressure times the area of the duct in which the readings were
taken,
In case the fan is motor driven the total power input will 5. be the product of the volts times the amperes as shown by the meters connected at the motor. Careful readings of the speed of the fan and motor should 6. be made at time of taking other readings. The PR loss in watts for the current taken by the motor 7. may be determined by means of a voltage drop test made with the wheel blocked. The I^R loss is frequently assumed as being from 2 to 3 per cent, of the full load current of the motor. The belt and bearing loss may be determined by removing 8. Where the wheel from the shaft and taking power readings. this is impractical this loss may be assumed at from 3 to 5 per cent, of the power input, depending on the bearing conditions and on whether the fan is direct connected or belt driven. Some allowance should also be made for belt slip. No load power readings should be obtained from the 9. motor by disconnecting it from the fan or throwing oif the belt. This no load current may frequently be determined from the characteristics of the motor. 10. The actual power consumed by the fan will then be the total watts input minus the no load watts and the various losses enumerated above, equals (5) [(7) + (8) + (9)]. The brake horsepower of the fan will be the net watts 11. from item 10 divided by 746. 12. In case the fan is driven by means of a steam engine, indicator cards should be taken with the fan in operation and with the wheel removed or disconnected. The difference between the two sets of cards will give the brake horsepower consumed. 13. The air horsepower is the product of the air quantity handled in cubic feet per minute times the pressure in inches of water times a constant 0.000157 (see page 175). 14. The total or dynamic efficiency is the ratio of the product of the air quantity times the total or dynamic pressure in inches times 0.000157 divided by the brake horsepower.
^ , en. Total
,
A. P. M.
X total press, tt in
Brake H.
530
^^
-,
in.
X 0.000157
r>
P.
SPECIFICATIONS
The static efficiency is the ratio of the product of the quantity times the static pressure in inches times 0.000157 divided by the brake horsepower and may be expressed as above by inserting static for total pressure in the formula.
15.
air
It frequently occurs that a fan is guaranteed to give a certain performance under other than actual test conditions as to speed and temperature. In this case the test results should be corAs shown on rected to the guaranteed speed and air density. page 179, the pressure developed will vary as the square and the Both the pressure power consumed as the cube of the speed. and power consumed will vary directly as the density of the air and should be multiplied by the ratio of the air densities under The density of the air may be determined the two conditions. from the table on page 17. These corrections should be made to the average pressure and the net power readings, before the air quantity and efficiency of the fan are calculated.
SPECIFICATIONS
STEEL PLATE FAN
Furnish and erect
(or full) housing,
( )
inch steel plate three-quarter
discharge exhauster (or blower) having cubic feet of air per minute delivered against a a capacity of inches at a speed of static (or total) pressure of
R. P. M., and requiring not over
H. P.
Housing to be constructed
No.
gauge, with riveted lap seams and braced by vertical and horizontal angle irons, x and with angle iron base frame, drilled for holding-down bolts. x
inches in diameter and an Fan to have one two) (exhauster) outlet X inches. fan has a single
,
,
of the best
commercial
steel plate
(or
inlet
If
inlet
there shall be a cone extending inward to the inlet of the blast-
wheel, so as to gradually increase the velocity of the air entering
the wheel and so reduce the loss at entrance.
Blast-wheel to be
inches
in diameter, constructed
with a
heavy cast iron hub into which T-iron arms are cast, firmly mounted by means of a key and set screw on a steel shaft gauge steel The blades to be made of No. inches in diameter.
631

plate riveted to
and to be tapering
phery.
cast into the hub, wider at the inlet than at the periSide sheets of wheel to be flanged outward at the inlet
in shape,
x T-iron spider arms
and riveted to
sides of blades.
Blast-wheel to be carefully balanced to prevent vibration. Bearings to be spherical self-aligning ring-oiled type, lined with best quality babbitt, and so designed as to allow easy ad-
Bearings to be provided with large oil is mounted in the fan inlet it is to be provided with suitable arrangement for preventing oil from being drawn along shaft and into the fan by the entering air.
reservoir,
justment for wear.
and
in case a bearing
MULTIBLADE FAN
Furnish and erect
(or full) housing,
(
No. multiblade three-quarter ) discharge single (or double) width fan
having a capacity
of cubic feet of air per minute delivered against a static (or total) pressure of inches with a velocity through the fan outlet of feet per minute, at a speed of R. P. M., and requiring not over H. P.
of the best commercial steel plate gauge, with riveted lap seams and braced by vertical and horizontal angle irons, x and with angle iron base frame, x drilled for holding-down bolts.
No.

to
have one (or two) inlet inches in diameter and x inches. If a double width fan is used, the wheel is to be composed of two separate single width wheels mounted back to back. Each inlet to be fitted with an inlet cone in the space between housing and wheel, having a minimum
an outlet
clearance with the flared inlet of the blast-wheel. In order to obtain the greatest possible conversion of velocity head at tip
of blades into static pressure at fan outlet, the inner
Fan
edge of the
outlet
is
to be approximately tangent to periphery of wheel,
and
the height of the outlet approximately equal to wheel diameter. Blast -wheel to bê of the forward curved multiblade type,
inches.
having thirty-two blades of No. gauge steel plate riveted at the back to a boiler plate disk which in turn is to be hot-riveted to a conical cast iron hub. These blades to be connected by a flange at the inlet edge of the wheel. Hub is to be attached to the shaft by key and set-screws and to the inlet flange by four heavy tierods. The mean diameter of the blast-wheel to be
532
SPECIFICATIONS
Blast-wheel to be carefully balanced to prevent vibration. heel or inner edge of the blades to be so arranged as to give a decreasing inlet diameter from front to back in order to The angle give a uniform radial velocity through the wheel. of the blades at entrance shall vary across the width in order to insure the entrance of air with the least possible loss by shock. The curvature of the blades to be such that at normal or rated capacity the air will leave the tips with a velocity pressure approximately twice the pressure corresponding to the peripheral velocity of the wheel, in order to reduce the required
The
speed of rotation.
Bearings to be spherical self-aligning ring-oiled type, lined with best quality babbitt, and so designed as to allow easy adjustment for wear. Bearings to be provided with large oil reservoir, and in case a bearing is mounted in the fan inlet, it is to be provided with suitable arrangement for preventing oil from being drawn along shaft and into the fan by the entering air.
HIGH SPEED MULTIBLADE FAN

Furnish and erect ( ) three-quarter (or full) housing, discharge single (or double) width high speed multiblade fan cubic feet of air per minute delivered having a capacity of inches at a speed against a static (or total) pressure of suitable for direct connection to motor specified, and requiring H. P. not over
of the best commercial steel plate gauge, with riveted lap seams and braced by vertical and with angle iron base x and horizontal angle irons, drilled for holding-down bolts. frame, x
No.
inches in diameter and an have one (or two) inlet If a double width fan is used, the inches. X wheel is to be composed of two separate single width wheels mounted back to back. Each inlet to be fitted with an inlet cone in the space between housing and wheel, having a minimum
Fan
to
outlet
In order to clearance with the flared inlet of the blast-wheel. obtain the greatest possible conversion from the high velocity pressure at tip of blades into a correspondingly high static pressure at the fan outlet, the inner edge of the outlet is to be
approximately tangent to periphery of wheel, and the height the outlet approximately equal to wheel diameter.
533
of

Blast-wheel
gauge
steel plate riveted at the

is
in turn
have thirty-two curved blades of No. back to a boiler plate disk which These to be hot-riveted to a conical cast iron hub.
to
blades to be connected
by a
flange at the inlet edge of the wheel.
The hub
to be attached to the shaft
by key and set-screws and

Blast-wheel to be
to the inlet flange
by four heavy
tierods.
carefully balanced to prevent vibration.
The
heel or inner edge of the blades to be so arranged as to
give a decreasing inlet diameter from front to back in order to give a uniform radial velocity through the wheel. The angle
of the blades at entrance shall
insure the entrance of the air with the least possible loss
at this point.
vary across the width in order to by shock
of the wheel, to
of the blades at the tip, or periphery be such that a uniform delivery and pressure will be obtained across the width of the wheel. Bearings to be spherical self-aligning ring-oiled type, lined with best quality babbitt, and so designed as to allow easy adjustment for wear. Bearings to be provided with large oil reservoir, and in case a bearing is mounted in the fan inlet, it is to be provided with suitable arrangement for preventing oil from being drawn along shaft and into the fan by the entering
air.
The angle
FAN SYSTEM HEATER

Furnish and erect
high.
heater, each section to be
four-row sections pipe long x

of
ft.
coil
fan system
ft.
in.
in.
Each
section to have heating surface equivalent to
lineal feet of 1-inch pipe,
and a
clear area of
sq.
ft.
for
the passage of
air.
The heater bases are to be of cast iron of uniform thickness, with heavy box section and extra heavy tops drilled and tapped for 1-inch pipe on 2^-inch centers, adjacent rows to be staggered so as to bring the air in intimate contact with the heating surfaces. For the purposes of accelerating the circulation, the base is to be provided with a partition separating the inlet from Steam and drip connections to be tapped as the return space. may be directed. Pipes to be threaded at each end with standard dies and screwed into base. Sections to be tested and made tight at 100 lbs. cold water pressure. Heater casings to be of No. 18 gauge steel plate, stififened at all edges and seams with 1 1^" x 1 ]/^'' angle iron and extended
534
SPECIFICATIONS
to connect with the fan. The heater casing is to extend to the foundation so as to entirely enclose the cast iron bases, preventing radiation losses. Casing to cover both sides, top, and bottom
of the heater.
cast iron steam receiver
is
to be furnished with
companion
flanges tapped for individual connections to the several sections,
and with a flanged opening
for
main steam supply.
FAN ENGINE
Furnish and erect
( )
x Engine to have cylinder and to operate at
horizontal (or vertical) center (or side) crank engine for belt
drive (or direct connection).

inches in diameter
by
inches stroke,
lbs. Steam pipe to R. P. M. with initial steam pressure of inches in diameter. inches with exhaust pipe be Engine to have a balanced piston valve so constructed as to take up wear in the surface of valve and valve seats. The eccentric rod is to connect to the valve stem crosshead by phosphor bronze bearing. Crankshaft to be a steel forging to which cast iron counter balance disks are solidly fitted. Connecting rod to be of steel, with locomotive type end for crank pin, and solid end for carrying the crosshead pin boxes. The crosshead pin boxes are to be of phosphor bronze. Crank pin boxes are to be of cast iron lined with the best babbitt metal. Both ends of the connecting rod are to be provided with adjustment for taking up wear on the pin. Crosshead guides are to be bored and have ample bearing
surface.
Crossheads to be of cast steel, fitted with wedge-adjustable shoes for taking up wear and keeping the wrist pin in alignment
with the cylinder. All running surfaces are to be true to form and well polished. The engine is to be filled and given a well finished painted surface before leaving the factory. The following fittings to be furnished: Throttle valve, sight feed lubricator, necessary oil and grease cups, and full set of wrenches.
DUCT WORK
constructed and installed in accordance with Drawing No. Make all sheet metal ducts of best quality galvanized steel sheets, with slip jjpints in the direction of the air flow, rec-
To be
^35

tangular ducts to have standing seams, and wide ducts to be
stiffened by angle irons where necessary. All round pipes of less than 5}4 to 8 sq.
ft. of No. 24 gauge; IQi^ to 133^ sq. ft. of No. 20 of No. 18 gauge; above 22}/^ sq. ft.
8 to 101^ sq.
ft.
of No. 22 gauge;
gauge; 13^ to 223^ sq. ft. of No. 16 gauge. All rectangular pipes less than 18 inches wide are to be made of No. 26 gauge; from 19 to 30 inches of No, 24 gauge; from 31 to 60 inches of No. 22 gauge; from 61 to 118 inches of No. 20 gauge; above 118 inches wide of No, 18 gauge. No square turns are to be used at any point where it is possible to use curves, so as to offer the least possible resistance to the passage of air. All joints are to be smooth and tight, and all pipes are to be firmly hung and rigidly fastened in place. The work is to be left in first-class condition throughout. Each branch rectangular duct is to be provided with a damper and quadrant which may be set and locked in position. Round branch outlets to have adjustable butterfly dampers. After erection test and set dampers for proper air distribution.
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

H, P, Volt direct current motor connection to fan at the speed specified. Motor to be of standard construction and equipped with starting rheostat, and furnished with
Furnish
( )
for direct (or belt)
b combined starting and speed regulating rheostat, capable of reducing the speed 50 per cent, below normal by armature
resistance.
c
rheostat
for starting
duty only.
of increasing the
combined starting and speed regulating rheostat capable speed per cent, above normal by weakening
rails or pulley,
the field circuit.

If direct
base
connected to fan, motor is to be furnished without but with flanged coupling, key-seated, faced
proper size and single
and polished.
If belted to fan, furnish pulleys of the
leather endless belt.
ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTOR

cycle Volt Furnish ( ) H. P. motor of standard construction with starter complete.
536
phase
SPECIFICATIONS
If direct
base
rails or pulleys,
connected to fan, motor is to be furnished without but with flanged coupling, key-seated, faced
proper size and single
and
polished.
If belted to fan, furnish pulleys of the
leather endless belt.
SUBBASES
For fans direct connected to motors, furnish heavy steel plate subbase to be made tapering and with rounded corners and fitted with continuous angle iron extending around the base. Subbases must be braced inside and provided with hand hole for bolting down' the motors. After erection the contractor is to fill the subbases with concrete to prevent transmission of
sound.
CARRIER TYPE "A" AIR WASHER AND HUMIDIFIER

Furnish and erect where shown on plans one
of a design as specified herein.
cu.
ft.
(1) air
washer
Washer
is
to have a capacity of
A. P. M.
The
velocity of the air through the washer shall not be
greater than 500
ft. per minute and the total guaranteed resistance of the washer shall not exceed .25 inch water. Washer high. is to be 7' 2%6 " long, wide and
Casing. The washer shall be constructed of galvanized iron Settling tank at least 16 inches high to extend No. 18 gauge. under the entire washer and to be made of No. 16 gauge galvanized iron. The casing and tank shall be braced on the outside with IJ^" x 1 14" galvanized angles. These angles shall not be spaced further apart than 3 feet. All joints inside of casing shall be either soldered or made tight with rubber gaskets and bolts. All rivets and rivet holes shall be soldered over on inside
of
of casing.
the washer having 50 per cent, free area
perforated galvanized distributing plate on the inlet of is to be provided.
In the side of the washer casing is to be Inspection Door. provided a door not less than 15" x 2V in size to allow easy and convenient access to the machine for inspection and cleaning. The door shall be of cast iron with two glass panels, each glass being not less than 9" x 12^^. The door frame is also to carry a l^" X l^" pure rubber gasket against which the door is to close. The frame is to be cast iron and riveted to the washer casing.
637

The door
and be
is
to be held closed
sufficiently rigid to
by at least three cams on each side; prevent cracking of glass when clamp-
ing tight against gasket.
Sprays. The brass spray nozzles shall be evenly spaced over the cross section of the washer and shall be placed at least 4 feet from the eliminator plates and in a plane parallel thereto. The spacing of these nozzles shall be such that the entire interior of the washer between the nozzles and eliminator plates shall be uniformly filled with a finely divided spray. There shall be at least five nozzles for every 2000 cu. ft. of air handled per minute. The nozzles shall give a finely divided "mist like" spray. No water passage or way to be smaller than 27/1000 sq. in. area, nor have less than %e-inch minimum dimensions in any water passage. Stand-pipes shall be of IJ^-inch galvanized extra heavy wrought iron pipe screwed into a cast iron header. The flooding nozzles over the eliminators are to be spaced on 3inch centers and handle 1 G. P. M. each.
Eliminators.
The eliminators
shall set vertical in position
No. 24 gauge galvanized iron. The angles of the eliminators shall not be greater than 35. The eliminators shall be so set that the air in passing through is deflected at least six times. Eliminator plates to be bolted or riveted directly to galvanized iron supports. The angles of deflection in no case being greater than 35. No separate metal clips will be allowed. The space of air passage between any two adjacent eliminator plates shall not exceed 1 inch.
of
and be made
be so arranged that the first four bends of become a washing surface, A separate set of sprays (independent of the main sprays) is to be provided for maintaining a constant sheet of water flowing down The amount of washing surface these four surfaces continually. thus provided shall not be less than 40 sq. ft. per 1000 cu. ft. of air per minute.
shall
The washer
the eliminator plates shall
The
last
effectively all free
two bends of the eliminator plates are to remove and entrained moisture. The total washing
shall not
and eliminating surface

cu.
ft.
be
less
than 60
sq.
ft.
per 1000
of air per minute.
Piping.
2-inch
galvanized overflow and 2-inch drain to
sewer, the latter provided with gate valve.

538
SPECIFICATIONS
The washer
Note.
shall
is
to be provided with galvanized iron flanges
for piping connections.
All piping
between the washer,

air
settling
tank and
pump
be galvanized and be installed by contractor in accordance
with details furnished by the
washer manufacturer.
double
Pump.
capacity of
sufficient
The
air
washer
is
to be furnished with a
suction centrifugal horizontally divided shell
pump
having a
gallons per minute when discharging against head to obtain perfect spray effect of all nozzles.
is
The pump
runner and
is
to be of the horizontal type having enclosed
to be provided with cast iron base plate for direct
connection to a
H. P. motor of suitable current.
The casing
of this
pump
is
to be of grey cast iron, horizon-
tally divided for convenient inspection, suitable to
withstand
an excess over the working pressure and designed with ample water ways for proper velocity.
All surfaces not
machined
shall
be rubbed down,
filled
and
painted a suitable dark color as directed.
The
usual piping drains, fittings and grease cups are to be
included.
Accessories.
float
The washer
is
to be provided with an automatic

level.
valve for maintaining a constant water

strainer of
One
20-mesh copper screen

all
is
to be provided with
the washer for straining
water recirculated by the pump.
This strainer
shall
of
is to extend the entire width of the washer and have not less than 1 sq. ft. of surface for each 4000 cu. ft. air handled per minute.
CARRIER TYPE "B" AIR WASHER AND HUMIDIFIER

Specifications for the
are the
same
as for the
Type "B" Air Washer and Humidifier Type "A" as given on pages 537 to 539
7' 2Vi(i'' long.
with the following exceptions:
Washer
There
air
is 9'
0%"
long instead of
shall be at least five nozzles for every

of five nozzles
1000 cu.
for
ft.
of
handled per minute instead

ft.
every 2000
cu.
of air
handled per minute.

539

CARRIER TYPE "C" AIR WASHER AND HUMIDIFIER
To
washer
furnish and erect where
of
a design as specified herein. capacity of cu. ft. A. P. M.
shown on plans one (1) air Washer is to have a
The
velocity of the air through the washer shall not be
greater than 500
ft. per minute and the total guaranteed resistance of the washer shall not exceed .375 inch water. Washer is to be 4' 10'' long, wide and high.
Casing.
The washer
shall
be constructed
of galvanized iron
of No. 18 gauge.
Settling tank at least 16 inches high to extend
ized iron.
under the entire washer and to be made of No. 16 gauge galvanThe casing and tank shall be braced on the outside with \]/2" X \]/2" galvanized angles. These angles shall not be spaced further apart than 3 feet. All joints inside of casing shall be either soldered or made tight with rubber gaskets and All rivets and rivet holes shall be soldered over on inside bolts.
of casing.
Inspection Door. In the side of the washer casing is to be provided a door not less than 15" x 2V in size to allow easy and convenient access to the machine for inspection and cleaning. The door shall be of cast iron with two glass panels, each glass being not less than 9" x 12". The door frame is also to carry a 3<" X 34" pure rubber gasket against which the door is to close. The frame is to be cast iron and riveted to the washer casing. The door is to be held closed by at least three cams on each side, and be sufficiently rigid to prevent cracking of glass when clamping tight against gasket.
Sprays.
The
brass spray nozzles shall be evenly spaced over
the cross section of the washer and to be placed at least 4 feet
from the eliminator plates and in a plane parallel thereto. The spacing of these nozzles shall be such that the entire interior of the washer between the nozzles and eliminator plates shall be uniformly filled with a finely divided spray. There shall be at least five nozzles for every 2000 cu. ft. of air handled per minThe nozzles shall give a finely divided "mist like" spray. ute. No water passage or way to be smaller than 27/1000 sq. in. area, nor have less than îe-inch minimum dimensions in any
water passage.
Stand pipes
shall
be of
34-inch galvanized
extra heavy wrought iron pipe screwed into a cast iron header.
540
SPECIFICATIONS
are to be made of corrugated These eliminators are to be set vertically in rows so that the air has a tortuous passage through them and they are to be evenly spaced not further apart than 3^*. They shall be braced and stiffened with galvanized angles.
Eliminators.
The eliminators
sheets of No. 24 galvanized iron.
At least two of the corrugations of the sheet are to be provided with a lip for catching any entrained moisture which otherwise may pass through eliminator.
Piping.
The washer
is
to be provided with galvanized iron
flanges for piping connections.
One
(1)
overflow connection and drain

All
is
also to be provided.
piping between the washer, settling tank and be galvanized and be installed by contractor in accordance with details furnished by the air washer manuNote.
pump
shall
facturer.
Pump. The air washer is to be furnished with a double suction centrifugal horizontally divided shell pump having a capacity of gallons per minute when discharging against sufficient head to obtain perfect spray effect of all
nozzles.
The pump is to be of the horizontal type having enclosed runner and is to be provided with cast iron base plate for direct connection to a H. P. motor of suitable current.
pump is to be of grey cast iron, horizonconvenient inspection, suitable to withstand an excess over the working pressure and designed with ample water ways for proper velocity.
The casing
of this
tally divided for
All surfaces not machined shall be rubbed down, painted a suitable dark color as directed.
filled
and
The usual piping

included.
Accessories.
float
drains, fittings
and grease cups are to be
The washer is to be provided with an automatic valve for maintaining a constant water level.
One strainer of 20-mesh copper screen is to be provided with the washer for straining all water recirculated by the pump. This strainer is to extend the entire width of the washer and
shall of air
have not less than 1 sq. handled per minute.
ft.
of surface for
each 4000 cu.
ft.
541
FAN ENGINEERIN G B UFFALO FORGE COMPANY

HUMIDITY CONTROL
is to be provided with a system of humidity conarranged for maintaining a constant dew-point or saturated temperature of the air leaving the washer throughout the winter. This constant dew-point being maintained by varying the water temperature through which the air passes. A thermostat is to be placed in the chamber between the washer and reheater coil. This thermostat shall be of a graduated action type to the approval of the engineer. In the suction line to the washer pump is to be provided an automatic combined ejector water heater and diaphragm valve to which a steam line is to be connected. In this steam line shall be placed a pressure reducing valve of the Mason Regulator Company's manufacture or equal by the steam contractor designed to maintain a pressure of 5 pounds per square inch on the ejector if high pressure steam is used. The operation of the automatic ejector water heater shall be gradual. This water heater is to be operated by a diaphragm operated by air pressure and a constant temperature thermostat placed between the eliminators and the reheating coil. A globe valve is to be provided in the steam line within a few feet of the water heater by the heating contractor. Provide a reverse acting diaphragm steam valve which is to be placed in the steam line to the water heater and operated through a safety relay. The valve and relay are to be so connected that should either the water pressure or the air pressure fail, the steam supply to the ejector water heater will be automatically shut off. One (1) 3^-inch opening will be left in the air supply line of the thermostatic control system for supplying compressed air to the thermostat mentioned above. The humidity control shall be set and left in proper adjustment by the manufacturer. One (1) Pot Strainer. For insertion in the line running from the centrifugal pump to spray header is to be provided a cast iron galvanized pot strainer with two baskets, one to be used as a spare. The baskets of this strainer are to be made of 14-mesh copper wire cloth screen, giving an area of at least sixteen times area of pipe connection. The top of this strainer is to be held by clamp and screw so it can be instantly and easily removed and replaced with clean strainer. A steam line is to be run to reverse acting diaphragm
The washer
trol
valve.
542

GUARANTEES
GUARANTEES
Apparatus The apparatus is guaranteed to be first class with reference Parts which may prove to both workmanship and design. defective within one year after shipment are to be replaced without charge.
Fan The
ute at
static (or total) pressure, when running at a speed not to exceed R. P. M. H. P. The fan will require under above conditions not over
degrees mately inches

The
feet per
fan shall be capable of handling

F.
cu.
ft.
of air per
min-
and 29.92 inches barometer, at approxi-
Heater
free area
through the
coils shall
be of such
size that the
velocity of the air in passing through
them
shall not exceed

ft.
cu. minute and of ample capacity to heat to degrees F. using steam at per minute from
pounds
of air
pressure per square inch gauge.
Engine
The engine
and
ing
pressure.
shall
sure of
fan, shall be belted (or direct connected) to be capable of running at R. P. M. with steam prespounds per square inch gauge, when fan is deliverin. static (or total) cu. ft. A, P. M. against
Heating
The apparatus
ing to
F.,
is
to be of sufficient capacity to heat the build-
degrees F.
when
air
outside temperature
using
and to give a
Ventilating
cu.
minute
per cent, return air
degrees and per cent, fresh

is
air,
change.
is to be of sufficient capacity to supply cu. ft. air per minute; (or in case of school, degrees F. and 29.92 inches barometer. minute per pupil,) at
The apparatus
ft.
air per
Ducts and Outlets
The
minute;
velocity shall not exceed:

in the risers
in the
mains
feet per
feet per minute.
feet at not less than The air shall enter the room feet per minute. from the floor, at a velocity not to exceed The vent shall be of the size of the inlet and shall be taken off at the floor line where practicable.
643

Air
Washing The washer is to remove 98 per carried by the entering air.

Humidity Control
cent, of the solid material
The apparatus is to automatically control the dew-point temperature within one degree of that desired, when the outside wet-bulb temperature is less than the dew-point for which
the control
is set.
Cooling With Air Washer
The apparatus when

dling rated capacity of
cent, of the difference
recirculating water in
summer and han-
air, is
to reduce the temperature of the air
70 per cent, of the entering wet-bulb depression (i. e., 70 per between the dry and wet-bulb temperatures) of the incoming air. The apparatus when using cold water in summer is to reduce the outgoing difference of air and water temperatures to less than 25 per cent, of the difference in the incoming temperatures.
Cooling With Humidifier

Cool to the wet-bulb temperature of the entering
air.
Mechanical Draft
The fan shall be used

burning
B.
t.
for (induced or forced) draft for
boilers
of
pounds coal per hour, having a heat value
u.
The fan
shall be of sufficient capacity to
handle
inches
of
cubic feet air per minute at
degrees F. and 29.92
inches pressure of barometer and maintain a water at the grate, when revolving at a speed not to exceed R. P. M. The fan will require under above conditions not over H. P.
544
PLANOIDAL (TYPE
M =
L)
FANS
."2
33
<M (N (N IN
M CO M CO U5 -t-* xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Cl ^M iM
i<
<}<
lO
(N
W WM <M
C^l
iM
M CC eC CO ^ * ^ * Tf It
s^.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
lN(NCJ(N<MiNiMMCOCOeOCOCOTj<Tl<TjH0000C
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
MiM(N(N(N(N(NlMiMCvi<N(M<NCOeCCOCO-*rf<Tf<-ttt
e
*-
i_
S93ue|j
:-2
<C00<r><D<OCO<OCOCOTt<T<Tt<'*<Tf<^Tt<(MC^]C^jiM
>
3(2
5I
sapeig
S33qSI|OJ3S
<*<'J<'*Ti<Tj<T}<rJ<-<tTj<Tj4iM(N<N(NiM(NiMOOOO
*'^^^t1<tJ<t1t)4M(M(NiNC>1NOOOOOOO
SIMMS 3P!S
ssSueij
C^C^<NM(N(N<NW(N(NiM(N(MN<N(NOOOOO
00Q00000000000000000cDOCOO<riCDi'^Tj<TttTjt
sspeig
sjaaqs IIOJOS
S}33I|S 3P!S
I
COCOCOCO><OcOC050COTt<TjiTt<TjiTt<Tt<Tt<(N(M<N(N
DcOcD;OCO<OCCTt<rJ4Tj<-^-<fTj<(NiM(N(NiN(M(M
*'*Tj4-^TjtTj<Tj<-^Tj(li('^ltTj<fi<TfT}<(NlN(MIN(M
IJBJQ
psDnpuf
(N IN (M CO CO CO
SunqjaAQ
<
!N <N IN IN CO CO
8unqj3A0
J3MO|g
J3)snBqxa|
!
0>>-HCCiOCCXCCOtÔ-^t^'lOXr-HiOOJiMiOO i-i^ .-I .-H -H 01 01 01 00 CC CO ^ Tf 't lO lO C CO ?o

:;::?:
;^::?^.;
\t:jt
::?t::?r
:^:^:sj
SjV.
J3|3IUefQ
05e'jcx<Nioc)0c^r^Tt<or>.coococooso<Noo
i-HC)W(NC0C0C0'^lCOCOt^t-000SO5OO-HMM
::i^:sx';i^:^::j*::^
J9MO|g
;:?^;?r::^::?^^^
r-x;?t^::S!:5j:st
j9)snei|X3
coorâ5co'Coo>oooooooocoiooioo
r-l
_^^^0îMOlC0'*<<JtiOCCO50t^t^00000i01O
OiM'tr^05'-<i000iNO05C0CCOC0tÔ-<ft^.-l ' ^ÔlOIOlCOCOeO'l'-îOiOiOCDCOCOt*
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>eoo<
645
OiN't'Ct^CS"OGOiMiOCiCCCCOCOtÔ'*t>.-l
r-i.-ir-H.-i^,-iOIOI01COCOCO'^-f>OiOiOCOCOCOt
uvjazis
N)
FANS
y,
y,
'/i
y.
y,
y,
',<
i<>i
T<
X X
0 0
CI (M OJ Ol iM
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
M C> CI CO CO * * *
XXX
X X
XX
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(NC^DICKMCICKNCOeOCCCOW^-t-îOiOiOiOiO X X XX XX XX XXX X XX XX X
XXXX
C4<N(N(MCIC^C<I(NC^C1C^(N(NCOCOCOCO-<1<'*'*-*
93UVIJ
(N<N(Ne^(N(N(N(NOOO000000000000C00000W
Msia
u.
OOWOOOOGOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOO
C a
sapBig
"Tl<(M(M<MOOOO00000000
sjaaqs UOJ^S
*'*<''l->*-*-l<TfN(N(N(M(Ne<(N<NOOOOOO
1 3
B
Suisnofi J3| -jenb-33Jiix
C<N(NiNiNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQ0
mc^cî<n<noooooooooooooqooooooo
SuisnoLiiinj
aSuBij
* * * rf Tfl< * <* N C (N O O O O 00 00 00 00 00 00
isia
oooooooooooooooooooeoeoeoooo
00000000C0i'^'^'*(N(N(N(NOOOO0000
sapuia
li
SldailQ IIOJ3S
'*OOcOcDOt'*Ttt-^-*Tf-f<CICJ(NW(M(NM
!
8UISnO(| J3|
*<< Tf
Tt
.J4
(N (N
(N(N(M(N CI (N(N(N CI <N<N(NC0
8u|sno||||nj
i-*N(N(N(NCMWMClCIOOOOOO
UBJMIS
iS
647

CHIMNEYS
following rules for the design of chimneys are given in "Steam," published by the Babcock & Wilcox Company.
find the draft in inches of water produced by a given Divide 7.6 by the absolute temperature of the external air (ta + 460); divide 7.9 by the absolute temperature of the gases in the chimney (tg + 460); subtract the latter from the former, and multiply the remainder by the height of the chimney in feet. This may be expressed as
(a)
The
To
chimney.
=h /
,
7.6
7.9
\ta
460
tg+ 460,
to give a specified draft
as
To find the height of a chimney (b) expressed in inches of water: Proceed first two steps, then divide the required and the result will be the height of the pressed as a formula,
above through the

in feet.
draft by the remainder,
chimney
Ex-
\ta+460/
\tg+460/
The
ture of the external air

flue gases
draft attainable with any chimney when the temperais 70 F, and the temperature of the
by 0.0065 and the product

water.
550* F, multiply the height above the grate in feet is the draft pressure in inches of
548
CHIMNEYS
Actual
Area
Square
Feet
FAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO FORGE CaMPANY

TABLE OF AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES
AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES

TABLE OF AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES

o CO
7
PRESSURE CONVERSION TABLE
PRESSURE
IN
INCHES OF MERCURY EXPRESSED POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
IN
EQUIVALENT
In.

SIZE OF STEAM PIPES
100=Foot Length
SIZE OF
SIZE OF
P:
AM
PIPES
STEAM PIPES
100=Foot Length
20 Lbs.
40 Lbs.

SIZE OF STEAM PIPES
100=Foot Length
IZE OF STEAM PIPES
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
Temp.
DRY
KILN
o
IS t/3r

LOGARITHMS
Proportional Parts
1
!
1234
67
10 0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 4 8 12 17 21 25 29 33 37 11 0414 0453 0492 05310569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 4 8 11 15 19 23 26 30 34 12 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1038 1072 110613 7 10 14 17 21124 28 31
13 14 15
1139 1173 1206 12391271 1303 1335.1367 13991430 3 6 10 13 16 19 23 26 29 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 190311931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 11 14 17 20 22 25
13 16 18 21 24 10 12 15 17 20 22 9 12 14 16 19 21
11
16 ;2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 17 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2 5 18 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2 5
1 1
19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 12989! 2 4 20 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3181 320l!2 4 21 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 '3345 3365 3385 3404 2 4
!
9 11 13 16 18 20 8 11 1315 17 19 8 10 1214 16 18
22 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 23 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 24 3802 3820 3838,3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 396212
i
8 10 12 14 15 17
7 7
9 11 13 15 17 9 11 12 14 16 9 10 12 14 15 8 iO 11 13 15 8 9 11 13 14 8 7 7
25 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 41332 26 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 4265 4281 4298 2 27 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393! 4409 4425 4440 445612 28 4472 44871 4502,4518 4533 454814564 4579 4594 4609 2 29 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 47571 30 ,4771, 4786 4800 '48 14 4829 4843 4857 4871 4886 4900 1
j i
9 11 12 14 9 10 12 13 9 10 11 13
8 10 11 12 8 9 11 12 8 9 10 12 8
7 7
31 14914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 5011 5024 5038
32 5051 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159 5172 33 j5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302
1 1 1
3 3 3
7 7 6
34 5315 5328'5340;5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 54281 35 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 1 36 5563 5575 5587 5599 5611^ 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 1
6 6 6
9 10 11 9 10 11 8 10 11
37 5682 5694 570515717 5729' 5740 5752 5763 5775 57861 38 5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 5855 5866 5877 5888 5899 1 39 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988 5999 60101
1 I
6 6 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 6
7 7 7
8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7 7
9 10 9 10 9 10
9 10 8 9 8 9
40 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064' 6075 6085 6096-6107 !61171 41 6128 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222 1 42 6232 6243 6253 6263 6274, 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325 1
I
6 6 6
6 6 6 6
43 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375' 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425 44 6435 6444 645416464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522 45 6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618
I I
8 8 8
7 7 7
7 7 7
9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8
7 7 7
46 6628 6637 6646 6656 66651 6675 6684 6693 6702 167121 47 ,6721 6730 6739 6749 6758 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803 1 48 !6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 ,68931
' !
4
4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5
5 5 5
5
51
7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
49 6902 6911 6920 6928 69371 6946 6955 6964 6972'69811 50 6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 ,7050 7059 17067 51 70767084 7093 7101 7110 7118 7126 17135 7143 ,7152.1
52 7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235 1 53 ,7243 7251 7259! 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 73161 54 7324! 7332 734017348 7356, 736417372 739611
j
7 6 6
560

USEFUL FACTORS = 231 cu. in. = 0.13368 cu. ft. = 277.274 cu. in. = 7.480.5 gals. = 62.37 lbs. F.
= 8.34 lbs. = 59.76 lbs. = 7.99 lbs. = 31K gals. =262.7 lbs. = ]}4 ft. or 13.6 in. water = 0.491 lb. per sq. in. = 2.304 ft. water at 60 = lb.
1
1 gal.
(U. S.)
1 1
1
gal. (British)
cu. cu.
ft. ft.
1 gal.
1
1
1 1
water at G0 water at 60 F. cu. ft. water at 212 F. gal. water at 212 F. barrel water at 00 Fin.
mercury
per sq.
of a
in. press.
lb.
Height
column
0.434
of
water
press, per sq. in.
sq.
in.
in feet
A column
and
1 1
of
2i/<5ft.
water high
calorie
kilogram
Calories per kilo

1
1 1
1
l.S
kilowatt (1000 watts)
horsepower
kilowatt
mech. horsepower
= approximately lb. = 3.97 B. t. u. = 2.2046 lbs. = B, t. u. per lb. = 1.340.5 H. P. = 0.746 K. W. = 56.9 B. t. u, per min. = 42.4 B. t. u. per min. = 2545 B. t. u. per hour
1
='33000
1
1
ft.
lbs.
u.
per min. per hour
boiler
horsepower
per sec.
B.
t.
u.
= 33479 B. t. = 778 ft. lbs.

= 1.356 watts
1 ft. lb.
562
USEFUL FACTORS
WATER CONVERSION FACTORS*
r.
S.
gallons
X8.33
V. S. gallons U. S. gallons
r. S. gallons Cu. in. water Cu. in. water Cu. in. water Cu. ft. water Cu. ft. water
Cu.
ft.
at 39.1*
at 39.1* at 39.1' at 39.1'
at 39.1'
water at 39.1' Pounds of water Pounds of water Pounds of water

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OF AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS ON STANDARDS FOR VENTILATION LEGISLATION FOR
MOTION PICTURE SHOW PLACES
January, 1913
Ventilation
tion relating to
and
sanitation
requirements
cannot
be
too
strongly emphasized
when
dealing with the question of legisla-
motion picture show places. The widespread number of communities throughout the country, of proper ventilation and sanitation in such motion picture show places, has many times been correctly characterized materially affecting the moral as a "menace to public health"
neglect, in a very large
tone as well.
Allowing the great importance of

class vaudeville, enforced lighting
fire
tural requirements for the protection of life
protection and strucelimination of low;
during performances, super-
vision of pictures exhibited,
protection of morals;
and other essential matters for the ventilation and sanitation requirements
loom up large
of
for the protection of health.
The Committee has been appointed to deal with the subject ventilation and this question is, of course, vitally concerned
all
with
ature, air purity, air motion, humidity,
the conditions of the air breathed, particularly temperand freedom from dust
(impurities from breathing, skin exhalations, dust, etc., being constantly released in large quantities in every audience hall).
With a view
of suggesting
minimum requirements
that are
recommendations are made as standards for legislation to cover this important phase of the needed general regulations for motion picture show places.
practical to secure, the following
MINIMUM VENTILATION STANDARDS

1.
Floor Area per Occupant.
A minimum
of 4Vs sq.
ft.
of floor area, as a seating space, per

l)e
occupant, exclusive of aisles and public passageways, shall provided in the audience hall.
2.
Cubic Space per Occupant.
of 80 cu. ft. of provided in the audience hall.
A minimum
air space, per
occupant, shall be
564
PROPOSED MOTION PICTURE THEATER LEGISLATION

3.
Quantity of Outdoor Air.
positive supply of outdoor air
from an uncontaminated
source shall be provided the audience hall at all times while the show place is open to the public, and -the quantity of this positive
supply of outdoor
of 15 cu.
ft.
air shall
be based on a
minimum
require-
ment
4.
per minute, per occupant.*
Temperature.
air in the
is
The temperature of the times, while the show place
audience hall shall at
all
open to the public, be maintained
throughout at the breathing line (persons being seated) within the range of 62 F. to 70 F. (except w^hen the outside temperature is sufficiently high not to require the air supply for ventilaThe temperature, distribution and diffusion tion to be heated). of the supplied outdoor air shall be such as to maintain the temperature requirement without uncomfortable drafts.
5.
Direct Heat Sources.
Any good
will
heat source which does not contaminate the air be accepted to supplement the warmed outdoor air supply.
Gas radiators are prohibited.

6.
Machine Booth Ventilation.
Enclosures or booths for the motion picture machines shall be provided with special exhaust ventilation with a capacity to exhaust at all times not less than 60 cu. ft. of air per minute through a one-machine booth, not less than 90 cu. ft. of air per minute through a two-machine booth, and not less than 120 cu. ft. of air per minute through a three-machine booth. This requirement shall include a number of small metal screened openings (equipped with special dampers and automatic appliance with fusible link to automatically close tight in case
ordinance in force in the City of Chicago at the present time requires that the air in the auditorium in the class of buihlings in which motion picture show places are included, shall be changed so as to supply for each person for whom seating accommodation is provided, at least 1500 cu. ft. of air per hour for new buildings, and at least 1200 cu. ft. of air per hour for buildings constructed prior to the passage of the ordinance, which requirements the Illinois Chapter of the Society considers practical to obtain and desirable to require by
The
motion picture show places. Higher standards of ventilation than set forth as report are urged wherever possible to obtain.
legislation for
minimum
in the
committee's
665

of fire in the
booth) on the sides of the booth near the bottom, aggregating 180 sq. in. for a one-machine booth, 210 sq. in. for a two-machine booth, and 240 sq. in. for a three-machine booth; and this requirement shall also include a metal or other fireproof flue, extending from the top or side at the top of the booth, and The ventilacarried to a proper place of discharge outdoors. tion should be augmented by mechanical or other means, so as
to exhaust at least the quantity of air as herein stated.
^ The size of this special fireproof vent flue shall be not less than 96 sq. in. clear area for a one-machine booth, not less than 120 sq. in. clear area for a two-machine booth, and not less than 144 sq. in. clear area for a three-machine booth, and this special vent flue shall be provided with an adjustable damper, operated from the booth, and equipped with an automatic appliance and a fusible link to operate so as to open the damper wide autoThe machine booth ventimatically in case of fire in the booth. lation shall be kept in operation at all times when the booth is in
use.
be noted that the foregoing regulations are simple, also that care has been exercised to leave large latitude for design of the ventilating apparatus. It should be especially noted that the foregoing regulations call for a minimum of all requirements as compulsory, and that it should be the aim of the administrative department having enforcement of the regulations in charge to encourage motion picture show owners and managers to provide as comprehensive, liberal, and high-class equipment as possible, wuth a view to catering to the comfort and health of the patrons and thus add to the popularity of the show place as compared w4th others which may have barely come within the legal requirements.
It will
and that violations may be readily detected,
Elimination of dust from the air supply by means of air filwashers is desirable under the best conditions and is imperative under some conditions of especially dusty air supply. This question is dealt with by suggestion in the following
ters or air
general clauses.
566
PROPOSED MOTION PICTURE THEATER LEGISLATION

is desirable, whenever but the Committee decided to omit from the regulations any humidity requirement.
The
controlling of relative humidity
possible,
partment be supplied with a special inspector or inspectors, experienced in heating, ventilation, and sanitation, and that such department be given reasonable latitude by legislation, such as to require approval of plans preceding installation or to require special extra equipment for special cases, such as dust filters for exhaust air supply where the air supply is especially dust laden ventilation of toilets where building laws do not properly cover this matter; fans in the auditorium, to keep the air in motion where diffusion is insufficient, etc., it being made clear in the legislation that such latitude should in no case include the right
;
***** *****
tions,
The machine booth
ventilation, as per
recommended
regula-
would be greatly improved, especially for summer conditions, by providing a duct connection from out of doors to the bottom of the booth, for the introduction of outdoor air directly
to the booth.
Strong emphasis
is
placed on the need of having the adminis-
trative feature of legislation of the kind here advocated, placed

in
the control of a responsible department,
and that such de-
to reduce the stated

tive
minimum
requirements.
The administraof other local
department should also be given the support
or state departments, as the case
may
*
be, such as the fire deetc.
partment, police department, health department,

* *
5ti7
INDEX
PAGE
Absolute humidity
Air,
amount of jjer person amount of required

effect effect effect effect effect
in various buildings for combustion

'
28 59 85
11
composition of of barom. pressure on velocity of
of humidity on velocity of of temperature on properties of of temperature on velocity of of temperature on volume of heat required to condition measurement of amount used for combustion measuring quantity of moisture removing capacity-of in fan system dryers properties of dry T properties of saturated purity of quantity of and final temp, required for heating relation of altitude to properties of relation of per cent, excess to boiler eff. and draft requirement relative volurnes of at various temperatures requirements due to gas and electric lights requirements due to machinery requirements due to heat given off by occupants requirements due to sun effect specific heat of velocity of at different pressures velocity of at different pressures and temperatures velocity of through heaters weight of weight of dry, at various temperatures weight of saturated and partly saturated
24 27 27 24 26
73
89 525 79
13 15
58, 59
56 24 87
13
62 62
()2
62
16 21
22, 23
412-414
11
13 17
Air Air Air Air
conditioning apparatus connections for Buffalo heaters and velocity relations in fan work ducts diverging nozzle in
density, pressure,
friction in
469 452-455
178 Ill 122 115
pressure losses in Air measurements, coefficients of discharge for Air washers Air washers, dimensions of Carrier type "A" washer Carrier type "B" washer Carrier type "C" washer Air washers, principles of construction of Air washers, specifications of Carrier type "A" washer Carrier type "B" washer Carrier type "C" washer Air washing guarantees Alternating current motor specifications
Altitude, relation of to properties of air Anemometer, method of use
114 203 469
477 479 481 469 537 539 540 67 544 536

24 197 168 543 506-518
Apparatus
guarantees
selection of for heating
and ventilating
568
INDEX
PAGE
Application of heater tables and curves Area and circumference of circles Arrangement of fan system apparatus Aspiration psychrometer Automatic humidity control Automatic pumps and receivers
centrifugal
415-417
550, 551
63 29 74
407
4(jri
duplex Average indoor temp,
for various
outdoor temp
404 334 335 350 24

102
"B" volume
blowers and exhausters capacity table
fans Barometric pressure, effect of on velocity of air Black steel piping, weight of Blast area of Buffalo heaters of piping Blast and exhaust ducts for forge shop equipment Blow-through fan system apparatus Blow pipe work (see exhaust systems)
Baby Conoidal
458
120 108 03
Blowers, "B" volume capacity table Blowers, electric Blowers, Planoidal steel plate capacity tables
93-105 334 335 355

217-223 359-362 224, 225 340 330 337 398 339 59 87 89 488-505 144-152 399 458 457 432-438 450 440 457 399 399 449 452-455 418-431 412-414 96 46 457
dimension tables performance curves

Blowers, steel plate pressure Blowers, steel pressure capacity table dimension table performance curve Bodily heat, removal of
Boiler eff. and draft required, relation of to per cent, excess air Boiler plant, measurement of air used in Brake horsepower of engines (see steam engines)
Branch
Buffalo pipe
pipes, diameters of coil heaters (also see heaters)
blast area of
by-pass proportions for curves dimensions of heater case for

friction of air through length of connection
regular open area pattern return bend pattern sizes and dimensions of steam, drip and air connections of tables velocity of air through Buffing wheels, dust removal from Buildings, heat losses from By-pass proportions for heaters
Calculating fan tests, method of Capacity of fans (see fan cai)acity tables) Capacity of pipes Carbon dioxide, amount allowable in air determination of Carrier air washers
529 205-356
143, 154, 155
59 60
dimensions of
specifications of
470-481
.537-541
Carrier humidifying system cooling capacity of
69
..... 71 143, 154, 166
temperatures in Carrying capacity of pipes
569

PACK
Cases, flimensions of Buffalo heater Cast iron heaters, Vento (also see heaters) curves friction through sizes and dimensions of
tables Centrifugal automatic
456 401
pumps and
by
receivers
432-438 447 460-462 439-444 467

548 548 549
550, 156, 550, 203,
Chimneys
draft produced
height
with appropriate horsepower of boilers Circles, area and circumference of

size of
Circular equivalents of rectangular ducts Circumference and area of circles Coefficients of discharge for air measurements Coils, condensation in heater Cold storage insulation, heat loss through
Collectors, dust Combination fan, engine
551 157 551
and heater tables
air required for of air used for Composition of air in heater coils Condensation Contlitioning air, apparatus for required for heat
Combustion,
measurement
204 411 53 101, 102 206, 518-523 85 89

11
411
469
73
Cone wheels
capacity table
Connection, length of heater Connections of Buffalo heaters, steam, drip and air Conoidal fans (see Niagara Conoidal an<l Turbo-Conoidal fans) Converging nozzle
pressure losses in use of in fan testing
332 333 457 452-455

120 201
Conversion table, temperature water Cooling Cooling capacity of Carrier humidifying system Cooling effect, relation of to per cent, relative humidity Cooling guarantees Corresijonding pressures and velocities of dry air Corresponding velocity of dry air at various press, and temp Cubic feet air per person for ventilating Cupola service
Dehumidifiers spray type Dehumidifying, refrigeration required for
1
552 563 68 69 69 544

21 22, 23
59 110
471 474 474 1 68 472 463 28 72 30 144-152 448-451 456 476-481 498-505 358-398 460-462 536 525 348 349 350
)esign of fans of humidifiers Determination of temperature guarantees
Dew-Point Dew-Point method of humidity control Dew-Point temp., relation of wet -bulb and dry-bulb temp, Diameter of branch jnpes Dimensions of Buffalo heaters
Buffalo heater cases Carrier air washers engines (see steam engines) fans (see fan dimen.sion tables) Vento heaters Direct current motor specifications Directions for fan installation tests Disk fans capacity table
of of of of of
to
Disk fans, multiblade
570
INDEX
DiverginK nozzles
efficiency of in air ducts
i-acje
])erformance of pressure losses in Downward systems of ventilation Draft, air re(|uired for for furnaces
losses
23 122 125 120 64

1
S5 S3 84
81 81
Draft, mechanical forced
induced induced Planoidal fan tables induced Niagara Conoidal fan tables induced special steel plate fan and engine tables Draft produced by chimneys requirement requirement and boiler efif., relation of to per cent, excess air Draw-through fan system apparatus Drip connections of Buffalo heaters Dry-bulb temp., relation ot wet-bulb and dew-point temp. to. Dry-bulb thermometer
Dry
kilns
Dryers, Buffalo progressive lumber dry kiln Dryers, moisture removing capacity of air in Drying, methods of conditions for different materials Duct velocity for public buildings Duct work, guarantees
specifications
82 322-325 326, 327 328, 330 548 82 ... 87 63 452-455 30 28 559 559
79 75 77 134 543 535 466 101 102 96
.
Duplex pumps and receivers Dust collectors Dust removal from grinding and buffing wheels
New York State law concerning proportioning piping

recommendations
Econom\', friction
lo.ss
96 98 99
through heater for
maximum
proportioning piping for
maximum
415 130
24 Effect of barometric pressure on velocity of air 27 of humidity on velocity of air 27 of temperature on properties of air 24 of temperature on velocity of air 26 of temjjerature on volume of air 530, 531 Efficiency, calculation of fan 170-172 elements of fan design affecting. 87 of boiler and draft requirement, relation of to i>er cent, excess air 123 of diverging nozzles 274, 275 Efficiency tables of Niagara Conoidal fans 1 17-120 Elbows, friction in 355 Electric blowers 536 Electric motors, .specifications for 96 Emery wheels, dust removal from ^ 518-52li 206, Engines, fans, and heaters, combination tables of 482 Engines (see .steam engines) 488-497 brake horsepower of 498-505 dimensions and maximum horsepower of 543 guarantees for 485 mean effect ive pressure of 535 specifications for 486, 487 water rates of 139 Equalizing friction for unequal lengths of pi)>jng 553 Equivalent pressures in inches and pounds .
571

PAGE
Exhaust systems
dust collectors
friction loss
1
93
101, 102
02
hood construction pipe sizes, table proportioning piping in size of main pipe size of piping velocity required Exhaust-through fan system apparatus Exhausters, "B" volume capacity table Exhausters, Planoidal steel plate capacity tables
dimension tables performance curves Exhausters, planing-mill, slow speed
capacity tables
93 94 129 95 93 95 63
334 335
207-213 359-373
214, 215
dimension tables performance curve Exhausters, planing-mill, standard

capacity tables
345, 346 396, 397
347
342, 343 394, 395
dimension tables
Factors, useful
water conversion Fans, design of guarantees for horsepower of
562 563 168 543

175
measuring pressure produced by

'
miscellaneous applications of performance laws of pressure characteristics of

relation of total, static and velocity pressure in selection of special types and features of capacity tables
526 106 179 172 176

181
174
Fan
"B" volume blowers "B" volume exhausters Baby Conoidal

cone wheels
disk fans
Fan
blowers muJtiblade disk fans Niagara Conoidal, induced draft Niagara Conoidal, static pressure Niagara Conoidal, total pressure y)laning-mill exhausters, slow speed planing-mill exhausters, standard Planoidal blowers Planoidal exhausters Planoidal induced draft propeller wheels special steel plate induced draft with engines steel plate pressure blowers steel pressure blowers Turbo-Conoidal dimension tables Niagara Conoidal, double width Niagara Conoidal, full housing Niagara Conoidal, overhung whee! Niagara Conoidal, three-quarter housing planing-mill exhausters, slow speed, double planing-mill exhausters, slow speed, single planing-mill exhausters, standard, double planing-mill exhausters, standard, single
electric
-.
205 335 335 356 333 349 355 350 326, 327 232-275 228-231 .345,346 342,343 217-223 207-213 322-325 352, 353 328-330 340 337, 338 278-319 358 382-385 375-378 386-393 379-381 397 396 395 394
.
572
N
Fan dimension
DEX
paoe
359-362 359-362 366-373 363-365 398 382-385 375-378 386-393 379-381
170, 171
tables (continued) Planoidal blowers, full housing Planoidal exhausters, full housing Planoidal exhausters, overhung wheel Planoidal exhausters, three-quarter housing steel pressure blowers Turbo-Conoidal, double width Turbo-Conoidal, full housing Turbo-Conoidal, overhung wheel Turbo-Conoidal, three-quarter housing Fan efficiency, elements of design affecting method of calculating Fan, engine and heater tables, combination of Fan engines (see steam engines)
530
206, 518-523
Fan Fan
engines, specifications for installation tests, directions for F'an sizes for forge shop equipment
482-505 535 525 107

77
Fan system
dryers moisture removing capacity of air in

.
.
Fan system heaters, specifications for Fan systems for heating and ventilating
blow-through arrangement draw-through arrangement upward and tlownward ventilation
Fan
Fan
test, directions for
making
method
testing
of calculating
79 534 62 63 63 64 525 529

190 197 201
anemometer
converging nozzle
installation
orifice orifice at
525
198
end of pipe
pitot tube pitot tube, pipe traverse for pitot tube, use of in an air duct short length of pipe Fan work, relation between pressure, velocity and air density in.. P'inal temjierature and air required for heating Forced draft F'orge fires, application of steel pressure blowers to
200 190
196 195 201 178 56 81
338
107 108 1^7 109 134 139
Forge shop equipment blast and exhaust duct

fan sizes
sizes
Foundry blower practice

PViction, allowing for in public building ducts equalizing for unequal lengths of pipes in air ducts in elbows loss in exhaust systems proportioning piping to allow for
H^
through Buffalo pipe coil heaters through Vento cast iron heaters Furnace draft
117-120 102 138 446 447 83

54 163-167 468
lj>8
Galvanized iron pipes, heat weight of
loss
from
160, 161
,
Gas heaters Gauges of iron used
for pij)ing
Grinding wheels, dust renu)val from Guarantees, determination of temperature Guarantees for air washing apparatus
cooling
9b 463
^44 ^43 ^44 ^43 o43
o*"*
^
ducts and outlets engines fans
673
PAN ENGINEERING BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY

Guarantees for (continued)
heaters heating
page
543 543 544 544 543
humidity control mechanical draft

ventilating
-
Heat
latent sensible total losses due to infiltration
31 31 31
Heat
from buildings from galvanized iron pipes from various materials

through cold storage insulation
55 46 54 51 52 53
,
Heat radiated by gas and electric machinery

occupants sun
lights
Heat required to condition

for ventilation
air
Heat transfer, steam to water Heat transfer through metal surfaces longitudinal flow, steam to air transverse flow, steam to air Heat transmission (see heat transfer) Heated buildings, humidity in
Heater cases, dimensions of Buffalo Heater connection, length of Heater curves, Buff'alo pipe coil Vento cast iron Heater, engine and fan tables, combination of Heater tables, Buffalo pipe coil Vento cast iron Heater tables and curves, application of
Heaters, Buffalo pipe coi! blast area of by-pass proportions for curves
62 62 62 62 73 56 404 403 403 408 403 67 456 457 432-438
432-438
206, 518-523
dimensions of dimensions of cases for friction through length of connection regular open area pattern
return bend pattern
sizes of
steam, drip and air connections for

tables velocity of air through
418-431 439-444 415-417 399 458 457 432-438 449-451 456 446 457 399 399 449 452-455 418-431 412-414
411
46(S
Heaters, condensation in coils of gas guarantees for

indirect specifications for
543
4r).S
534
411 401
temperature attained with Heaters, Vento cast iron

curves dimensions of
friction sizes
through
tables
432-438 460-462 447 460-462 439-444
574
INDEX
__
Heating
quantity and fan system for guarantees for
air
final
PACK
temp,
recjuiroil for
relation of humidity to Heating and ventilating, selection of apparatus for Height of chimneys High speed multiblade fan specifications Horizontal engines (see steam engines)
Horsepower of a fan of engines (see steam engines) Humidifiers design of power required to operate
Humidity
absolute
on velocity of air relation of to heating relative Humidity control

effect of
46 56 62 543 30 506-518 548 533 482-505 175 482-505 47I 472 474 28 28 27 30 28
74 72 544 542 67 68
automatic dew-point method of guarantees for
Humidity
in
si)ecifications for in heated buildings
manufacturing establishments
Indirect heaters
Indoor temijeratures, average Induced draft Induced draft fan tables Niagara Conoidal fans
for various
outdoor temperatures
Planoidal fans special steel plate fans and engines Industrial buildings, proportioning piping for ventilation of
Infiltration, heat losses due to Installation tests of fans, directions for
458 464 82 321 326, 327 322-325
328-330
135 65 55 525
91
making
Jones underfeed stokers, mechanical draft with
Latent heat
31
Laws
Layout
of fan performance of piping
179
141
Legislation recommended for motion picture shows Length of heater connection Lights, gas and electric, heat radiated by Localities, mean monthly temperatures in Logarithms
564-567 457 62 465

560, 561
Longitudinal flow-heat transfer Lumber dryers
403 559
Machinery, heat radiated by Manufacturing establishments, humidity in Maximum economy, friction loss through heater
for
proportioning piping for horsepower of engines (see steam engines) Mean effective pressure of liigh speed steam engines Measuring air quantity Measurement of air used in boiler i)laiit of pressure produced by a fan Measures of pressure and weight
Maximum
62 68 415 130 498-505 485 625 89 526 563
575

Mechanical draft
forced draft
gj*
oj
'.'.
.
'.
induced draft induced draft Planoidal fan tables induced draft Niagara Conoidal fan tables induced draft special steel plate fan tables Mechanical draft guarantees Mechanical draft in connection with mechanical stokers .** Mechanical stoker.s, mechanical draft with
09 322-325 326 327 .328-330

caa
on gX
*
' '
'
Monthly temperatures in different localities Motion picture shows, legislation recommended for Motor specifications Murphy automatic stokers, mechanical draft with
.Multiblade disk fans Multiblade fan specifications
Miscellaneous applications of fans Moisture removing capacity of air in fan svstem dryers
'
,
,
206 70 4^5
=ifi4-'ifi7
coc
.................'.
o? o^k 532
974
Niagara Conoidal
fan.s
'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.
efficiencies of outlet velocities of
227
r,yi
'
performance curve of
selection of specification tables of
"
. .
927
fX^
545 547 227-27^ 32^ 097 232-273 228-331
00.^
27fi
.....'
Niagara Conoidal fan capacity tables induced draft

static pressure total pressure
Niagara Conoidal fan dimension tables double width '.'.'...'..... full housing overhung wheel three-quarter housing Nozzles (see diverging and converging nozzles)
Occupants, air required by
heat radiated by
Orifice, pres.sure losses in use of in fan testing
oc
'-^-r-a-s
'^86-393
379-381 120-126
-n
Outdoor temperatures, average indoor temperatures

Outlet guarantees Outside wet-bulb temperature, relation of
for
ito.
.
room temperature
^9 2n 198-201 464 .1^ ^72

,
Parsons mechanical stoker, mechanical draft with Per cent, e.xcess air, relation of to draft requirement and boiier Performance curves, u.se of Niagara Conoidal fans Planoidal blowers Planoidal exhausters propeller wheels slow speed planmg-mill e.xhausters steel pressure blowers Turbo-Conoidal fans Performance of fans, laws of Pettenkofer method of analy.(is for carbon dioxide Pipe coil heaters (see heaters and Buffalo heaters)
.
eff
on 87 20" 276 294 995 o'ia.' o1\ 3o4 347 oon

'.
'300
. .
'1
-n
6]
blast area of
by-pass proportions for curves dimen.sions of heater case for

friction of air
300 4^^
' '
A-
432-4.3S
45^;
' '
through
length of connection regular open area pattern return bend pattern
..........
446 45399 399
676
INDEX
Pipe
coil
heaters (continued) and dimensions of steam, drip and air connections of

sizes
page
449 452-455 418-431
411 196
143, 154, 155
tables velocity of air through Pifje traverse for pitot tube Pipes, carrying capacity of
diameter of branch
size of
steam
Piping, gauges of iron used for
144-152 554-557 158

141 112, 113
layout
pressure to overcome friction of air passing through proportioning to allow for friction proportioning for exhaust systems proportioning for industrial buildings proportioning for public buildings proportioning various losses in sizes and weights of
weight of black steel weight of galvanized iron

Pitot tube pipe traverse for
use of in an air duct Planing-mill exhaust fans, slow speed capacity tables
dimension tables performance curve

Planing-mill exhaust fans, standard capacity tables
dimension tables Planing-mill exhaust systems (see exhaust systems)

design of dust collectors
friction loss
hood construction
pipe sizes for proportioning piping in size of main pipe size of piping velocity required Planoidal fans performance curves of blowers performance curves of exhausters
selection of specification table of
138 129 135 132 127 158 162 160, 161, 163-167 190 196 195 344, 345 345, 346 396, 397 347 341 342 342, 343 394 395 93 103 101, 102 102 93 94 129 95 93 95
, ,
224, 225 214, 215
182 545
^^ ^~? o
Planoidal fan capacity tables blowers exhausters induced draft fans
~?^~ooc 322-325
Planoidal fan dimension tables blowers, full housing exhausters, full housing exhausters, overhung wheel exhausters, three-quarter housing Power to operate humidifiers Pressure, velocity and air density relations in fan work Pressure and weight, measures of Pressure, measurement of produced by a fan
relation of to velocity relation of total, static and velocity in fans Pressure characteristics of fans .. Pressure losses in air ducts in diverging and converging nozzles and in orifices
'
359-362 359-362 366-373 363-365

474 178 563 526
16
176 172
\]yf. l^-O
Pressure to overcome friction of air passing through piping
112, 113
577

PAGE
Prupeller fans capacity tables
351
352, 353
performance curve
Projicrties of air effect of temperature on relation of altitude to Properties of dry air of saturated air of saturated steam
354
11
27 24
13 15
558
131
Proportioning piping practical applications Proportioning piping in exhaust systems

in industrial buildings in public buildings to allow for friction for maximum economy Proportioning various losses in piping Proportions of heater by-pass
129 135 132 138 130 127
Psychrometer, aspiration
sling
457 29
29
Psychrometric charts and tables, use of

charts tables Public buildings, allowing for friction in duct velocity in proportioning piping in register velocity in
32 35-37 38-45
134 134 132 133 133
Pumps and
sizes of registers and risers in receivers, automatic
centrifugal
duplex Purity of air
467 466 58
final
Quantity of
air
and
temperature required for heating
56
156, 157
Rectangular ducts, circular equivalent of Refrigeration required for dehumidifying Refuse exhaust system (see exhaust systems)
Register velocity in public buildings Registers, sizes of for public buildings Regular open area pattern heaters (see Buffalo heaters) Relation of altitude to properties of air of boiler eff. and draft requirements to per cent, excess air of cooling effect to per cent, relative humidity of dry-bulb, wet-bulb and dew-point temperatures of humidity to heating of pressure, velocity and air density in fan work of room temperature to outside wet-bulb temperature of total, static and velocity pressure in fans of velocity to pressure Relative humidity relation of cooling effect to per cent, of Relative volumes of air at various temperatures Removal of bodily heat Return bend pattern heaters (see Buffalo heaters) Risers, sizes of for public buildings Room temperature, relation of to outside wet-bulb temi)erature
474 93
133 133
399 24 87 69 30 30
178 72 176
16
28 69
13
59
399
133 72
Saturated steam, properties of Schoolhouse ventilation Selection of apparatus for heating and ventilating Selection of a fan Niagara Conoidal Planoidal Sensible heat Short length of pipe, use of in fan testing
558
.
. . .
65
506-518
181 186
;
182 31 201
578
INDEX
Size of steam pipes Sizes of piping Sizes and dimensions of Buffalo heaters of Vento heaters Sling psychrometer Slow speed planing-mill exhaust fans capacity tables dimension tables
.
PAOE 554-557
158
performance curve
Special steel plate induced draft fans and engines Special types and features of fans Special ventilation requirements
Specific heat of air of various substances Specific weight of water vapor Specification tables of
449-451 460-462 29 344, 345 345, 346 396, 397 347 321, 328-330
174
61 16 78 14
546, 547
Niagara Conoidal fans Planoidal fans Turbo- Conoidal fans

Specifications for
air
545
546, 547
washer
duct work fan engine fan system heater high speed multiblade fan
humidity control motors

multiblade fan steel plate fan Spiro turbines Spray type dehumidifiers Standard planing-mill exhaust fans capacity tables
537-540 535 535 534 533 542 536 532
".
dimension tables Standards of ventilation Steam, drip and air connections of Buffalo heaters regular open area pattern
return bend pattern Steam engines
53 484 474 341 342 342, 343 394, 395 58

,
452, 453 454, 455
mean
effective pressure of high speed
482 485
486, 487
water rates of Steam engines, brake horsepower of

Buffalo class Buffalo class
lûffalo class Buffalo class Buffalo class
"A" "A"
at various speeds and pressures "I" (cvlinder below shaft)
"N", long stroke "S", long stroke Buffalo double vertical double acting Buffalo low pressure Steam engines, dimensions and maximum horsei)ower of Buffalo class "A" horizontal center crank Buffalo class "A" horizontal side crank Buffalo class "N" horizontal side crank Buffalo class "S" horizontal side crank Buffalo class "A" vertical Buffalo class "I" vertical Buffalo class "O" vertical Buffalo double vertical double acting Steam engines direct-connected to special induced draft fans Steam engine guarantees
488-491 496-497 494 492 492 493 495
498 499 500

501
503 504 502 505 328-330

543
5*j^
Steam Steam turbines
specifications tables
Steel plate fan specifications Steel plate pressure blowers
558 484 531 ^^^ 579

PAGE
Steel pressure blowers application to forge fires capacity table dimension table Stokers with mechanical draft
336 338 337 398 90

91 91
Jones underfeed Murphy automatic Parsons mechanical Taylor
90
91
Taylor stoker with mechanical draft Temperature, effect of on properties of air effect of on velocity of air effect of on volume of air Temperature attained with indirect heaters Temperature conversion table guarantees, determination of in Carrier humidifying system Temperatures, mean monthly in different localities relation of dry-bulb, wet-bulb and dew-point
Testing fans (see fan testing)
Tests, directions for fan installation method of calculating fan Theoretical outlet or blast area
91
27 24 26 411 552 463

71
465 30 190 525 529

126 28 108
31
Thermometers, dry-bulb and wet -bulb

Tile sizes for forge shops
Total heat Transmission of heat (see heat transfer) Transverse flow-heat transfer Traverse, pipe Turbines, Srîro steam Turbo-Conoidal fans
outlet velocities of
403 408
196
performance curve of
selection of
Turbo-Conoidal fan capacity tables Turbo-Ccnoidal fan dimension tables double width full housing overhung wheel three-quarter housing
484 277 277 276 277 277 319
3S2 385 375-378 386-393 379-381

471
Types
of humidifiers
Upward
tiystem of ventilation
Useful factors
Velocity of air at different pressures at different pressures and temperatures effect of barometric pressure on
effect of humidity on effect of temperature on in ducts for industrial buildings in ducts for public buildings
64 562
21
22, 23
24 27 24
129 134
through heaters through piping for
maximum economy
work
412
130 178 16
Velocity, pressure and air density relations in fan Velocity to pressure, relation of Ventilation, fan system for heat required for of industrial buildings of schoolhouse standards of upward and downward systems of Ventilating guarantees
'
62 56 65 65 58 64 543
580
INDEX
PAGE
V ento cast iron heaters curves
friction through sizes and dimensions of
401
Volume
tables Vertical engines (see steam engines) of air, effect of temperature
on
432-438 447 460-462 439-444 482-505 26

563
486, 487
Water conversion factors Water rates of steam engines Water vapor, specific weight of Weight of air
of dry air at various temperatures of saturated and partly saturated air Weight of piping
14
11
13
black steel piping galvanized iron piping
Weight and pressure, measures of Wet-bulb temperature, relation of dry-bulb and dew-point Wet-bulb thermometer
17 158 162 160, 161, 163-167 563

to
30
28
581
O
QCD "1 CD
o CD
crq
CD CD
CD
S3
no
o
CD
o
=3
OP
CD CD
=3
3 o r3
;-
^.-^

Engineershandboo 00 Buff

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Engineershandboo 00 Buff

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

o

The Buffalo Forge Company

ENGINEERS HAND BOOK

HOT BLAST HEATERS AND

THE BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY -E

use of the fan in general engineering practice

imperative that both the engineer and

familiar with the fundamental principles

governing the selection and

fans for various

general information has been published on the

different fan builders, but

what has been given

out has always been incomplete and frequently misleading, and

Heretofore no effort has been

data concerning fans and their application to various industrial

intended to be used as a guide in the selection

and kindred apparatus, and an

been made to so standardize the rules and data given

in the testing laboratories of the

the investigations being

to obtain data for this

results of these investigations

never been heretofore published except in the proceedings of

of the engineering societies,

where they were presented by

the engineers of this company, and others.

as are used in this

In preparing this work the theory has been generally

omitted, except in such elementary form as was necessary to

an understanding of the facts given.

complete and reliable

requiring special consideration from the engineer familiar with

Relation of velocity to pressure.

on the properties of air. Relation of dry-bulb, wet-bulb and dew-point

Psychrometric charts and tables.

Cold storage insulation. Heat loss from galvanized iron pipes.

Application of the fan system of ventilating.

Washing, Cooling, Humidifjring, Drying.'Z^

Relation of room temperature to outside wet-bulb temperature.

Forced and induced draft. Draft requirement.

Mechanical draft in connection with mechanical stokers.

Friction loss in system.

Standard and slow speed exhausters.

nozzle in air ducts.

Theoretical outlet or blast area.

Proportioning the various losses. Proportioning piping for exhaust systems.

The pitot tube. The anemometer. The orifice.

Fan Capacities. Section IV Fan Dimensions. Section V Heaters.

Air Conditioning Apparatus.

Types of humidifiers. The dehumidifier.

dimensions and capacity tables

P. of high speed engines.

rate of high speed engines.

Brake H. P. per R. P. M. of Buffalo engines. Dimensions of Buffalo engines.

Applications and the Selection of

Apparatus for Heating and Ventilating.

Miscellaneous engineering data.

vary under different conditions, but ordinarily pure dry

as follows, in per cent.:

Weight of Air The weight

any conditions of temperature and pressure Frank H. Kneeland* is