Factores que causan resultados positivos en las pruebas que pretenden detectar anticuerpos al supuesto VIH

Administracin de preparados de inmunoglobulina humana recogidos antes de 1985 (10). Anticuerpos al HLA (a antgenos de los leucocitos ipo ! " !!) (#$ 10$ 1%$ &%$ &'$ &8$ &9$ 5%$ '%). Anticuerpos anti(c)lulas parietales (&8). Anticuerpos anticol*genos (encontrados en hombres homose+uales$ hemo,licos$ a,ricanos de ambos se+os " personas con lepra) (%1). Anticuerpos(antihidratos de carbono (1%$ 19$ 5-). Anticuerpos antilin,ocitos (%1$ 5'). Anticuerpos antimicrosomiales (%&). Anticuerpos antimitocondriales (1%$ &8). Anticuerpos anti(m.sculos lisos (&8). Anticuerpos antinucleares (1%$ &8$ 5%). Anticuerpos con una alta a,inidad con el polistireno (utili/ado en los e0uipos de pruebas) (%$&0$ '-). Anticuerpos del antgeno de leucocitos de las c)lulas (1%$ &8). Anticuerpos 0ue se dan de ,orma natural (5$ 19). Artritis reumatoide (%'). 1irrosis biliar primaria (1%$ &%$ &8$ 5%). 1olangitis esclerosante primaria (&8$ 5%). 2mbara/o en mu3eres multparas (1%$ %'$ &%$ 5%$ 58). 2n,ermedades autoinmunes (10$ -9$ &0$ &%$ &&$ &9). 2specmenes tratados con calor (-&$ &8$ &9$ 51$ 5#). 2+posicin a 4acunas 4ricas o in,eccin 4rica recientes (11). 5alsos positi4os a otras pruebas$ inclu"endo el test 676 (rapid plasma reagent) para la s,ilis (10$ 1#$ %%$ &8$ &9). 5iebre 8 con hepatitis asociada ('1). 9lobulinas producidas durante gammopatas policlonales (0ue se obser4an en grupos de riesgos de :!;A) (10$ 1%$ &8). 9ripe (%'). Hemo,ilia (10$ &9). Hepatitis (5&). Hepatitis alcohlica < en,ermedad hep*tica alcohlica (10$ 1%$ %-$ &0$ &%$ &8$ &9$ 5%). Herpes simple ! (-#). Herpes simple !! (11). Hiperbilirrubinemia (10$ 1%). Hipergammaglobulemia (ni4eles altos de anticuerpos) (%%$ &0). !g= anti(Hbc (&8). !g= (anticuerpos) anti(hepatitis A (&8). !ndi4iduos sanos como resultado de reacciones cru/adas mal entendidas (10). !n,eccin de las 4as respiratorias superiores (res,riado o gripe) (11). !n,ecciones 4ricas agudas$ in,ecciones 4ricas del A;> (1%$ &0$ &%$ &8$ 5%$ 59). !nmuni/acin pasi4a? recepcin de gammaglobulina o inmunoglobulina (como pro,ila+is contra in,eccin 0ue contiene anticuerpos) (&$ 1%$ 18$ --$ -'$ &-$ &%$ '0). !nsu,iciencia renal (1%$ -%$ &8). !nsu,iciencia renal < Hemodi*lisis (10$ 1'$ &1$ &9$ 5'). Leishmaniasis 4isceral (&5). Lepra (-$ -5). Lupus eritematoso sist)mico (15$ -%). Lupus eritematoso sist)mico$ escleroderma$ en,ermedad del te3ido con3unti4o$ dermatomiositis. =alaria ('$ 1-). =icobacterium a4ium (-5).

=ieloma m.ltiple (10$ &%$ 5%). >eoplasmas malignos (c*nceres) (&0). >i4eles altos de comple3os inmunes circulantes ('$ %%). @tros retro4irus (8$ 1%$ 1&$ &8$ 55). 7rotenas en el papel de ,iltro (1%). 6ibonucleoprotenas humanas normales (1%$ &8). :angre Apega3osaB (en a,ricanos) (%&$ %8$ &0). :eropositi4os al ,actor reumatoide$ anticuerpos antinucleares (ambos encontrados en la artritis reumatoide " otros autoanticuerpos) (1&$ 5%$ '-). :e+o anal recepti4o (%9$ '&). :ndrome de :te4ens(Cohnson (9$ 1%$ &8). :uero hemoli/ado (sangre en la 0ue la hemoglobina se separa de las c)lulas ro3as) (&9). :uero lip)mico (sangre con ni4eles altos de grasas o lpidos) (&9). erapia de al,a inter,ern en pacientes de hemodi*lisis (5&). rans,usiones sanguneas$ trans,usiones sanguneas m.ltiples (1%$ %'$ &%$ &9$ 5%$ '%). ransplante de rganos (1$ %'). ransplante de riDn (9$ 1%$ %5$ &8$ 5'). rastornos hematolgicos malignos < lin,omas (9$ 1%$ &%$ &8$ 5%). uberculosis (-5). Eacunacin de la gripe (%$ 11$ 1%$ -0$ %0$ &%). Eacunacin de la hepatitis F (-1$ -8$ &0$ &%). Eacunacin del t)tanos (&0). Eirus 2pstein(Farr (%#).

Referencias? 1. AgbaliGa 5.$ 5ercahl 5.$ 9arnier C(7$ et al. 199-. 5alse(positi4e antigens related to emergence o, a -5(%0 protein detected in organ recipients. -. Andrade E.$ A4elleira C1.$ =ar0ues A.$ et al$ 1991. Lepros" as a cause o, ,alse(positi4e results in serological assa"s ,or the detection o, antibodies to H!E(1. !ntl. C. Lepros". 59?1-5. %. Arnold >l.$ :lade 6.A.$ Cones =.=.$ et al$ 199&. ;onor ,olloH up o, in,luen/a 4accine(related multiple 4iral en/ume inmunoassa" reacti4it". Eo+ :anguinis. '#?191. &. Ascher ;.$ 6oberts 1. 199%. ;etermination o, the etiolog" o, serore4ersals in H!E testing b" antibod" ,ingerprinting A!;:. '?-&1. 5. Farbacid =.$ Folgnesi ;.$ Aaronson :. 1980. Humans ha4e antibodies capable o, recogni/ing onco4iral glucoproteins? ;emostration that these antibodies are ,ormed in response to cellular modi,ication o, glucoproteins rather than as conse0uence o, e+posure to 4irus. 7roc. >athl. Acad. :ci. ##?1'1#(1'-1. '. Figgar 6.$ =elb"e =.$ :arin 7.$ et al.$ 1985. 2L!:A H LE retro4irus antibod" reacti4it" associated Hith malaria and immune comple+es in health" A,ricans. Lancet. ii?5-0(5&%. #. Flanton =.$ FalaGrishnan I.$ ;umasHala J.$ et al$ 198#. HLA antibod"s in blood donors Hith reacti4e sreening tests ,or antibod"s to the immunode,icienc" 4irus. rans,usin. -# (1)?118. 8. Flomberg C.$ Eincie 2.$ Consson 1.$ et al. 1990. !denti,ication o, long susthetic peptides A!;: 6es. Hum. 6etro. '?1%'%. 9. FurGhardt J.$ =etens .$ 2ggers H. 198#. 1omparison o, 2LA and ;u7ont H !E(!!! 2L!:A. C. =ed. Eir. -%?-1#. 10. F"lund ;.$ Kiegner J.$ Hooper ;. 199-. 6e4ieH o, testing ,or human immunode,icienc" 4irus. 1lin. Lab. =ed. 1-?%05(%%%. 11. 1hallaGere I.$ 6apaport =. 199%. 5alse(positi4e human inmunode,icienc" 4irus t"pe ! 2L!:A results in loH(risG sub3ects Lest. C. =ed. 159(-)?-1&(-15. 1-. 1harmot 9.$ :imon 5. 1990. H!E in,ection and malaria. 6e4ue du practicien$ &0?-1&1. 1%. 1ordes 6.$ 6"an =. 1995. 7ittalls in H!E testing. 7ostgraduate =edicine. 98?1##. 1&. ;ocG >.$ Lamberson H.$ @MFrien .$ et al.$ 1988. 24aluation o, at"pical human immunode,icienc" 4irus immunoblot reacti4it" in blood donors. rans,usion -8?1&-. 15. 2ste4a =.$ Flasini A.$ @gl" ;.$ et al$ 199-. 5alse positi4e results ,or antibod" to H!E in tHo

men Hith s"stemic lupus er"thematosus. Ann. 6heum. ;is.$ 51?10#1(10#%. 1' 5assbinder L.$ Iuhni 7.$ >euma4er H.$ et al$ 198'. 7re4alence o, antibodies against LAE<H LE(!!! (=!E) in patients Hith termical renal insu,,icienc" treated Hith hemodial"sis and ,olloHing renal transplantation. ;eutsche =edi/inische Lochenschri,t 111?108#. 1#. 5leming ;.$ 1ochi :.$ :teece 6.$ et al$ 198#. Ac0uired immunode,icienc" s"ndrome in loH( incidence areas. CA=A -58(')?#85. 18. 9ill =C.$ 6achlis A.$ Anand 1. 1991. 5i4e cases o, erroncousl" diagnosed H!E in,ection. 1an. =ed. Asso. C. 1&5(1-)?159%. 19. Heale" ;.$ Folton iL. 199%. Apparent H!E(! gl"coprotein reacti4it" on Lestern blot in unin,ected blood donors. A!;:. #?'55('58. -0. Hisa C.$ 199%. 5alse(7ositi4e 2L!:A ,or human immunode,icienc" 4irus a,ter in,luen/a 4accination H;. 1'#?989. -1. !saacman :. 1989. 7ositi4e H!E antibod" test results a,ter treatment Hith hepatitis F immune globulin. CA=A$ -'-?-09. --. CacGson 9.$ 6ubens =.$ Inigge =.$ et al$ 1988. 7assi4e immunoneutralisation o, human immunode,icienc" 4irus in patients Hith ad4anced A!;:. Lancet. :ept. 1#?'&#. -%. Cindal 6.$ :olomon =.$ FurroHs L. 199%. 5alse positi4e tests ,or H!E in a Homan Hith lupus and renal ,ailune. >2C=. %-8?1-81(1-8-. -&. CungGind ;.$ ;i6en/o :.$ Noung :. 198'. 2,,ect o, using heat inacti4ated serum Hith the Abbott human (cell l"mphotropic 4irus t"pe !!! (H!E) antibod" test. C. 1lin. =icro. -%?%81. -5. Iashala @.$ =arlinG 6.$ !lunga =. et al. 199&. !n,ection Hith human immunode,icienc" 4irus t"pe ! (H!E(!) and human (cell l"mphotropic 4iruses among lepros" patients and contacts? correlation betHeen H!E(1 cross(reacti4it" and antibodies to lipoarabionomanna C. !n,ect. ;is. 1'9?-9'(%0&. -'. Lai(9odman =.$ =cFride C.$ HoHanit/ 7.$ et al$ 198#. 7resence o, H LE(!!! (H!E) antibodies in immuneserum globulin preparations. Am. C. 1lin. 7ath. 8#?'%5. -#. Langed3G C.$ Eos L.$ ;oornum 9.$ et al. 199-. !denti,ication o, cross(reacti4e epitopes recogni/ed b" H!E(1 ,ase(positi4e ser*. A!;:. '?15&'(15&8. -8. Lee ;.$ 2b" L.$ =olinaro 9. 199-. H!E ,alse positi4it" a,ter hepatitis F 4accination. Lancet %%9?10'0. -9. Leo(Amador 9.$ 6amre/(6odrgue/ C.$ 9al4*n(Eillegas 2.$ et al$ 1990. Antibodies against human immunode,icienc" 4irus in generali/ed lupus er"thematosus. :alud 7.blica de =)+ico. %-?15. %0. =acGen/ie L.$ ;a4is C.$ 7eterson ;.$ et al. 199-. =ultiple ,alse(positi4e serologie tests ,or H!E$ H LE(1 and hepatitis 1 ,olloHing in,luen/a 4accination. 1991. CA=A. -'8?1015(101#. %1. =athe 9. 199-. !s the A!;: 4irus responsible ,or the diseaseO. Fiomed P 7harmacother. &'?1(-. %-. =endenhall 1.$ 6oselle 9.$ 9rossman 1.$ et al. 198'. 5alse(positi4e tests ,or H LE(!!! (H!E) antibodies in alcoholic patients Hith hepatitis. >2C=. %1&?9-1. %%. =oore C.$ 1one 2.$ Ale+ander :. 198'. H LE(!!! (H!E) seropositi4it" in 19#1(19#- parenteral drug abusers (a case o, ,alse(positi4es or e4idence o, 4iral e+posureO. >2C=. %1&?1%8#(1%88. %&. =ortimer !.$ =ortimer C.$ 7arr" C. 1985. Lhich anti(H LE(!!!<LAE (H!E) assa"s ,or screening and com,irmator" testingO. Lancet. @ct 10. p. 8%#. %5. >cale .$ ;agger C.$ 5ong 6.$ et al. 1985. 5alse(positi4e anti(H LE(!!! (H!E) serolog". >eH Kealand =ed. C. @ctober -%. %'. >g E. 1991. :erological diagnosis Hith recombinant peptides<proteins. 1lin. 1hem. %#?1''#( 1''8. %#. @/anne 9.$ 5au4el =. 1988. 7er,omance and reliabilit" o, ,i4e commercial en/"me.linGed immunosorbent assa" Gits in screening ,or anti(human immunode,icienc" 4irus antibod" in high( risG sub3ects. C. 1lin. =icro$ -'?1&9'. %8. 7apadopulos(2leopulos 2. 1988. 6eappraisal o, A!;: (!s the o+idation induced b" the risG ,actors the primar" causeO. =ed. H"po. -5?151. %9. 7apadopulos(2leopulos 2.$ urner E. and 7apadimitriou C. 199%. !s a positi4e Lestern blot proo, o, H!E in,ectionO. Fio<technolog". Cune 11?'9'<#0#. &0. 7earlman 2:.$ Fallas :I. 199&. 5alse(positi4e human immunode,icienc" 4irus screening test related to rabies 4accination. Arch. 7athol. Lab. =ed. 118(805. &1. 7eternan .$ Lang 9.$ =iGos >.$ et Hemodial"sis<renal ,ailure. 198'. CA=A. -55?-%-&. &-. 7is/GeHie/ ;. 198#. H LE(!!! (H!E) antibodies a,ter immune globulin. CA=A. -5#?%1'. &%. 7ro,itt =6.$ Nen(Lieberman F. 199%. Laborator" diagnosis o, human immunode,icienc" 4irus in,ection. !n,. ;is. 1lin. >orth. Am. #?-0%.

&&. 6anGi A.$ Iurti 7.$ 6eipponen :.$ et al. 199-. Antibodies to retro4iral proteins in autoimmune connecti4e tissue disease. Arthritis and 6heumatism. %5?1&8%. &5. 6ibero .$ Fries 1.$ =oreira 2.$ et al. 199%. :erologie 4alidation o, H!E in,ection in a tropical area. CA!;:. '?%19. &'. :a4ers =.$ Featt" 7.$ Hansen C. 198'. HLA antibodies as a cause o, ,alse(positi4e reactions in screening en/"me immunoassa"s ,or antibodies to human (l"mphotropic 4irus t"pe !!! (H!E). rans,usion. -'(1)?11&. &#. :a"re I6.$ ;odd 6N.$ egtmeier 9.$ et al$ 199'. 5alse(positi4e human immunode,icienc" 4irus t"pe 1 Lestern blot tests in non in,ected blood donodrs. rans,usion. %'?&5. &8. :chleupner 1C. ;etection o, H!E(1 in,ection. !n? (=andell 9!.$ ;ouglas 69.$ Fennet C2.$ eds.). 7rinciples and 7ractice o, !n,ectious ;iseases$ %rd ed. >eH NorG? 1hurchill Li4ingstone. 1990?109-. &9. :chochetman 9.$ 9eorge C. 199-. :erologic tests ,or the detection o, human immunode,icienc" 4irus in,ection. !n A!;: esting =ethodolog" and =anagement !ssues$ :pringer(Eerlag. >eH NorG. 50. :imonsen L.$ Fu,,ington C.$ :hapiro 1.$ et al. 1995. =ultiple ,alse reactions in 4iral antibod" screening assa"s a,ter in,luen/a 4accination. Am. C. 2pidem. 1&1?1089. 51. :mith ;.$ ;eHhurst :.$ :hepherd :.$ et al. 198#. 5alse(positi4e en/"me(linGed immunosorbent assa" reactions ,or antibod" to human immunode,icienc" 4irus in a population o, midHestern patients Hith congenital bleeding disorders. rans,usion. 1-#?11-. 5-. :n"der H.$ 5leissner 2. 1980. :peci,it" o, human antibodies to onco4irus glucoproteinsQ 6ecognition o, antigen b" natural antibodies directed against carboh"drate structures. 7roc. >atl. Acad. :ci. ##?1'--(1'-'. 5%. :tecGelberg C=.$ 1ocGerill 5. 1988. :erologie testing ,or human immunode,icienc" 4irus antibodies. =a"o 1lin. 7roc. '%?%#%. 5&. :ungar 1.$ AGpolat .$ @/Gu"umen 1.$ et al. Alpha inter,eron therap" in hemodial"sis patients. >ephron. '#?-51. 55. ribe ;.$ 6eed ;.$ Lindell 7.$ et al. 1988. Antibodies reacti4e Hith human immunode,icienc" 4irus gag(coated antigens (gag reacti4e onl") are a ma3or cause o, en/"me(linGed immunosorbent assa" reacti4it" in a bood donor population. C. 1lin. =icro. April?'&1. 5'. J3hel"i 2.$ 5ust 9.$ !llei 9.$ et al. 1989. ;i,,erent t"pes o, ,alse positi4e anti(H!E reactions in patients on hemodial"sis. !mmun. Let. --?%5(&0. 5#. Ean Feers ;.$ ;u"s =. =aes =.$ et al. Heat inacti4ation o, serum ma" inter,ere Hith tests ,or antibodies to LAE<H LE(!!! (H!E). C. Eir. =eth. 1-?%-9. 58. Eoe4odin A. 199-. H!E screening in 6ussia. Lancet. %%9?15&8. 59. Leber F.$ =oshtaghi(Forogeni =.$ Frunner =.$ et al. 1995. 24aluation o, the reliabilit" o, si+ current anti(H!E(1<H!E(- en/"me immunoassa"s. C. Eir. =eth. 55?9#. '0. Lood 1.$ Lilliams A.$ =c>amara C.$ et al. 198'. Antibod" against the human immunode,icienc" 4irus in commercial intra4enous gammaglobulin preparations. Ann. !nt. =ed. 105?5%'. '1. Nale :.$ ;egroen 7.$ ooson C.$ et al. 199&. Jnusual aspects o, acute 8 ,e4er(associated hepatitis. =a"o 1lin. 7roc. '9?#'9. '-. Noshida .$ =atsui .$ Ioba"ashi =.$ et al. 198#. 24aluation o, passi4e particle agglutination test ,or antibod" to human immunode,icienc" 4irus. C. 1lin. =icro. Aug?1&%%. '%. Nu :.$ 5ong 1.$ Landr" =.$ et al. 1989. A ,alse positi4e H!E antibod" reaction due to trans,usion(induced HLA(;6& sensiti/ation. >2C=. %-0?1&95. '&. >ational !nstitute o, Custice. A!;: Fulletin. @ct. 1988. Artculo publicado en el n.mero &# de la re4ista A=edicina HolsticaB. 2dita? Asociacin de Medicinas Complementarias