The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department Irrigation and Drainage- ECIV 5327

Lecture 1: Importance of Irrigation and Drainage

Prepared by Husam Al-Najar

Irrigation and Drainage- course description

Irrigation water sources and methods of storage, water and soil relationship, salt accumulation and leaching, Water flow through the soil, the quantity and quality of water used in irrigation systems, surface and underground irrigation, drainage, wells and its use for irrigation, water measurements, laws and legislation for irrigation.

Course Outline
1. Introduction Importance of irrigation Types of irrigation systems 2. Irrigation Water Measurement Velocity of flow Flow measurement 3. Soil-Water Relationships Soil properties Water in soils Infiltration Soil water measurement 4. Irrigation Water Requirements Evapo-transpiration Efficiencies and System capacity Midterm Exam 5. Irrigation Modeling and Scheduling Principles CropWat model 6. Irrigation Water Sources Ground water and wells Reuse of treated wastewater effluent Water quality for irrigation purposes. 7. Pipeline Hydraulics and pumping units Basic relationships Friction loss Types of pumps Pump characteristics Pump selection-Power units 8. Irri. & Drainage Systems planning & Design Types of systems System components System performance Hydraulics of laterals 9. Laws and Legislative for Irrigation Final Exam

Homework and Assignments: 10%

Midterm Exam: 30%

Final Exam: 60%

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Introduction
Importance of Irrigation

Definition the supply of water to crops and landscaping plants by artificial means world-wide: 544 million acres (17% of land 1/3 of food production)

Purpose
Raise a crop where nothing would grow otherwise (e.g., desert areas) Grow a more profitable crop (e.g., alfalfa vs. wheat) Increase the yield and/or quality of a given crop (e.g., fruit) Increase the aesthetic value ( ) of a landscape (e.g., turf, ornamentals)
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Reasons for yield/quality increase Reduced water stress Better germination and stands Higher plant populations More efficient use of fertilizer Improved varieties Leaching of salts Frost protection Plant/soil cooling Chemical application Wind erosion control

Arid to semiarid sites: calcareous soils general characteristics (e.g. Mediterranean region, India, N. China...)
little weathering of minerals
low development of soils

low organic matter (N) content low leaching

accumulation of salts inhibited root growth because of drought and salt

risk of erosion (wind, water)

nutritional status/nutrient deficiencies

water deficiency inhabit root growth inhibited nutrient acquisition poor water use efficiency because of nutrient deficiency P-deficiency (fixation)
Fe-, Zn- (Mn-, Cu-) deficiency B-deficiency

toxicity (salt, boron)

drought stress

Soil water content (SWC)

Saline sites: irrigation and secondary salinization (cotton, Sudan)

Historical Perspective Nile River Basin (Egypt) - 6000 B.C. Tigris-Euphrates River Basin (Iraq, Iran, Syria) - 4000 B.C. Yellow River Basin (China) - 3000 B.C. Indus River Basin (India) - 2500 B.C. Maya and Inca civilizations (Mexico, South America) - 500 B.C.

Salt River Basin (Arizona) - 100 B.C. Western U. S. - 1800s

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Irrigation Techniques

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Types of Irrigation Systems 1. Sprinkler: pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers (water is discharged into the air and infiltrates near where it lands). Used on agricultural and horticultural crops, turf, landscape plants

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2. Surface Irrigation: Irrigation water flows across the field to the point of infiltration. primarily used on agricultural crops and orchards

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3. Micro (drip, trickle): frequent, slow application of irrigation water using pressurized systems. Used in landscape and nursery applications, and on high-value agricultural and horticultural crops.

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Why do we need to irrigate in the Gaza Strip? Rainfall in Gaza Strip

The average annual rainfall varies from 470 mm/year in the North to 242
mm/year in the South. Rainfall occurs only in the winter months (October - March). Half of the Rainfall occurs during December to January. The number of rainy days along Gaza strip is 41 days.

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Metrological Stations in the Gaza Strip

No Meteorological Station Elevation (m) x y Longitude East Latitude North

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Beit Hanoun BeitLahia Shati Gaza City Gaza South Deir El-Balah Khanyounis Rafah

48 55 36 13 43 56 32 98

106420 99750 97500 97140 95380 88550 84240 79060

105740 18280 105320 103300 98000 91600 83880 75940

35o13E 35o21E 35o16E 34o27E 35o23E 35o27E 35o18E 34o16E

32o56N 31o37N 32o21N 31o30N 31o76N 31o51N 32o28N 31o14N

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Number of Rainy Days According to the Quantity in (mm) for Nine Weather Stations in Gaza strip for the Year 2004 (MOT, 2004)
25
Rainy Days > 5mm

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Number of Days

15

10mm 20mm

10

30mm 40mm

50mm

GAZA

D.Balah

B.Lahia

B.Hanoun

Elshatia

Elmoghraqa

Elnusierat

Stations Location

Khanyuonis

Rafah

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Example of Metrological data for Gaza City

Month Temperature Max Jan. Feb. March April 17.8 18.1 19.8 22.5 Min 10.7 11.2 13.2 16.7 64.0 67.0 68.0 67.0 280.8 278.4 261.6 249.6 4.8 6.2 7.6 8.2 Humidity (%) Wind Spd (km/d) Sun shine (hrs/d)

May June
July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average

24.4 27.0
29.4 29.4 28.7 26.3 23.0 19.2 13.8

19.2 21.7
23.9 24.6 23.1 20.4 16.1 12.6 17.8

71.0 74.0
74.0 71.0 69.0 68.0 61.0 65.0 68.3

230.4 237.6
232.8 237.6 249.6 256.8 261.6 261.6 253.2

9.8 9.8
10.5 10.5 9.6 8.2 6.0 3.9 7.9
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Assignment No. 1
Write a brief report (not more that 2 Pages. 14 Times New Roman, 1.5 spacing) about Gaza Strip Metrological stations showing the following: Location

What types of measurements (Rainfall, temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Wind Speed and direction, Sunshine hours and Sunshine Intensity.etc.)
Compare one year- rainfall data from metrological station in the north and the other in the south of Gaza Strip.

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