Question 1.

The cylindrical portion of a cylindrical air tank is fabricated of steel plate that is welded along a helix that makes an angle of =70o with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tank. Before inflation, the length, the inside diameter, and the wall thickness of the cylinder portion of the vessel are 120 in., 48 in., 0.5 in., respectively. Determine the following quantities for the cylindrical portion of the tank assuming an internal pressure of 240 psi.: a. The axial stresses, a, and hoop stresses, h. b. The normal stresses and shear stresses on planes parallel and perpendicular to the weld. c. The maximum in-plane shear stress and the absolute maximum shear stress. d. The change in length and in diameter of the cylindrical portion after the working internal pressure of 240 psi is applied. E=30x106 psi, =0.3 e. Assuming that the steel has the yield strength of 30x106 psi., what is the coefficient of safety using the maximum shear stress theory?

c 45 a

b
o

SOLUTION The axial stresses, a, and hoop stresses, h.

a =

pr 240 24 = = 5760 psi 2t 2 0.5 pr 240 24 h = = = 11520 psi 0.5 t

The normal stresses and shear stresses on planes parallel and perpendicular to the weld.

c = avg =
R= 2

a +h
2

= 8640 psi

a h

= 2880 psi

n = avg R cos(2 )
= 8640 2880 cos(40) = 6433 psi

t = avg + R cos(2 )
= 8640 + 2880 cos(40) = 10846 psi

nt = R cos(2 )
= 2880 cos(40) = 1851 psi

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The maximum in-plane shear stress and the absolute maximum shear stress.

( ) ( )

max inplane

= R = 2880 psi =

h
2

max absolute

= 5760 psi

The change in length and in diameter of the cylindrical portion after the working internal pressure of 240. psi is applied.

1 ( a h ) = 1 6 (5760 0.3 11520) = 0.000077 in. 30 10 E in. 1 1 (11520 0.3 5760) = 0.00033 in. h = ( h a ) = 6 E 30 10 in.

a =

L = L a = 120 0.000077 = 0.0092in

P = 2r P = 2r P 2dr dr = = = h P 2r r r = r h = 24 0.00033 = 0.0079in
Assuming that the steel has the yield strength of 30x106 psi., what is the coefficient of safety using the maximum shear stress theory?

n=

yield / 2 60000 / 2 = = 5.21 abs max 5760

(ksi)

t A(5.76, 0) a(axial) n

N(n,nt) H(11.52, 0) (ksi) 2=40o max absmax

T(t,-nt)

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Question 2. A Torsion Load cell (to measure torque T) is constructed by mounting two strain gages on a tubular shaft, with gages oriented at 45o to the axis of the tube, as indicated if the following Figure. The gages are wired so that the measurement circuit gives an output t= b - a. Determine the relationship between the applied torque T and the measured strain difference, t, if the tube has the following properties: ro = outer radius; ri = inner radius; E = modulus of Elasticity; and = Poissons ratio.

45

a 45o

Please note that from the orientation of the gages, gage a should read compression due to a positive torque, while gage b should read tension. SOLUTION:

Ip = G=

(r

4 o

ri 4 )

E 2(1 + )

b = a =

max
2

2G

Tro 2GI p = Tro GI p

2 axial 1 2 hoop 1 45o

t = b a = 2 b =

2G

GI p E 4 4 = T = r t 2(1 + ) 2r (ro ri ) t o o E (r ri ) T = t 4(1 + )ro

4 o 4

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Question 3. A circular tube of outer diameter do and inner diameter di is made of an elastic plastic material with yield point y and modulus of elasticity E. Determine expressions for the yield moment My, plastic moment Mp, and the shape factor f.

SOLUTION:

I= c=

(d o4 d i4 )
64 do 2

My =

yI
c

y
32d o

(d

4 o

d i4 )

Because the cross-section is symmetric, the neutral axis does not move. Therfore,
2 2 2 2 d d d d o i i 0 y c Ac 3 8 3 8 2 = dt = dc = = 3 d 02 d i2 Ac 8 8

d o3 d i3 d2 d2 i o

(d c + d t ) 2 y (d o2 d i2 ) / 4 2 = 2 3
Mp = =

yA

d o3 d i3 d2 d2 2 i o
dt z x dc

y
6

(d

3 o

d i3 )
3 o 4 o 3 i 4 i

f =

M p 16d o d d = My 3 d d

5 Question 4. A long, thin, steel plate of thickness to, width 2h, and length 2a is subjected to loads which produce uniform stresses o at the ends as shown in Figure 1. The plate is confined along the edges (y = +h, and y = -h) by two rigid walls. Assuming E and n to be the modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio, respectively,
a. Calculate the stress field b. Calculate the strain field c. Show that the displacement field is expressed by:

(1 ) u=
2

a
o

y o z x to
h h

v = 0;

x;

w=

(1 + )
E

oz

(z)

SOLUTION a. Stress field

x z

= 0 1 [ y ( x + z )] = 0 E = xz = yz = 0
y

y = xy

= (

+ z ) =

b. Strain field
1 1 [ ( + )] = [ + 2 0 ] = o (1 2 ) x E x y z o E E 1 = [ ( + )] = 0 y E y x z 1 1 z = [ ( + )] = [0 ( )] = o (1 + ) x y o o E z E E xy = xz = yz = 0 =

u = o (1 2 ) u = o (1 x E E v = = 0 v = g ( x, z) y y
x =

b. Displacements

)x + f ( y, z)

o o w = = (1 + ) w = (1 + ) z + h ( x , y ) z z E E Because of symmetry u ( 0 ,0 ,0 ) = v ( 0 ,0 ,0 ) = w ( 0 ,0 ,0 ) = 0 f ( y , z ) = g ( x , z ) = h ( x , y ) = 0
and

u = o (1 2 ) x E v=0 w=

o
E

(1 + ) z

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Question 5. Using the Castiglianos theorem, find the tension T in the wire in terms of F, axial stiffness EA of the wire, and bending stiffness EI of the frame shown. Neglect the effects of axial loading and shear in the members of the frame. T = f(F, EA, EI) SOLUTION:

C EI EI

A to B M1=(T-F)s B to C M2=(T-F)L+Fy D to C M3=Ts A to D N=T

Wire EA L EI y A

B
L L L L N2 1 2 dy + M 32 ds + + dy = M 12 ds + M 2 2 EI 0 0 0 0 2 EA

F
U= U = 0 (no gap appears at A) N I 0 = (T F ) s ds + [(T F ) L + FLy ]dy + Ts ds + Tdy A0 0 0 0
2 2 2 L L L L

F T IL T F 0 = L3 + T F + + + T 2 3 A 3 3 IL 5L3 5L3 T+ T F 0= A 3 6 or 5F F 6 = T= I 5 6I 2+ + 2 3 AL 5 AL2

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Question 6. A curved bar with circular cross-section of radius r is fixed at one end as shown. The bar in the form of a split circular ring of radius R is loaded by a force P at the free end applied in a diametric plane perpendicular to the plane of the ring. Using Castiglianos theorem, determine the deflection at the free end.

R(1-cos)

R P x

Rsin

2r
SOLUTION

M b = PR sin

(bending moment)

M t = PR(1 cos ) (torque) 1 L 2 1 L 2 U = Ub + Ut = M t dx M b dx + 2GJ 2 EI 0 0 r 4 where : J = 2 I = 2 2 1 1 2 U = = PR(1 cos ) R (1 cos ) Rd ( PR sin )( R sin ) Rd + GJ P EI 0 0 M p M t Note that : and = R sin = R (1 cos ) P P PR 3 2 PR 3 2 2 (sin ) d + then = (1 cos ) 2 d GJ 0 EI 0 After integration 1 3 ) = PR ( + EI GJ
3

where

J = 2I =

r 4
2

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Question 7. For the wire shown in Figure determine the vertical deflection at point A using the Castiglianos theorem and considering bending only. The bending stiffness of the cross-section is EI=constant. C

P
SOLUTION

A L

M = Px

M = x P

for 0 x L

M = P[ L + R (1 cos )]

M = L + R (1 cos ) P

for 0

2 U 1 L = = { ( Px)( x)dx + P[ L + R(1 cos )]2 Rd } P EI 0 0 3 1 L R2 2 = { + R[( L + R ) 2 R ( L + R) + } 2 2 2 EI 3 P = {L3 + 4.71L2 R + 3.43LR 2 + 1.07 R 3 } 3EI

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Question 8. A gear of inner and outer radii 0.1m and 0.15 m, respectively is shrunk onto a hollow shaft of inner radius 0.05. The length of the gear wheel parallel to the shaft axis is 0.1 m, and the maximum tangential stress induced in the gear wheel by the shrinking process is 0.21 MPa. Assuming a coefficient of friction of 0.2 at the common surface determined the following:

a. The internal pressure developed at the contact surface between the gear and the hollow shaft. b. The maximum torque that may be transmitted by the gear without slip. y Gear wheel
b a c

x Hollow Shaft

SOLUTION: Using the theory of thick-walled cylinders, the maximum tangential stress occurs at r=0.1 m in the gear wheel. Then, max=p(a2+b2)/(c2-b2)

a=0.05 m; b=0.1 m; c=1.5 m

In which p is the internal pressure developed at the contact surfaces. Upon substitution of given numerical values into the above equation leads to: 0.21=p[(0.15)2+(0.1)2]/[(0.15)2-(0.1)2] Or, P=0.081 MPa This internal pressure at the contact surface controls the maximum torque. The area of contact is: 2bl=2 (0.1)(0.1)=0.02 For a coefficient of friction of 0.2, the torque transmitted is: Mt=0.2(81000 x 0.02)(0.1)=1017.36 N.m

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Question 9. A three-element rectangular rosette (see Figure) is applied at a critical location on a steel structure. Under a given loading condition the following readings are recorded: in in in A = 0 ; B = 500 ; C = 0 in in in Assuming the material properties for steel, i.e., modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio, to be E = 29 x 106 lb/in2 and = 0.29, respectively, determine: a. The principal strains. y b. The principal stresses. c. The orientation of the principal axis C relative to the strain-gage rosette.
Solution

C B

A = x cox 2 A + y sin 2 A + xy sin A cos A B = x cox B + y sin B + xy sin B cos B

2 2

= 0o = 45o C = 90o
A

c = x cox C + y sin C + xy sin B cos C

2 2

and you can solve for x , y , and xy and then for 1 and 2 , or if you recognize that it is a state of pure shear, then

1 ( A C ) + (2 B A C )2 2 2 1 (2 B )2 = B = 500 in 1 = in 2 1 (2 B )2 = B = 500 in 2 = in 2 in Note that xy = 2 B A C = 500 in 2 B A C 2 = tan 1 = 90 A C

1, 2 =

A B

/2 C

B 2 2 CCW A 1

= 45 CCW from Gage A 1 =

1 ( 1 2 ) 1 = 11,240 psi E 1 2 = ( 2 1 ) 2 = 11,240 psi E

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Question 10. A thin-walled tube having internal and external diameters of 0.25 m and 0.26 m is subject to an internal pressure of pi=2.8 MPa, a twisting moment of 31.36 kN.m, and an axial end thrust (tension) P=45 kN. The ultimate strengths in tension and in compression are 210 MPa and 500 MPa, respectively. Determine if failure has occurred using the following theories of failure. a) Maximum-shear-stress theory b) Coulomb-Mohr theory c) Maximum-principal-stress theory d) Tresca theory
SOLUTION Let x be the axial direction,

pr P x = + = 2 2t (ro ri 2 ) 2800(0.13) 45 + = 47.635MPa 2(0.005) (0.132 + 0.125 2 ) pr 2.8(0.13) y = = = 72.8MPa 0.005 t 31.36(0.13)2 xy = = 62.615MPa (0.134 0.125 4 ) Principal Stresses are : =

y x

1, 2 = 60.218 [(158.319) + (3920.638)] 2 1 = 124.085MPa

1

and

2 = 3.649 MPa

a ) Maximun Shear Stress

' 1 2 = ut

127.734 210 NO FAILURE b)Coulomb Mohr Theory 124.085 3.649 = ? = 1 210 500 0.591 + 0.0071 NO FAILURE c) Maximun Pr inciple Stress Theory
' 1 ? = ut 124.085 210 " 2 ? = ut 3.649500

NO FAILURE NO FAILURE

c) Same as in part a. No Failure.