ASSIGNMENT-2 DIVERSION HEAD WORK

Q-1 what is a diversion headwork? What are the objectives of diversion head works? Explain briefly. What consideration governs for the selection of site for diversion head work.
Ans.

diversion headworkA diversion head works is a structure constructed across a river for the purpose of raising water level in the river so that it can be diverted into the offtaking canals. Diversion headworks are generally constructed on the perennial rivers which have adequate flow throughout the year and, therefore, there is no necessity of creating a storage reservoir. A diversion head works differs from a storage work or a dam. A dam is constructed on the river for the purpose of creating a large storage reservoir. The storage works are required for the storage of water on a non-perennial river or on a river with inadequate flow throughout the year. On the other hand, in a diversion head works, there is very little storage, if any. If the storage on the upstream of a diversion head works is significant, it is called a storage weir. If a diversion headworks is constructed on the downstream of a dam for the purpose of diverting water released from the u/s dam into the offtaking canals, it is called a pickup weir. Generally, the dam is constructed in the rocky or the mountainous reach of the river where the conditions are suitable for a dam, and a pickup weir is constructed near the commanded area in the alluvial reach of the river.

objectives of diversion head works1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It raises the water level on its upstream side. It regulates the supply of water into canals. It controls the entry of silt into canals It creates a small pond (not reservoir) on its upstream and provides some pondage. It helps in controlling the vagaries of the river.

selection of site for diversion head work1. The river section at the site should be narrow and welldefined. 2. The river should have high, well-defined, inerodible and nonsubmersible banks so that the cost of river training works is minimum. 3. The canals taking off from the diversion head works should be quite economical and should have a large commanded area. 4. There should be suitable arrangement for the diversion of river during construction. 5. The site should be such that the weir (or barrage) can be aligned at right angles to the direction of flow in the river.uniform flow and length of the weir - minimum 6. There should be suitable locations for the undersluices, head regulator and other components of the diversion headworks. 7. The diversion headworks should not submerge costly land and property on its upstream.

8. Good foundation should be available at the site. 9. The required materials of construction should be available near the site. 10. The site should be easily accessible by road or rail. 11. The overall cost of the project should be a minimum.

Q-2

Differentiate b/w weir and barrage?

Ans. WEIR: an impervious barrier which is constructed across ariver to raise the water level on the upstream side is known as a weir. Here the water level is raised up to the required height and the surplus water is allowed to flow over the weir. Generally it is constructed across an inundation river.

BARRAGE: when adjustable gates are installed over a weir to maintain the water surface at different levels at different times is known as a barrage. The water level is adjusted by operating the gates or shutters. The gates are placed at different tiers and these are operated by cables from the cabin. The gates are supported on piers at both ends. The distance between the pier to pier is known asBay.

Q-3 Draw a neat layout of diversion headwork and indicates the various components of the system. Briefly explain the function of each component with the help of neat sketches. Ans. layout of diversion headwork-

Components1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Undersluices Divide wall Fish ladder Canal head regulator Approach channel Silt excluders River training works(Marginal bunds and guide banks)

Undersluices
Undersluice sections are provided adjacent to the canal head regulators. The undersluices should be able to pass fair weather flow for which the crest shutters on the weir proper need not be dropped. The crest level of the undersluices is generally kept at the average bed level of the river

Divide Wall

A divide wall is constructed parallel to the direction of flow of river to separate the weir section and the undersluices section to avoid cross flows. If there are undersluices at both the sides, there are two divide walls

Fish Ladder

A fish ladder is a passage provided adjacent to the divide wall on the weir side for the fish to travel from u/s to d/s and vice versa. Fish migrate u/s or d/s in search of food or to reach their sprawling places. In a fish ladder the head is gradually dissipated so as to provide smooth flow at sufficiently low velocity. Suitable baffles are provided in the fish passage to reduce the flow velocity.

Canal Head Regulator

A canal head regulator is provided at the head of the canal offtaking from the diversion headworks. It regulates the supply of water into the canal, controls the entry silt into the canal, and prevents the entry of river floods into canal.

Silt Excluder
A silt excluder is a structure in the undersluices pocket to pass the silt laden water to the downstream so that only clear water enters into the canal through head regulator. The bottom layer of water which are highly charged with silt pass down the silt excluder an escape through the undersluices.

Guide Banks & Marginal Bunds

Guide banks are provided on either side of the diversion headworks for a smooth approach and to prevent the river from outflanking. Marginal bunds are provided on either side of the river u/s of diversion headworks to protect the land and property which is likely to be submerged during ponding of water in floods.

Q-4 Describe briefly the different silt control method. Write the step by step procedure that you will adopt for design of silt excluder.
Ans. Commonly used silt control methods1.

Check damA check dam is a small dam, which can be either temporary or permanent, built across a minor channel, swale, bioswale, or drainage ditch. Similar to drop structures in purpose, they reduce erosion and gullying in the channel and allow sediments and pollutants to settle. They also lower the speed of water flow during storm events. Check dams can be built with logs, stone, or sandbags. Of these, the former two are usually permanent or semi-permanent; and the sandbag check dam is usually for temporary purposes. Also, there are check dams that are constructed with rockfill or wooden boards. These dams are usually used only in small, open channels that drain 10 acres (0.040 km2) or less; and usually do not exceed 2 feet (0.61 m) high

2.

Fiber rollsA fiber roll is a temporary erosion control and sediment control device used on construction sites to protect water quality in nearby streams, rivers, lakes and seas from sediment erosion. It is made of straw, coconut fiber or similar material formed into a tubular roll. Each horizontal contour level row of fiber rolls is installed on slopes, ending with one at the base of the slope, below an active construction area beforesoil disturbance (earth moving) begins. The space between each row of fiber roll is dependent on the steepness of the slope. The steeper the slope, the more rows of evenly spaced horizontal contour level fiber rolls are used. Each fiber roll is installed on a horizontal contour level in shallow trenches 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) deep and fastened to the ground with wooden stakes.

3.

Sand bag barrierA sandbag (floodbag) is a sack made of hessian/burlap, polypropylene or other materials that is filled with sand or soil and used for such purposes as flood control, military fortification, shielding glass windows in war zones and ballast. Advantages are that burlap and sand are inexpensive, and that the bags can be brought in empty and filled with local sand or soil.

4.

Sediment basinA sediment basin is a temporary pond built on a construction site to capture eroded or disturbed soil that is washed off during rain storms, and protect the water quality of a nearby stream, river, lake, or bay. The sediment-laden soil settles in the pond before the runoff is discharged. Sediment basins are typically used on construction sites of 5 acres (20,000 m2) or more, where there is sufficient room. They are often used in conjunction

with erosion controls and other sediment control practices. On smaller construction sites, where a basin is not practical, sediment traps may be used.
5.

Silt fenceA silt fence, sometimes (misleadingly) called a "filter fence," is a temporary sediment control device used on construction sites to protect water qualityin nearby streams, rivers, lakes and seas from sediment (loose soil) in stormwater runoff. Silt fences are widely used on construction sites in North America and elsewhere, due to their low cost and simple design,although their effectiveness in controlling sediment is often rather limited, due to problems with design, installation and/or maintenance.

6.

Storm drain inlet protectionA storm drain, storm sewer (US), stormwater drain (Australia and New Zealand) or drainage well system (UK) or simply a drain or drain systemis designed to drain excess rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed by street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms. Many storm drainage systems are designed to drain the storm water, untreated, into rivers or streams.

Silt excluder-

A silt excluder is a structure in the undersluices pocket to pass the silt laden water to the downstream so that only clear water enters into the canal through head regulator. The bottom layer of water which are highly charged with silt pass down the silt excluder an escape through the undersluices.