CONTROL VALVES Control valve: is a the most commonly used final control element used to regulate material flow

in a process. (Or) Control valve function as a variable resistance in a pipeline. It provides a pressure-drop by changing the turbulence in the process fluid or, in the case of laminar flow. The changed valve resistance causes the pressure drop.

CONTROL VALVES Classification by actuating system lectric type !ydraulic type "neumatic type

Pneumatic control valves: Types of control valves# $. %ingle seated valve. &. 'ouble seated valve. (. Cage type double seated valve. ). *ow noise cage type double seated valve. +. ,ngle valve. -. Three way valve. .. /utterfly valve. 0. %aunder1s patent valve. 2. 3eedle valve. $4. 5nife gate valve. $$. /all valve. $&. 6lobe valve. $(. "inch valve. CONTROL VALVE ( 7ain portions )

,ctuator Actuator: it consists of diaphragm, stem, yo8e etc. Valve body: it consists of seat, plug etc. ACTUATORS OPERATED

valve body

"neumatically

lectrically

!ydraulically

7anually

Combination of electrical pneumatic hydraulic forces

PNEU AT!C OPERATORS CLASS!"!CAT!ON

%pring and diaphragm

%pring less Cylinder or piston %aunders type "inch valve SPR!N# AND D!AP$RA#

'irect acting ( or ) :ail open ( or ) ,ir to close

9everse acting ( or ) :ail close ( or ) ,ir to open

%OD& DES!N#NS' #LO%E %OD!ES# 6lobe valves are the most common type in use today and have been for many years. It divided in to several categories as follows. $. %ingle port. &. 'ouble port. (. Three way. ). %plit body. +. ,ngle. -. 3eedle. .. /all. 0. ccentric rotating plug. 2. /utterfly. $4. 'iaphragm. $$. "inch. $&. 'rag. ()* S!N#LE PORT: %ingle port valves fre;uently used in si<es & inches and below. "rovide tight shutoff for metal to metal seating. !ave wide range abilities. &

(+* DOU%LE PORT: 'ouble port valves were developed to balance the forces normally acting on single port valves. :re;uently specified for si<es large than & inches but should not be used when lea8age is ob=ectionable. 9eversible plug design is available to open or close the valve with increasing loading pressure. (,* T$REE - .A&: Three-way valves are designed to blend (mi>) or to divert (split) flowing streams. In blending service there are two inlet ports and one outlet. In diverting service there are one inlet and two outlet ports. Total flow is proportion only, not controlled in either service. (/* SP!LT %OD&: , special type of globe body, consisting of two body halves with a seat ring clamped between them is called a spilt body. It1s construction minimi<es erosion effects allows parts to be replaced easily and is relatively ine>pensive. (0* AN#LE: ,pplicable to services reac;uiring high pressure drops or where the defects of turbulence, cavitations or impingement present problem. !igh range abilities and high pressure and temperature ratings. ?enture-flow angle body and is especially good for flashing services, high pressure drops and erosive application. (1* NEEDLE VALVE: 'esigns that may be included in this category the barstoc8 body designs and forged bodies. :orged body for high pressure applications re;uiring small flows and high range abilities. The latter design is especially good for pilot-plant facilities, for control of li;uid catalyst. (2* %ALL: This valve is used in the pulb and paper industry. It provides tight shutoff and has wide range ability for accurate flow control.

(3* ECCENTR!C ROTAT!N# PLU#: 4 CA "LE5 VALVE 6 The @camfle>A valve by 7asoneilon is a rotating plug valve that has a center of rotation eccentric to the center line of the seat. Bhen the plug rotates to close the valve port, the plug face moves in to the seat with cam-li8e motion. (

'esign is such that little or no rubbing action occurs after contact is made between plug and seat. (7* %UTTER"L&: , butterfly valve consists of a shaft supported vane or disc capable of rotating with in a cylindrical body. ,pplication of low pressure drop at low static pressure where as control was not critical and high lea8age rates could be tolerated. 'isadvantage-butterfly valve is the high operating tor;ue re;uirement due to fluid flow through the valve. :isher controls now mar8ets a fishtail design that offers lower tor;ue and improved flow characteristics. Tight shutoff is available through some designs rated up to .&4 psi, and temperature rating are appro>imately -$44C: to )+4C:. )(* D!APL$RA# : The diaphragm valve consists basically of a body, bonnet and fle>ible diaphragm. It is made by forcing a fle>ible dome-li8e diaphragm against weir. Bell-suited for slurries and viscous fluids. ))* P!NC$: "inch valves are designed for slurries including metallic ores, fibers, sand, coal, sugar, pulp and paper stoc8 and chemical. They are made of sleeve molded of rubber or synthetic material with flanged or clamp ends for pipe connections and with a pinching mechanism for control. !ave poor control characteristics and low range abilities. )+* DRA#: The drag valve a uni;ue concept in control valve design by control components. The drag valve uses a multiple disc cage trim that provides numerous fluid flow paths through the valve. :low patterns and velocities are engineered by stac8ing grooved disc in selected arrangement. %olid plugs positioned in the stac8 of discs determine drag valve flow. ,pplications- high pressure drops, high temperatures and pressures, flashing services and erosive that a standard valve.

ACTUATORS S8rin9 and dia8:ra9m: ($) 'irect action (&) 9everse action 4)6 Direct action: 'esigned air pressure (( to$+ psi) on the top of the diaphragm moves the stem downward, closing the valve. )

This action is termed fail-open (air-to-close) This force is opposed by compression of the spring, and loose of the operating medium (usually air) allows the compressed spring to open the valve. 4+6 Reverse action: ,ir pressure below the diaphragm moves the stem up, opposing the action. This action is termed fail-closed (air-to-open) On air failure the spring closes the valve. %ome designs are made so that the diaphragm can be reversed to obtain the desired action. S8rin9 less: %aunders-type valve and pinch valve whose closures are obtained by compressing elastic diaphragm . This section is intended to cover pneumatic cylinder or piston operators and need for increased power and fast action. It provide fail-closed or fail-open modes. %ome times valves are re;uired to maintain the position they were in when supply pressure or signal is lost. %uch a state is 8nown as @fail-last positionA (trapping the last signal pressure with in the cylinder or piston assembly) Electric ty8es actuators: lectrical actuators are limited use in the process industries. 9emote areas, tan8 forms, and pipeline stations. Bhere no convenient air supply is available. %low operating speeds, maintenance problem in ha<ardous area and economics have prevented. TEC$N!CAL CONS!DERAT!ONS: , control valve is a variable orifice used to regulate the flow of a process fluid in accordance with the re;uirements of the process. There are three features important to this use# ca8acity; c:aracteristics and ran9eablity* "LO. C$ARACTER!ST!CS

Duic8 opening

linear

;ual percentage

"lo< C:aracteristics: :low characteristic was defined as the relationship that e>ists between valve flow and valve position. The purpose of characteri<ing is to provide control loop stability over the e>pected range of operating conditions. ,lmost any 8ind of characteristic can be obtained by proper shaping of the seat and plug.

=U!C> OPEN!N#: Characteristic provides for a ma>imum change in flow rate at low stem travel. :ig ($) ,bout 24E of valve capacity is obtained at (4E valve opening. Duic8 opening valve plug are used primary for on-off service or in self actuated control valves or in regulators.
Duic8 opening $44 linear 24 e;ual percentage 04 .4 -4 flow rate E +4 )4 (4 &4 $4 4 4 $4 &4 (4 )4 +4 -4 .4 04 24 $44

travel percentage ( fig $ )

L!NEAR: Characteristic produces flow directly proportional to the valve lift. :ig ($) +4E of valve left produces +4E of valve flow. *inear valve plugs are commonly specified for li;uid level control and for control applications re;uiring constant gain. E=UAL PERCENTA#E: Characteristic is e;ual increments of stem travel produces e;ual percentage change in e>isting flow. >ample# when the flow is small, the change in flow ( for an incremental change) is small. Bhen the flow is large, the change in flow ( for an incremental change) is large. The change is always proportional to the ;uantity flowing before the change. ;ual percentage valve plugs are used on pressure control application where only a small percentage of the system drop is available for the control valve. VALVE CAPAC!T&: The capacity, is commonly measured as Cv , which is defined as the number of F.% gallons per minute of water at -4G: that will flow through the valve with $-psi pressure drop at a stated pressure and percent of rated travel. C? H ; ( I" J 6 ) Bhere# Cv H ?alve co-efficient -

; H ?olumetric flow rate ( gallons minute ) I" H "ressure drop across the valve in psi. 6 H %pecific gravity of flowing fluid. VALVE RAN#EA%!L!T&: The ratio of ma>imum controllable flow to the minimum controllable flow. ( O9 ) The ratio of ma>imum and minimum useable si<ing co-efficient in percent in to the ma>imum useable si<ing co-efficient in percent. 9ange ability of 9ange ability of 9ange ability of 9ange ability of globe valve standard butterfly valve throttling ball valve pinch K diaphragm TR! H H H H (4:$ to +4:$ $4:$ to &4:$ $44:$ + :$

DES!#N

Introduction# the shaping of plug and seat to obtain the desired flow characteristic. Bould logically be a function of trim design. ?alve trim affect K not only the characteristic cure but also how the valve responds to problems such a erosion, cavitations, vibration, high drop, noise and other similar problems. Trim definition# trim applies to the part of a valve (e>cept the body housing) that come in to contact with the flowing fluid. ,nother term often used in wetted parts. 7aterial# %tainless steel (4) and ($- are widely used a seats, plug, guides, bushings and other trim part. /ron<e used for water, air and steam service. 7onel, hastelloy and other alloys are used as re;uired where corrosion, contamination or other considerations dictate. %tainless steel $.)"! and ))4C and 5 monel are used erosive effects, flashing service, higher pressure drops or high temperatures. %tellite no#-, colmonoy no#-, chrome and tungsten are used for small plugs, seat, inserts guide and bushings. PLU#S: ?alve flow characteristic are determined primarily by valve plug shapes or patterns. $.linear trim . &.e;ual percentage trim. (.;uic8 opening trim.

SEATS: The seat or seat ring is that portion of the valve trim or body that the plug contacts for closure. The seat ring may be screwed or welded to the body. Tight shut off is re;uired, soft seat1s made of Teflon, hard rubber or other resilient composition materials. #U!DES: "roper operation of control valves depends on a positive relation between the valve plug and seat. ($) Top guiding# The plug is aligned by a guide bushing in the bonnet or body. (&) Top and bottom guiding# The plug is aligned by guide bushing in the bonnet and bottom flange. (() "ort guiding# The plug is aligned in the body port or ports only. ()) Top and port guiding# The plug is aligned by a guide bushing in the bonnet and the body port. (+) %tem# The plug is aligned by a guide bushing acting on the valve plug stem. CONTROL VALVE ACCESSOR!ES $AND .$EELS: !and wheels may be supplied manual operation of control valves for emergency use. They are used primarily in critical services or when bloc8 valve K by pass valves are not provided. L! !T S.!TC$ ? SOLENO!D VALVES: *imit switch is used for valve position indication. %olenoid valve provided for remote loading or un loading of valve. %OOSTER REAL&: /ooster relays are used to reduce lag time. Controller output capacity is in sufficient for high demand devices. %uch as large diaphragm operators. LOC> UP VALVE: *oc8 up valve is used for when air supply pressure is failure the control valve to remain in it1s last controlled position. CAPAC!T& TAN>: %pring less pneumatic actuvators may stay in the last position on air failure but will more li8ely slowly to a closed or open position. TRANSDUCERS: 0

lectronic control loops re;uired an electrical-to-pneumatic when the control valve is pneumatically operated. @AC>ETED %OD!ES: Lac8eted valves are available for applications re;uiring heating of valve body1s. Lac8eting provides more efficient and uniform heating than could be obtained by using copper tubing tracing. POS!T!ONERS , valve positioner is basically a relay that senses both an instrument signal and a valve stem position. Pneumatic 8ositioner: ($) 7otion balance. (&) :orce balance. 4)6 otion balance: It consists basically a bellows to receive the instrument signal, a beam fi>ed to the bellow at one end and, through lin8age, to the valve stem at the other end, a relay whose no<<le forms a flapper no<<le arrangement with the beam. Instrument signal change the flapper-no<<le arrangement moves, either admitting air to, or bleeding air from diaphragm. ,t this the positioner is once again in e;uilibrium with the changed instrument signal.

4+6 "orce balance: The output pressure from a controller is applied to the bellows of the positioner. :or any given controller output , there is a corresponding position of the controlled element ( cylinder ). lectro pneumatic# Combination of an electronic-to-air transducer and a positioner. T:e 8rinci8al reasons Aor selectin9 eit:er a 8ositioner or a volume booster are: , spilt range is re;uired. , ma>imum loading pressure greater than the instrument signal is desired. The best possible control is desired.( >ample might include fast recovery from disturbances, or minimi<ation of overshoot. %election of positioner or pneumatic amplifier is loosely related to process dynamic. VALVE TER !NOLO#& %ello< seal: a physical barrier or seal which uses a bellow for sealing against lea8age around the valve plug stem. %onnet assembly: an assembly including the part through which a valve plug stem moves and means for sealing against lea8age along the stem. It usually provided a means for mounting the actuator. 2

Ca8acity: rate of flow through a valve under stated conditions. Cavitate: the formation and subse;uent collapse of voids or cavities in a valve resulting from increased fluid velocity through the restricted area of the valve. It occurs in li;uids which the valve operates near the vapor pressure of the li;uid. Corrosion: the reaction between materials at the valve and the fluid handled which cause valve deterioration. Cv: flow coefficient ,the accepted unit of measurement o define the capacity of a valve. It is defined as the number on gallons per minute of water at room temperature which will pass through a given flow restriction with a pressure drop of one psi. Dead band# the amount the diaphragm pressure can be varied without initiating valve plug motion. Erosion: a wearing action on valve trim and body, resulting from high velocity fluids and fluids containing solids particles. It is prevalent in steam service, in flashing service, in some chemical service and where high pressure drops occur. EBtension bonnet: a bonnet with an e>tension between the pac8ing bo> assembly and bonnet flange. Ran9e ability: the ratio of ma>imum to minimum usable si<ing coefficient. Stem: a rod e>tending through the bonnet assembly to permit positioning the valve plug. Trim: the parts e>cept the body of a valve which come into contact with the flowing fluid. &oCe: a structure by which the diaphragm case assembly is supported rigidly on the bonnet assembly. Control valve Duestion ? ans<erers: 4)6 .:at is a control valvesE , control valve is the final control element. Bhich directly changes the value of the manipulated variable by changing the rate of flow of control agent. 4+6 .:at are t:e diAAerent ty8es oA control valvesE The commonly used control valves can be divided as follows. (a) 'epending on action. (b) 'epending on the body. (a) 'epending on action# there are two types of control valves. $. ,ir to close. &. ,ir to open. $4

(b) 'epending on the body# $. 6lobe valves single or double seated. &. ,ngle valves. (. /utterfly valves. ). Three way valves. 4,6 .:at is t:e use oA sin9le seated valve E The single seated valve is used on smaller sei<er, and in valve of large si<es, where an absolute shut off is re;uired. The use of single seated valve is limited by pressure drop across the valve in the closed or almost closed position. 4/6 .:at is t:e use oA double seated valve E In double seated valve the upward and downward forces on the plug due to reduction of fluid pressure are nearly e;uali<ed. It is generally used on bigger si<e valves and high pressure system. ,ctuator. 406 .:at is Cv oA a valve E Cv is the capacity of the valve and is defined as# @3o of gallons per minute of water which passes through a fully open valve at a pressure drop of $ psi. at -4C:. The valve co-efficient Cv is proportional to the area @,A between the plug and valve seat measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow. 416 .:at are t:e diAAerent ty8es oA actuator E $.'iaphragm operated. &."iston operated. 426 .:at ty8es oA bonnets <ould you use oA :i9: tem8* and lo< tem8* E $i9: tem8: /onnets are provided with radiation fins to prevent gland pac8ing from getting damaged. Lo< tem8: >tended bonnets are used to prevent gland pac8ing from getting free<ed. 436 $o< <ill you <orC on a control valve <:ile it is lineE Bhile the control valve is in line the control valve has to be got by-passed and secondly the line has to be drained and depressuri<ed. 476 .:at is t:e use oA valve 8ositionerE The valve positioner is used for the following reasons# $. Duic8 action of control valve. &. ?alve hysteresis. (. ?alve used on viscous li;uids. ). %plit range. +. *ine pressure changes on valve. -. ?alve bench set not standard. .. 9eversing valve operation. 4)(6 .:en can a byF8ass be not used on a 8ositionerE , by pass on a positioner can not be used when# $. %pilt range operation. $$

&. 9everse acting positioner. (. ?alve bench set not standard. 4))6 .:at is t:e use oA linC connected to t:e valve 8ositionerE The lin8 serves as the feed bac8 to the valve. ,ny valve movement is sensed by this lin8. %ometime due to line pressure changes on !.". serviced the valve positioner may by changed, the lin8 in turn senses this change and the positioner will produce an out put which will operate the valve to the original position. ()+6 .:at is t:e use oA booster relaysE )*Volume booster: These are used to multiply the available volume of air signal. +*Ratio relays: Fsed to multiply or divide the pressure of an input signal. ,*Reversin9 relays: This produces a decreasing output signal for an increasing input signal. 4),6 .:at is t:e use oA an9le valveE ,ngle valves are used where very high pressure drops are re;uired and under very severe conditions. Bhere the conventional type of valve would be damaged by erosion. 4)/6 .:at is t:e use oA t:ree <ay valvesE Three way control valves are only used on special system, where a dividing or mi>ing of flows according to a controlled ratio is re;uired. 4)06 .:at is t:e use oA butterAly valvesE /utterfly valves are used only in systems where a small pressure drop across the valve is allowed. The butterfly is fully open when the disc rotates by 24. a drawbac8 of this valve is that even a very small angular displacement produces valve is that even a very small angular displacement produces a big change in flow. 4)16 .:at is a ca9e valveE The cage valve uses a piston with piston ring seal attached to the single valve Mplug1. !ere the hydrostatic forces acting on the top of the piston or below the valve plug tend to cancel out. The seat ring is clamped in by a cage. Cage valves are generally used for noise reduction. 4)26 .:at are t:e advanta9es oA camAleB valveE Camfle> valves are intermediates between globe valve and butterfly valve. The plug rotates -4C for full opening. Advanta9es: $. ,ctuator forces re;uired are very less. &. >tended bonnet and hence can be used on any service i.e. on high temp.and very low temp. (. ?ariations in flow. ). *ight weight. 4)36 .:at are t:e diAAerent ty8es 8lu9sE The different types of plugs that are generally used are# $. M?1 port plug. &. Contoured plug. $&

GVH8ort 8lu9: ported plug are generally used on double seated valves. This is because ported plugs, have a more constant off balance area. Contoured 8lu9: Contoured plugs are generally used on single seated valve with small trim si<es. 4)76 .:at are t:e diAAerent valve c:aracteristicE $. *iner. &. ;ual percentage. (. Duic8 opening. Liner: the valve opening to flow rate is a linear cure. EDual 8ercenta9e: for e;ual increments of valve opening it will give e;ual increment in Alo< rate ran9e* ,t small opening the flow will also be small. =uicC o8enin9: at small opening the increment in flow rate is more. ,t higher opening the flow rate become steady. 4+(6 .:at is a solenoid valveE .:ere it is usedE , solenoid valve is electrically operated valve. It consists of a solenoid ( coil ) in which a magnetic plunger moves which is connected to the plug and tend to open or close the value. There are two types of solenoid# $.3ormally Closed. &.3ormally open. 4+)6 $o< <ill you c:an9e t:e valve c:aracteristics <it: 8ositionerE The positioner contains different types of came in it. %election of the proper can the valve opening characteristic can be changed. 4++6 $o< <ill you c:an9e t:e action oA a control valveE ($)If the control valve is without bottom cap. The actuator need to be changed. (&)If bottom cap is provided. $. 'isconnect the stem from the actuator stem. &. %eparate the body from the bonnet. (. 9emove the bottom cap and the plug from body. ). 'etach the plug from the stem by removing the pin. +. :i> the stem at the other end of the plug and fi>ed the pin bac8. -. Turn the body upside down. Connect it to the bonnet after inserting the plug and stem. .. Connect bac8 the stem to the actuator stem. 0. :i> bac8 the bottom cap. Calibrate the valve. 4+,6 $o< <ill you select t:e control valve c:aracteristicE The graphic display of flow various lift shows then the design or inherent characteristic is changed by variations pressure drop. This occurs as the process changes from condition where most of pressure drop ta8es place at the control valve is a condition where most of pressure drop is generally distributed through rest of the system. I oA Alo<: this variation in where most of the total drop ta8e place is one of the most important aspects is choosing the proper valve characteristic for give process. Pressure control: 3ormally linear valve is used to maintain a constant pressure drop. "lo< control: 3ormally e;ual percentage valve is used. Tem8*control: 3ormally e;ual percentage valve is used. $(

LiDuid level control: 3ormally linear valve is used. /asically in selecting a valve characteristic two important point have to be ta8en into account. $. There should be a linear relationship between the position of the plug and the flow through the valve in a wide range of change in the pressure drop across the valve. &. The pressure drop across a valve should be as low as possible. 4+/6 An o8erator tells you t:at a control valve in a steec:E $o< <ill you stent c:ecCin9* $. :irst of all get the control valve by passed from operation. &. Chec8 the lignal to the diaphragm of the control valve. (. 'isconnect it possible the actuator stem from the control valve stem. ). %tro8e the actuator and see whether the actuator operates or not. It not then the diaphragm may be punctured. +. If the actuator operates connect it bac8 to the plug stem stro8e the control valve. If does not operate loosen the gland nuts a bit and see if it operates. If it does not then the control valve has to be removed from the line to wor8shop. (+06 .:ere is an air to close and air to o8en control valve usedE ,ir to close# $. 9eflu> lines. &. Cooling water lines. (. %afety relief services. ,ir to open# $. :eed lines. &. %team services. 4+16 .:y does a control valve o8erate at )0 8siE on higher pressures the actuator si<e became higher in area. The actual force produced by the actuator. :orce H "ressure N ,rea H $+ psi N ,rea ( If area H $+" ) force produced H $+ psi N &+" H (.+ pounds. 4+26 A valve 8ositioner: (a) Ta8es the place of a cascade control system. (b) "rovides more precise valve position. (c) 7a8es a pneumatic controller unnecessary. (d) "rovides a remote indication of valve position. 4+36 Assume t:at a control valve re9ulates t:e steamAlo< to a 8rocess and t:at :i9: tem8erature maCes t:e reaction :aJardous * T:e usual 8neumatically o8erated control valve utiliJes t:e Aollo<in9 action Aor AailFsaAe o8eration* (a) ,ir to open. (b) ,ir to close. (c) (psi (&48pa) to fully open. (d) $+psi ($448pa) to fully close. $)

4+76 T:e basic Aunction oA t:e s8rin9 in a control valve is to: (a) characteristeri<e flow. (b) Oppose the diaphragm so as to position the valve according to signal pressure. (c) Close the valve if air failure occurs. (d) Open the valve if air failure occurs. 4,(6 A dia8:ra9m actuator :as a dia8:ra9m area oA 0( sDuareinc:es and is adKusted to stroCe a valve <:en a , to )0 8si 4+( to)((C8a6 si9nal is a88lied* !A t:e si9nal is )0 8si 4)((C8a6 t:e Aorce on t:e valve steam <ill be: (a) .+4 pounds. (b) .+4 pounds less the opposing spring force. (c) 'ependent on hysteresis. (d) 3one of the above. 4,)6 A :i9:F8ressure Alo< 8rocess reDuires a valve <it: ti9:t 8acCin9 * T:is <ould su99est t:atHs: (a) , valve positioner should be employed. (b) The actuator must be si<ed to provide ade;uate force. (c) Over si<es pneumatic signal lines are re;uired. (d) The controller supplying the signal to the valve must have a very narrow proportional band. 4,+6 A dia8:ra9m actuator :as a dia8:ra9m area oA ))0 sDuare inc:* A valve F8ositioner is attac:ed to t:e actuator and Aed <it: a ++ 8si air su88ly* !A a 7 8si si9nal is received Arom t:e controller t:e si9nal c:an9e to )(8si and t:e valve Aail to move; <:at is t:e Aorce a88lied to t:e valve stemE (a) &+(4 pounds (b) $)2+ pounds ( c) $4(+ pounds (d) 3one of the above 4,,6 One advanta9e oA an electric to 8neumatic valve 8ositioner is: (a) It can be used on flow control. (b) It produces positive valve position. (c) It conserves energy. (d) It dampers valve travel. 4,/6 A sin9le seated 9lobe valve containin9 a 8lu9 )" in diameter is used in a line 8ressuriJed to 0(( 8si <:at actuator Aorce is reDuired Aor ti9:t s:utFoAA: (a) 00) pounds. (b) $444 pounds. (c) 'epends upon direction of flow through the valve. (d) 3one of the above. 4,06 Additive - steel body; stainless steel trim; ti9:t s:ut oAA* :*OB 9,36 # & to &4 gpm. $+

%" CI:IC 69,?ITO # $.& *I3 "9 %%F9 # )+ to -4 psi( down stream piping loss & psi at &4gpm. T 7" 9,TF9 # 04 to $&4: 4,16 Tem8erature control valve - iron or bronJe body; ,)1 SS trim: :*OB 9,36 # $&44 to +444 lbJin saturated steam. *I3 "9 %%F9 # -+ to 2+ psi ( re;uired valve outlet pressure $4 to (4 psi ) T 7" 9,TF9 # ($& to (($:. 4,26 "lo< control valve: stainless steel body and trim* :*OB 9,36 # &44 to &+44 gpm. %" CI:IC 69,?ITO# 4.2+ *I3 "9 %%F9 # && to (4 psi (downstream piping loss $psi at &+44 gpm ) 4,36 Pressure control valve iron or steel body; ,)1 SS trim ti9:t s:ut oAA* :*OB 9,36 # 4 to +444 %CT! %" CI:IC 69,?ITO# $.4 *I3 "9 %%F9 # )4 "%I (9e;uired valve outlet pressure &&psi at +444 scfh) T 7",9 TF9 # .4 to $&4:. 4,76 Critical Alo< occurs in a 9as or va8or valve <:en: (a) Fp stream pressure e;uals downstream pressure. (b) 'ownstream pressure e;uals one half upstream pressure both absolute. (c) Fpstream pressure e>ceeds $+ psi absolute. (d) 'own stream pressure is less than ( psi absolute. 4/(6 Cr may be deAined as: (a) Critical velocity through a control valve. (b) The water flow in F.% gpm discharged through a wide open valve with a $psi drop across it. (c) Correction factor for the viscosity of the fluide. (d) Critical volume factor for gas flow. 4/)6 T:e liDuid Alo< to be controlled contains sus8ended solids a 9ood c:oice oA valve is: (a) 6lobe (b) Bide-range v-port (c) %aunders (d) %plit body 4/+6 !A a control valve 8ermits only minimum leaCa9e <:en it is closed; t:e c:oice <ould be a: (a) %ingle seat (b) 'ouble seat (c) /utterfly (d) %plit body

$-

Ans : &. (b) &0 (a) ($ (b) (& (a) (+. Cv ma> P ).+. Cv min P 4.(++ inch ball valve (.. Cv ma> P $).4. Cv min P +-.( 0Q butterfly valve. (2. (b) )4. (b)

&2 (b) (( (b)

(4 (b) () (c) (-.Cv ma> P )$.( Cv mim P ..&Q, e;ual E globe valve (0. Cv ma> P (.)( Q globe or ball valve

)$. (c)

)&. (a)

$.